Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda / Homoallylic alcohols and amines are commonly used building blocks for synthesis of biologically active molecules, yet a survey of the methods for their synthesis reveals a plague of limitations. Notably, the use of toxic reagents (Cr-, Mn-, and Sn-containing), precious metal catalysts (Ir- and In-based), non-ambient reaction temperatures (–78 to 140 °C), and extended reaction times (up to 240 hours), limit application on larger scale. The protection/deprotection sequences required to install directing/activating groups for reaction efficiency and enantioselectivity not only add synthetic steps but the conditions required for removal of such entities are not amenable to more complex and sensitive molecules. The development of catalytic enantioselective methods for addition of allyl moieties to readily available substrates including halomethyl ketones, trifluoromethyl-substituted ketimines, and nitriles have been developed. In the first two cases, an aminophenol-based boryl catalyst is utilized for enantioselective additions of allyl moieties through transition states controlled by either electrostatic attraction between a C–X bond and the catalyst’s ammonium moiety or minimization of steric and dipolar repulsion. In the latter, multicomponent additions to nitriles have been developed for synthesis of cyclic amines. In all cases, application is demonstrated through synthesis of otherwise difficult-to-access derivatives or biologically active molecules. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Thesis advisor: Amir H. Hoveyda / A previously developed catalytic system which can catalyze a variety of efficient and enantioselective allyl additions has been expanded to include regio-, diastereo-, Z-, and enantioselective crotyl addition reactions. As discussed in Chapter 1, we were able to carry out efficient crotyl additions to N-phosphinoyl imines by discovering a sufficiently Lewis acidic co-catalyst, zinc(II) methoxide. This finding enabled us to vastly improve reaction efficiency, in addition to enabling a 1,3-borotropic shift during the course of the reaction, turning a previously α selective transformation into a γ-selective one. These findings allowed us to develop a catalytic, enantioselective crotyl addition to N-phosphinoyl imines utilizing the commercially available Z-crotyl–B(pin). When the reaction conditions elucidated for crotyl additions to imines were utilized on a more electrophilic substrate, such as trifluoromethyl ketones, an entirely different finding was observed (Chapter 2). We found that if direct addition is more facile than 1,3-borotropic shift the transformation will again be α-selective, furnishing a linear product, rather than the typically observed, branched crotyl addition product. This finding allowed us to establish the first broadly applicable, efficient, regio-, Z-, and enantioselective crotyl addition to trifluoromethyl ketones. We then highlighted the utility of these products by using this method in tandem with Z-selective olefin metathesis, affording complex, enantioenriched, trifluoromethyl-containing homoallylic alcohols. During the course of these studies, and through density functional theory computations, we learned that Z- and E-crotyl–B(pin) react through distinct transition states to form the same Z-olefin-containing product with varying levels of enantioselectivity. These findings led us to the results reported in Chapter 3, the first examples of enantioselective aminophenol-promoted allyl additions to aldehydes. We were able to utilize Z-CF3-allyl–B(pin) and Z-Cl-allyl–B(pin) (both accessed through catalytic olefin metathesis) in Z- and enantioselective additions to aldehydes, affording products which cannot be accessed readily through previously reported methods. We quickly realized the potential of Z-chloro-substituted homoallylic alcohols for the synthesis of Z-homoallylic alcohols, to demonstrate this potential, we carried out the total synthesis of mycothiazole, which we accomplished in seven steps from commercially available materials and 17% overall yield, a marked improvement over the previous synthetic strategy. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.

This research is directed towards developing a more sensitive and rapid electrochemical sensor for enzyme labeled immunoassays by coupling redox cycling at interdigitated electrode arrays (IDA) with the enzyme label b-galactosidase. Coplanar and comb IDA electrodes with a 2.4 mm gap were fabricated and their redox cycling currents were measured. ANSYS was used to model steady state currents for electrodes with different geometries. Comb IDA electrodes enhanced the signal about 3 times more than the coplanar IDAs, which agreed with the results of the simulation. Magnetic microbead-based enzyme assay, as a typical example of biochemical detection, was done using the comb and coplanar IDAs. The enzymes could be placed close to the sensing electrodes (~10 mm for the comb IDAs) and detection took less than 1 min with a limit of detection of 70 amole of b-galactosidase. We conclude that faster and more sensitive assays can be achieved with the comb IDA. A paramagnetic bead assay has also been demonstrated for detection of bacteriophage MS2, used as a simulant for biothreat viruses, such as small pox. The immunoassay was carried out in a microfluidic format with the IDA, reference and counter electrodes integrated on the same chip. Detection of 90 ng/mL MS2 or 1.5x1010 MS2 particles/mL was demonstrated.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬学) / 甲第23848号 / 薬博第855号 / 新制||薬||242(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科薬学専攻 / (主査)教授 掛谷 秀昭, 教授 高須 清誠, 教授 大野 浩章 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Le paracétamol est un analgésique parmi les plus consommés dans le monde. Les synthèses actuelles de cette molécule induisent la formation de quantités non-négligeables de sels ou de produits secondaires non valorisables. En plus d'induire de faibles économies d'atomes, la présence de ces déchets engendre des surcoûts importants pour la synthèse du paracétamol dus aux lourds traitements des réactions. Les objectifs de la thèse étaient à la fois de proposer une synthèse plus respectueuse de l'environnement mais également économiquement viable. En ce sens, deux synthèses du paracétamol ont été étudiées. La première synthèse étudiée concerne la réduction sélective du nitrobenzène en p-aminophénol, l'intermédiaire clé du paracétamol. Cette synthèse nécessite typiquement une quantité importante d'acide sulfurique qui est corrosif et engendre la formation de sels (sulfate d'ammonium) importante. Un catalyseur acide recyclable à base d'oxyde de niobium a été utilisé et associé à l'acide sulfurique. Ainsi les sélectivités en aminophénol de 74 % sans catalyseur de niobium ont été améliorées à 82 % en présence de ce catalyseur. En outre, la quantité d'acide sulfurique a été réduite au minimum sans pertes significatives de sélectivité. La deuxième synthèse est la substitution de l'hydroquinone par l'acétate d'ammonium en milieu acide acétique. Cette synthèse innovante s'est révélée être particulièrement performante car elle induit la formation du paracétamol en une étape en partant d'un produit disponible en grande quantité, avec de très bons rendements et sélectivités. De plus, un test à large échelle a permis de montrer que le paracétamol produit est facilement récupérable par précipitation et l'acide acétique récupérable par distillation. Enfin, la réaction a été testée avec succès à d'autres polyhydroxybenzènes et aux naphtols / Paracetamol is an analgesic among the most consumed in the world. Currents syntheses of paracetamol induce a quantity of salts and non-reusable by-products. These wastes lead to both a low atom economy and a high process cost due to the work-ups. The main objectives of this thesis were to propose eco-friendly and competitive synthesis of paracetamol. Two syntheses have been studied. The first one was the selective reduction of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol, the key intermediate of paracetamol. This synthesis requires a large amount of sulphuric acid which is corrosive and induces salts formation. A reusable niobium oxide-based catalyst has been associated with sulphuric acid. This association gave better selectivities to aminophenol (82%) compare to sulphuric acid alone (74%). Moreover, the quantity of sulphuric acid has been minimized without significant loss of selectivities. The second synthesis study was the hydroquinone substitution to paracetamol with ammonium acetate in acid acetic. This new synthesis is very powerful due to the one-step synthesis of paracetamol from bulk quantity available products, with very good conversion and selectivity. Moreover, a large scale synthesis has been tested which demonstrates that paracetamol and acetic acid were easily recovered by precipitation and distillation, respectively. The reaction has been successfully extended to other polyhydroxybenzenes and naphtols

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose de Ribamar Martins Neto.pdf: 683212 bytes, checksum: dd95cedfe01600e58259c96b38a5f571 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents an analytical study on determination of 4-aminophenol (4-APh) with a system based on molecurlaly imprinted polymer (MIP) and iron protoporphyrin IX as biomimetic sensor of the peroxidase enzyme. The MIP synthesis was performed by the precipitation method and the analytical determinations by amperometric measurements with a glassy carbon electrode modified with the biomimetic system. The best analytical conditions established for 4-APh determination were: applied potential of -0.1 V vs. Ag/Agl, 0.05 mol L-1 Tris buffer solution, pH 7 and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 100 μmol L-1. Under such optimized conditions, a good linear sensor response was observed in a concentration range from 10 to 90 μmol L-1 (r>0.998), with detection and quantification limits of 3 and 10 μmol L-1, respectively. Experiments performed with tap and river water samples spiked with 4-APh resulted in 93 to 112 % recovery values, suggesting the viability of using the MIP/iron protoporphyrin IX system as biomimetic sensor for determinations of 4-APh in real samples. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico da determinação de 4-aminofenol com um sistema a base de um polímero de impressão molecular (MIP, do inglês Molecularly Imprinted Polymer) e protoporfirina IX de ferro como sensor biomimético da enzima peroxidase. A síntese do MIP foi realizada pelo método de precipitação e as determinações analíticas realizadas amperometricamente com um eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com o sistema biomimético. As melhores condições analíticas estabelecidas para a determinação de 4-aminofenol foram: potencial aplicado de - 0,1V vs Ag/AgCl, tampão Tris 0,05 mol L-1, pH 7,0 e concentração de peróxido de 100 μmol L-1. Sob tais condições, uma boa resposta linear do sensor foi observada numa faixa de concentração de 10 a 90 μmol L-1 (r>0,9978), com limites de detecção e de quantificação de 3 e de 10 μmol L-1, respectivamente Experimentos realizados com amostras de águas de torneira e de rio fortificadas com 4-aminofenol, resultaram em valores de recuperação entre 93 a 112 %, indicando a viabilidade da aplicação do sistema MIP/proptoporfirina IX de ferro como sensor amperométrico para a detecção de 4-aminofenol em amostras reais.

This report details the activities and inhibition of metal-substituted human carbonic anhydrase II (M-HCA-II). The traditional activities (hydrolysis of CO2 and para-nitrophenol acetate) in addition to new activities (oxidation of 2-aminophenol, disproportionation of H2O2, and disproportionation of superoxide) were investigated. Values reported for the relative hydrolytic activities of M-HCA-IIs are reported here for the first time, ranging from 47.5 % (plus or minus 0.6) to 86 % (plus or minus 4) for the hydrolysis of CO2 and from 0.299 % (plus or minus 0.012) to 4.72 % (plus or minus 0.015) for the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenol acetate. With respect to new activities, only the oxidation of 2-aminophenol was observed. Turnover was observed for Fe-HCA-II (kcat/KM = 3.6 plus or minus 1.3 mM-1 s-1) and Cu-HCA-II (kcat/KM = 8 plus or minus 2 mM-1 s-1). Inhibition of Zn-, (di-substituted) Cu2-, and Cu/Zn-HCA-II hydrolysis of CO2 and para-nitrophenol acetate by sulfanilamide, coumarin, and ortho-coumaric acid were investigated. Sulfanilamide was shown to inhibit: Zn-HCA-II, Cu2-HCA-II, and Cu/Zn-HCA-II - (with CO2) KM = 8.9 plus or minus 1.1 microM, 11 plus or minus 2 microM, 8.8 plus or minus 1.4 microM and (with p-nitrophenyl acetate) KM = 8.4 plus or minus 1.0 microM, (none), 8.4 plus or minus 1.4 microM, respectively. No inhibition was observed for coumarin or ortho-coumaric acid or its derivatives for any CAs studied.

Σε αυτή την εργασία περιγράφονται οι αντιδράσεις αλάτων του κοβαλτίου(ΙΙ) [Co(O2CMe)2•4H2O, Co(ClO4)2•6H2O και Co(O2CPh)2] με την Ν-σαλικυλιδενο-4- μεθυλο-ο-αμινοφαινόλη (saphΗ2-4Me), την Ν-σαλικυλιδενο-4-χλωρο-ο-αμινοφαινόλη (saphΗ2-4Cl) και την Ν-σαλικυλιδενο-ο-αμινοφαινόλη (saphΗ2). Από τo σύστημα αντίδρασης Co(O2CMe)2•4H2O/saphΗ2-4Me/ΝaΟΗ σε διαλύτη MeOH απομονώθηκε ένα οκταεδρικό σύμπλοκο με τύπο (Η5Ο2)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Me)2]•H2O (1). Χρησιμοποιώντας την Εt3N ως βάση, από ένα ανάλογο σύστημα αντίδρασης, απομονώθηκε ένα οκταεδρικό σύμπλοκο με τύπο (Εt3NH)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Me)2]•ΜeCΟ2Η•MeOH (2). Από το σύστημα αντίδρασηςfCo(O2CMe)2•4H2O/ saphΗ2-4Cl/Εt3N σε διαλύτη MeOH απομονώθηκε το ισοδομικό του συμπλόκου 2, δηλαδή το σύμπλοκο (Εt3NH)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Cl)2]•ΜeCΟ2Η•MeOH (3). Οι τρεις σύμπλοκες ενώσεις χαρακτηρίστηκαν με IR φασματοσκοπία, ενώ για τα σύμπλοκα 1 και 2 πραγματοποιήθηκαν και μετρήσεις 1Η ΝΜR φασματοσκοπίας. Οι κρυσταλλικές δομές των συμπλόκων 1, 2 και 3 επιλύθηκαν με κρυσταλλογραφία ακτίνων Χ μονοκρυστάλλου. Βάσει των πειραματικών δεδομένων και τα τρία σύμπλοκα είναι ανιοντικά μονοπυρηνικά με το ιόν του κοβαλτίου(ΙΙΙ) να περιβάλλεται από δύο τριδοντικούς, πλήρως αποπρωτονιωμένους, υποκαταστάτες, οι οποίοι ενώνονται με αυτό μέσω των δύο αποπρωτονιομένων φαινολικών οξυγόνων και με το άτομο του ιμινικού αζώτου. Τα κατιόντα είναι το Η5Ο2+ για το σύμπλοκο 1 και το Εt3NH+ για τα 2 και 3. / In this work the reactions of cobalt(II) salts [Co(O2CMe)2•4H2O, Co(ClO4)2•6H2O and Co(O2CPh)2] with N-salicylidene-4-methyl-o-aminophenol (saphH2-4Me), N-salicylidene-4-chloro-o-aminophenol (saphH2-4Cl) and N-salicylidene-o-aminophenol (saphH2) Schiff bases are described. From the Co(O2CMe)2•4H2O/ saphH2-4Me/NaOH reaction system in MeOH we have isolated a six-coordinated complex with the formula (H5O2)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Me)2]•H2O (1). From a similar reaction system with Et3N as a base, we isolated a six-coordinated complex with the formula (Et3NH)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Me)2]•MeCO2H•MeOH (2). The Co(O2CMe)2•4H2O/saphH2-4Cl/Et3N reaction system in MeOH has led to the complex (Et3NH)[CoΙΙΙ(saph-4Cl)2]•MeCO2H•MeOH (3), which is isostructural to 2. The three complexes have been characterized by IR spectroscopy, while the complexes 1 and 2 have been also studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of 1, 2 and 3 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Based on experimental results, all the three complexes are anionic mononuclear with the CoIII ion being surrounded by two tridentate dianionic Schiff-base ligands, which chelate the metal ion through the deprotonated phenolic oxygen atoms and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group. The cation for the complex 1 is H5O2+, while for the complexes 2 and 3 the cation is Et3NH+.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O câncer do ovário é um tipo de câncer ginecológico que se origina nos órgãos reprodutores femininos. Geralmente o diagnóstico é realizado tardiamente, quando a doença já está em um estágio avançado, e que reflete na alta taxa de mortalidade. É uma doença silenciosa, assim como a Hepatite B, doença causada pelo vírus da hepatite B (VHB), altamente infecciosa e de difícil tratamento devido à inflamação no fígado. Realizar o diagnóstico precoce e o monitoramento é de extrema importância uma vez que ambas as doenças levam à morte inúmeras pessoas anualmente. Contudo, os diagnósticos tradicionais são caros, demorados e não confirmativos, e, portanto, o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de detecção e monitoramento é interesse para a Saúde Pública. Uma das melhores alternativas são os biossensores, que são sensores químicos cujo sistema de reconhecimento é dotado de biomoléculas que realizam reações bioquímicas. Apresentam vantagens sobre os métodos existentes, como o baixo custo, elevada seletividade e sensibilidade, detecção em tempo real e resposta rápida. Avaliando a gravidade dos casos de cânceres de ovários e as altas taxas de infecção da hepatite B, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver dois biossensores eletroquímicos com características únicas e inovadoras. Para a detecção do CA 125 (antígeno carboidrato 125), marcador tumoral usado no diagnóstico e monitoramento do câncer de ovário, foi construído um imunossensor eletroquímico empregando eletrodos screen-printed funcionalizados com o poli (3-hidroxifenilacético) e solução de ferrocianeto de potássio. O sensor demonstrou ser uma plataforma versátil, com alta seletividade e interessante para diagnóstico e monitoramento do câncer. Para a análise de Hepatite B foi construído um genossensor tendo como plataforma eletrodos de grafite funcionalizados com poli (4-aminofenol) e brometo de etídio como indicador eletroquímico de hibridização. A plataforma desenvolvida teve características únicas e inovadoras, apresentando vantagens inerentes à sua aplicabilidade em amostras de plasma, importante no diagnóstico precoce da doença. / The ovarian cancer is a gynecologic cancer that originates in the female reproductive organs. Usually the diagnosis is made late, when the disease is already at an advanced stage, which reflects in the high rate of mortality. It is a silent disease, such as hepatitis B disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), highly infectious and difficult to treat due to liver inflammation. Perform early diagnosis and monitoring is extremely important since both diseases lead to death numerous people annually. However, traditional diagnostic tests are expensive, time consuming and not confirmatory, and therefore the development of new detection and monitoring strategies is relevant to public health. One of the best alternatives are biosensors, chemical sensors which are recognition system is provided with biomolecules performing biochemical reactions. They have advantages over existing methods, such as low cost, high selectivity and sensitivity, real-time detection and immediate response. Assessing the severity of cases of ovarian cancer and high rates of hepatitis B infection, this study aimed to develop two electrochemical biosensors with unique and innovative features. To CA125 (carbohydrate antigen 125) detection, tumor marker used in the diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian cancer, was built an electrochemical immunosensor employing screen-printed electrodes functionalized with poly (3-hydroxyphenylacetic) and potassium ferrocyanide solution. The sensor has proven to be a versatile platform with high selectivity, interesting for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. For the analysis of hepatitis B was built a genosensor using graphite electrodes functionalized with poly (4-aminophenol) as platform and ethidium bromide as electrochemical indicator of hybridization. The developed platform has unique and innovative features with advantages inherent to its applicability in plasma samples, important in the early diagnosis of the disease. / Tese (Doutorado)