Black pacu Colossoma macropomum and red pacu Piaractus brachypomus are two endemic fruit and seed-eating Amazon fishes considered to be important seed dispersing agents in flooded forests. Dwindling populations coupled with the omnivorous feeding habits, rapid growth, high meat quality and commercial acceptance of these fishes has led to them becoming prime candidates for aquaculture development. However, high aquafeed prices are the prime limiting factor for the development of pacu culture in the Peruvian Amazon. The main objectives of this dissertation were: 1) to assess the effects of fish size on seed dispersal capacity of black and red Pacu; 2) to compare seed dispersal potential of these two Amazon fishes against two other seed dispersal mechanisms (anemochory and hydrochory); 3) to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of three local high-carbohydrate feedstuffs (yuca or cassava, plátano or plantain, and pijuayo or peach palm) in black and red Pacu; 4) to examine the feasibility of incorporating cassava, plantain, and peach palm meal in formulated diets for black pacu; and 5) to evaluate and compare black pacu fingerling growth, feed utilization and survival when reared at three water temperatures: 27.5, 30 and 32.5 ºC. In the first study, no significant differences were found for germination rates of seeds ingested among the three different size groups of fish tested. Although germination rates varied, the findings demonstrate both fish species in different ages may play an important role as seed dispersers in the floodplain forests. In a second study, ADC for crude protein, lipid and gross energy from raw and cooked green plantain meal (GPM) and cassava root meal (CRM) were lower compared to values of other common vegetal ingredients like corn and wheat. However, ADC values for raw and cooked peach palm meal (PPM) were, in most cases, higher than those reported for raw or cooked GPM and CRM. In comparison with other traditional feedstuffs, ADC values for PPM are similar to corn and higher than those reported for soybean meal and wheat bran, which suggests this ingredient, has high potential for incorporation in low-cost pacu aquafeed formulations in the Peruvian Amazon. In a third study, weight gain, feed conversion, survival, hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were found to be similar among several diets tested; however, protein efficiency ratio (PER) was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. Relative to wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested (cassava, plantain, and peach palm meal) were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and can serve as carbohydrate sources in balanced aquafeeds for this species. In a fourth study, black pacu reared at 30 ºC demonstrated significantly higher final body weight, body weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feeding efficiency, and PER levels than fish reared at either 27.5 or 32.5 ºC (P<0.05). No significant differences (P>0.05) were recorded for feed intake, protein intake, or condition factor. This study suggests that global temperature increase may impair the ability of pacus to efficiently utilize feed and that growth in water temperatures above 30 ºC may become limiting for this species. In summary, growing evidence suggests that over the past two decades black and red pacu populations have significantly declined as a result of human activities and over-exploitation in the Peruvian Amazon, and their substantial role as seed disperers in the flooded forests could result in serious declines of many plant and animal components of the valuable aquatic ecosystem of the Amazon basin. Therefore, aquaculture of black and red pacu in the Peruvian Amazon is an attractive option to satisfy not only the increasing demand for animal protein for human consumption, but also as a viable mitigation measure for wild fish and forestry conservation. Results from this dissertation can serve as a basis for further improvement in culture technology for these two important species.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2011. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-14T12:20:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao mrcia simes 2011.pdf: 422213 bytes, checksum: af536ce4b4b62223ff40e11d98eef43f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-12-19T15:31:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao mrcia simes 2011.pdf: 422213 bytes, checksum: af536ce4b4b62223ff40e11d98eef43f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-12-19T15:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao mrcia simes 2011.pdf: 422213 bytes, checksum: af536ce4b4b62223ff40e11d98eef43f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o crescimento compensatório em juvenis de matrinxã Brycon amazonicus. Os peixes (16g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em nove tanques e submetidos a diferentes protocolos de alimentação: controle - peixes foram alimentados ad libitum por 60 dias, J10 (jejum de 10 dias) - peixes foram alimentados ad libitum por 10 dias, jejum por 10 dias, e novamente alimentados ad libitum por 40 dias, J20 - peixes foram mantidos em jejum por 20 dias e alimentados ad libitum por 40 dias. Seis peixes de cada tratamento (dois de cada tanque) foram amostrados no início do experimento, no final do período de jejum, e no final do experimento para análises de crescimento e bioquímicas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram crescimento compensatório total de juvenis de matrinxã em jejum por 10 ou 20 dias, conforme evidenciado pelo peso final similar entre os peixes de todos os tratamentos. Embora não significativa, houve uma tendência ao ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento específico e eficiência alimentar para os peixes de jejum, comparados ao controle. O consumo diário de ração foi um pouco maior para os peixes do controle e consumo de ração total foi menor para os peixes em jejum. Os estoques de glicogênio e glicose, proteína e triglicerídeos plasmáticos não foram afetados durante a restrição alimentar, mostrando boa tolerância de juvenis de matrinxã, por pelo menos, 20 dias de jejum. O crescimento compensatório é totalmente alcançado, e há uma redução de 37% no consumo de ração para peixes em jejum por 20 dias em relação ao controle, uma questão importante para a piscicultura intensiva. / The objective of this work was to study compensatory growth in juvenile matrinxã Brycon amazonicus. Fish (16g) were randomly distributed in nine tanks and submitted to different feeding protocols: control – fish were fed ad libitum for 60 days, F10 (fasted for 10 days) – fish were fed ad libitum for 10 days, fasted for 10 days, and fed adlibitum again for 40 days, F20 – fish were fasted for 20 days and fed ad libitum for the next 40 days. Six fish from each treatment (two from each replicate tank) were sampled at the beginning of the trial, at the end of the fasting period, and at the end of the experiment for growth and biochemical analysis. The results obtained in this study showed full compensatory growth for juvenile matrinxã fasted for 10 or 20 days, as evidenced by the similar final weight among fish of all treatments. Though not significant, there was a trend for increased weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency for fish fasted, compared to control. Daily feeding ration was slightly higher for the control fish and total feed consumption was lower for fasted fish. Glycogen stores and plasmatic glucose, protein and triglycerides were not affected during feeding restriction, showing good tolerance of juvenile matrinxã for at least 20 days of fasting. Compensatory growth is fully achieved and there is an overall reduction of 37% on feed consumption for fish fasted for 20 days compared to the control, an important issue for intensive fish culture.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 - PDF.pdf: 156224 bytes, checksum: d8d6c26c25fefd22c60ea2b135c6dbc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Obesity is a disease that occurs due to the unbalance between the ingested energy and the spent energy to maintain the vital processes. Obesity has incresingly wrong and reached, nowadays, and epidemic level. It has also been considered the main public health issues in modern society. It is asociated with the rising risk of developing Diabetes Melliteus, cardiovascular diseases, dislipodemia, and several other chronic diseases. The diet based on fat maybe crucial reason to develop such diseases. The fishing also provides a large sort of food to thousands of local inhabitants nutrional development. Among the most well-known and consumed Amazon fish there is Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and Mapará (Hypophthalmus edentatus), which are all considered very fat species. And so, the main purpose of this essay is to analyse the effects of a diet based on Amazon fat fish (Mapará, Matrinxã and Tambaqui) on male mice lipydic metabolism from wistar blood line. They were feeded with Adlibitum for 14 days. To make it happen doses of total cholesterol and triglycerids, glycoses, proteins and plasma lipydic fraction were made. The rate of lypogenesis again in vivo has been measured on RET, EPI, FIG and CARC, by incorporating 3 H2O in lipy. Our results show that the enrichment of a diet based on Amazon fat fish has altered the mice lipydic metabolism, dicreased effectively the lipid plasmatic concentration (Col. TG, e LDL) and increased the HDL besides the lipolitic activity on fatty tissues has grown after 4 weeks of feeding. Admiting that the ingestion of hiperlipydic diets may have caused an aterogenic effect, mainly because they have reduced certain lipydic fractions that have been claimed to cause serious vascular problems. / A obesidade é uma doença que ocorre como conseqüência do desequilibro no balanço entre energia ingerida e a gasta para a manutenção de processos vitais. A obesidade possui prevalência crescente, assumindo atualmente caráter epidêmico, sendo considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde pública na sociedade moderna. Ela está associada com o aumento do risco de desenvolve diabetes mellitus, doenças cardiovasculares, dislipidemias e inúmeras outras doenças crônicas. As dietas ricas em lipídios podem ser um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento de tais doenças. A pesca contribui na oferta de alimentos e para o desenvolvimento nutricional de milhares de habitantes da região. Dentre os mais conhecidos e consumidos peixes da Amazônia estão o tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), a matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) e o mapará (Hypophthalmus edentatus), os quais são consideradas espécies bastante gordurosas. Desta forma objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da dieta de peixes gordurosos (mapará, matrinxã e tambaqui) da Amazônia sobre o metabolismo lipídico de ratos machos da linhagem wistar. Assim foram alimentados ad libitum por 30 dias. Para tanto foram realizadas as dosagens de colesterol total e triglicérideos, glicose, proteínas e frações lipídicas do plasma. a taxa de lipogênese de novo in vivo foi medida nos tecidos RET, EPI, FIG e CARC, por meio da incorporação de 3H2O em lipídios. Nossos resultados mostram que o enriquecimento da dieta com peixes amazônicos gordurosos alterou o metabolismo lipídico dos ratos, diminuindo de forma efetiva a concentração plasmática de lipídios (Col. TG, e LDL) e aumentando o HDL. Além disso, a atividade lipolítica nos tecidos adiposos aumentou após 4 semanas de alimentação. Sugerindo que a ingestão de dietas hiperlipídicas pode ter efeito aterogênico, principalmente, por diminuírem determinadas frações lipídicas, que tem sido responsabilizada por causar graves problemas vasculares.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-08-19T13:37:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Simon A R Tortolero.pdf: 3504292 bytes, checksum: 05c3e2de80b51aa84643152a03d2692d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-24T15:20:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Simon A R Tortolero.pdf: 3504292 bytes, checksum: 05c3e2de80b51aa84643152a03d2692d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-24T15:28:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Simon A R Tortolero.pdf: 3504292 bytes, checksum: 05c3e2de80b51aa84643152a03d2692d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-24T15:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Simon A R Tortolero.pdf: 3504292 bytes, checksum: 05c3e2de80b51aa84643152a03d2692d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Periphyton-based aquaculture is that in which artificial or natural substrates are used in order to benefit fish, periphyton food sources in integrated culture. Theoretically, periphyton-based culture systems could enhance the conversion of primary food production into fish biomass, making the system more efficient and economical. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of two types of substrates (natural and artificial) at three densities (10, 20, and 30%), on the growth of coarse scale jaraqui (Semaprochilodus insignis) in monoculture and polyculture with tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), the latter with the addition of ration. There were conducted two experiments; in the first, the effect of the density and type of substrate on the performance of Jaraqui was tested (10, 20 and 30%), on the latter, the effect of the type of substrates at 20% density was investigated on the performance of jaraqui when cultured with tambaqui. Natural substrate, macrophyte Pistia stratiotes and artificial substrate plastic screen were used. Fish culture was carried out in masonry 46m2 tanks having average depth of 70 cm. The tanks were fertilized with urea, triple superphosphate and bran based on water transparency (30-50 cm). The difference between treatments was assessed using analysis of variance with two and one factors (Two and one-way ANOVA). The two substrates tested in this study provided good surface for periphyton growth; however, macrophyte supported higher periphyton biomass in both the experiments. On the first experiment, jaraqui showed higher growth in ponds where artificial substrate was added at densities of 10% and 20% and natural substrate P. stratiotes at 20%. Based on this result, in the second experiment, 20% density was used for both the substrates. Both jaraqui and tambaqui highest productivity was recorded in the treatments with plastic screen. Jaraqui showed slightly better growth performance with plastic screen as substrate. Tambaqui showed good performance in both treatments. Apparently, tambaqui leverages periphyton as an alternative food ration. Further studies are required to quantify periphyton contribution to the growth of fish and its effect on savings in terms of food ration. / A aquicultura baseada no perifiton é aquela em que há o uso de substratos naturais ou artificais para favorecer a produção do perifiton, que serve como alimento para peixes em cultivo. Teoricamente, esse sistema pode melhorar a conversão da produção primária em biomassa de peixes, tornando o sistema mais eficiente e econômico. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do uso de substratos natural e artificial em três densidades de cobertura (10%, 20% e 30%), na fixação de perifíton e no crescimento do jaraqui-de-escama-grossa (Semaprochilodus insignis) em monocultivo e policultivo com o tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), esse último, com adição de ração. Foram feitos dois experimentos. No primeiro, foi testado o efeito da densidade e tipo de substrato (10%, 20% e 30%) sobre o desempenho zootécnico do jaraqui. No segundo, foi testado o efeito do tipo de substratos, sobre o desempenho zootécnico do jaraqui em policultivo com tambaqui. Foram escolhidos como substrato natural a macrófita (Pistia stratiotes) e o artificial a tela plástica. O cultivo foi realizado em tanques de alvenaria de 46m2 e com profundidade média de 70 cm. Os tanques foram adubados com uréia, superfosfato triplo e farelo de trigo com base na transparência da água (30-50 cm). A diferença entre os tratamentos foi avaliada com o uso da análise de variância com um e dois fatores (ANOVA-two and one way, primeiro e segundo experimento, respectivamente). Ambos os substratos propiciaram uma boa fixação de perifiton, contudo, o substrato natural (macrófita) apresentou maior biomassa de perifiton em ambos os experimentos. No primeiro experimento, o jaraqui apresentou melhor crescimento em peso quando cultivado em tanques, onde foi adicionado substrato artificial nas densidades de 10% e 20% de tela plástica e substrato natural de 20% de P. stratiotes para fixação de perifiton. No segundo experimento utilizaram-se 20% de densidade para ambos os substratos. Tanto para o jaraqui como para o tambaqui a maior produtividade foi registrada nos tratamentos com tela plástica. O jaraqui apresentou desempenho zootécnico ligeiramente melhor, quando foi utilizada a tela plástica como substrato para fixação de perifíton. O tambaqui mostrou desempenho satisfatório em todos os tratamentos. Aparentemente, o tambaqui também aproveita o perifiton como alimento alternativo. Estudos futuros serão necessários para poder quantificar a contribuição do perifiton no crescimento do peixe e seus efeitos de economia em termos de ração alimentícia.