O córtex pré-frontal medial (PFCm) é caracterizado por entradas glutamatérgicas e dopaminérgicas que convergem sobre os mesmos neurônios alvos. Devido à escassa informação sobre as bases anatômicas das interações entre a dopamina (DA) e o glutamato (Glu), mapeamos a distribuição de subunidades (Su) de receptores (Rs) de Glu do tipo AMPA, NMDA e kainato no PFCm e investigamos a sua expressão em neurônios contendo a fosfoproteína DARPP-32 e em interneurônios. Os resultados mostram que as Su GluR2/3 dos Rs do tipo AMPA são as mais amplamente distribuídas no PFCm e expressas em todos os neurônios DARPP-32+. GluR2/3 é também amplamente co-localizado com as Su NMDAR1 dos Rs de Glu do tipo NMDA e GluR5/6/7 dos Rs do tipo kainato. Em contraste, as Su GluR1 e GluR4 são somente fracamente expressos no PFCm e não são co-localizados com DARPP-32, porém com GABA ou parvalbumina. Os resultados indicam que as Su GluR2/3, NMDAR1 e GluR5/6/7 são amplamente expressos em neurônios piramidais DARPP-32+ enquanto GluR1 e GluR4 são predominantemente expressos em interneurônios do PFCm. / The medial prefrontal cortex (PFCm) is characterized by glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents that converge on the same target neurons. Since there is only limited information about the anatomical bases for interactions between dopamine (DA) and glutamate (Glu), we mapped the distribution of AMPA, NMDA and kainate Glu receptor (Rs) subunits (Su) in the PFcm and investigated their expression in neurons containing the phosphprotein DARPP-32 and in interneurons. Results show that the Su GluR2/3 of AMPA type Rs are the most prominently distributed in the PFCm and expressed in all neurons DARPP-32+. GluR2/3 is also widely co-localized with the NMDA type Su NMDAR1 and the Kainate Su GluR5/6/7. In contrast, the Su GluR1 and GluR4 are only weakly expressed in the PFCm and are not colocalized with DARPP-32 but with GABA or parvalbumin. Results indicate that the Su GluR2/3, NMDAR1, and GluR5/6/7 are prominently expressed in DARPP-32+ pyramidal neurons, whereas GluR1 and GluR4 are predominantly expressed by interneurons in the PFC.

Le cerveau est formé d’un réseau complexe de neurones responsables de nos fonctions cognitives et de nos comportements. Les neurones reçoivent via des contacts spécialisés nommés « synapses », des signaux d’autres neurones.[...] Le mécanisme par lequel les neurones reçoivent, intègrent et transmettent ces informations est très complexe et n'est toujours pas parfaitement compris. Dans les synapses excitatrices, les récepteurs AMPA (AMPARs) sont responsables de la transmission synaptique rapide. Les récents développements en microscopie de super résolution ont permis à la communauté scientifique de changer la vision de la transmission synaptique. Une première avancée fait suite à l’observation que les AMPARs ne sont pas distribués de façon homogène dans les synapses, mais sont organisés en nanodomaines de ~ 80 nm de diamètre contenant ~ 20 récepteurs. Ce contenu est un facteur important pour déterminer l'amplitude de la réponse synaptique. En raison de la basse affinité des AMPARs pour le glutamate, un AMPAR ne peut être activé que lorsqu'il est situé dans une zone de ~ 150 nm en face du site de libération des neurotransmetteurs. Récemment, il a été montré que les nanodomaines d’AMPARs sont situés en face de ces sites de libération, formant des nano-colonnes trans-synaptiques à l'état basal. Cette organisation précise à l’échelle nanométrique semble être un facteur clé dans l'efficacité de la transmission synaptique. Une autre avancée a été l'observation que les AMPARs diffusent à la surface des neurones et sont immobilisés à la synapse pour participer à la transmission synaptique. L'échange dynamique entre le pool diffusif d’AMPARs et les récepteurs immobilisés dans les nanodomaines participe au maintien de l’efficacité de la réponse synaptique lors de stimulations à hautes fréquences. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer le rôle des paramètres indiqués ci-dessus sur les propriétés de la transmission synaptique, à l'état basal et au cours de phénomènes dits de plasticité synaptique. Tout d'abord, nous avons identifié le rôle crucial de la Neuroligine dans l'alignement des nanodomaines d’AMPARs avec les sites de libération du glutamate. En plus de cela, nous avons mis en évidence l’impact de cet alignement sur l’efficacité de la transmission synaptique en perturbant celui-ci. En parallèle, nous avons démontré que les AMPARs désensibilisés sont plus mobiles à la membrane plasmatique que les récepteurs ouverts ou fermés, et ce, en raison d'une diminution de leur affinité pour les sites d’immobilisation synaptiques. Nous avons montré que ce mécanisme permettait aux synapses de récupérer plus rapidement de la désensibilisation et d'assurer la fidélité de la transmission synaptique lors de stimulations à hautes fréquences. Enfin, les synapses peuvent moduler leurs intensités de réponse grâce à des mécanismes de plasticité synaptique à long terme, et plus particulièrement, la dépression à long terme (LTD) qui correspond à un affaiblissement durable de ce poids synaptique. [...] À la suite des découvertes précédentes concernant le rôle de la nano-organisation dynamique des AMPARs pour réguler le poids et la fiabilité de la transmission synaptique, j'ai décidé d'étudier leur rôle dans l'affaiblissement et la sélection des synapses. J'ai découvert que la quantité d’AMPAR par nanodomaine diminue rapidement et durablement. Cette première phase semble due à une augmentation de l’internalisation des AMPARs. Dans un deuxième temps, la mobilité des AMPARs augmente suite à une réorganisation moléculaire de la synapse. Ce changement de mobilité des AMPARs permet aux synapses déprimées de maintenir leur capacité à répondre aux signaux neuronaux à hautes fréquences. Ainsi, nous proposons que l'augmentation de la mobilité des AMPARs au cours de la LTD permet de transmettre une réponse fidèle dans les synapses stimulées à hautes fréquences et donc de sélectivement les maintenir tout en éliminant les synapses inactives. / The brain is a complex network of interconnected neurons responsible for all our cognitive functions and behaviors. Neurons receive inputs at specialized contact zones named synapses which convert an all or none electrical signal to a chemical one, through the release of neurotransmitters. This chemical signal is then turned back in a tunable electrical signal by receptors to neurotransmitters. However, a single neuron receives thousands of inputs coming from several neurons in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner. The precise mechanism by which neurons receive, integrate and transmit this synaptic inputs is highly complex and is still not perfectly understood. At excitatory synapses, AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are responsible for the fast synaptic transmission. With the recent developments in super-resolution microscopy, the community has changed its vision of synaptic transmission. One breakthrough was the discovery that AMPARs are not randomly distributed at synapses but are organized in nanodomains of ~80 nm of diameter containing ~20 receptors. This content is an important factor since it will determine the intensity of the synaptic response. Due to their mM affinity for glutamate, AMPARs can only be activated when located in an area of ~150 nm in front of the neurotransmitter release site. Recently, AMPAR nanodomains have been shown to be located in front of glutamate release sites and to form trans-synaptic nanocolumns at basal state. Thus, the nanoscale organization of AMPARs regarding release sites seems to be a key parameter for the efficiency of synaptic transmission. Another breakthrough in the field was the observation that AMPARs diffuse at the cell surface and are immobilized at synapses to participate to synaptic transmission. The dynamic exchange between AMPAR diffusive pool and the receptors immobilized into the nanodomains participates to maintain the efficiency of synaptic response upon high-frequency stimulation.The overall aim of my PhD has been to determine the role of each above listed parameters on the intimate properties of synaptic transmission both at basal state and during synaptic plasticity. First, we identified the crucial role of Neuroligin in the alignment of AMPAR nanodomains with glutamate release sites. In addition, we managed to break this alignment to understand its impact on synaptic transmission properties. In parallel, we demonstrated that, due to a decrease in their affinity for synaptic traps, desensitized AMPARs diffuse more at the plasma membrane than opened or closed receptors. This mechanism allows synapses to recover faster from desensitization and ensure the fidelity of synaptic transmission upon high-frequency release of glutamate. Finally, synapses can modulate their strength through long-term synaptic plasticity, in particular, Long-Term Depression (LTD) corresponds to a long-lasting weakening of synaptic strength and is thought to be important in some cognitive processes and behavioral flexibility through synapse selective elimination. Following the previous discoveries about the impact of AMPAR dynamic nano-organization at synapses on the regulation of the synaptic transmission strength and reliability, I decided to investigate their role in the weakening of synapses. I found that AMPAR nanodomain content drops down rapidly and this depletion last several minutes to hours. The initial phase seems due to an increase of endocytosis events, but in a second phase, AMPAR mobility is increased following a reorganization of the post-synaptic density. This change in mobility allows depressed synapses to maintain their capacity to answer to high-frequency inputs. Thus, we propose that LTD-induced increase in AMPAR mobility allows to conduct a reliable response in synapses under high-frequency stimulation and thus to selectively maintain them while eliminating the inactive ones.

No description available.

L’endocytose dépendante de la clathrine (EDC) est un processus fondamental des cellules eucaryotes. Elle se caractérise par la formation d’invaginations à la membrane plasmique aboutissant à la création de petites vésicules par l’action de la dynamine. Dans le cerveau, elle est impliquée dans la dépression synaptique à long terme, un corrélat cellulaire de la mémoire. La morphologie complexe des neurones et le contrôle précis du code neuronal suggèrent qu’elle puisse être régulée spatialement et temporellement dans ces cellules. Le but de mon travail a été de développer de nouveaux outils pour visualiser et perturber l’EDC afin d’étudier ce type de régulation. Le premier de ces outils est pHuji, un senseur de pH rouge génétiquement encodable. Je l’ai utilisé avec un senseur de pH vert existant pour montrer que dans les cellules NIH- 3T3, le récepteur β2-adrénergique est internalisé dans une sous-population de vésicules contenant le récepteur à la transferrine constitutivement endocyté. Le deuxième est une nouvelle méthode d’imagerie permettant de visualiser l’activité d’endocytose de structures recouvertes de clathrine optiquement stables dans des neurones d’hippocampe. J’ai ainsi pu suivre pour la première fois la cinétique d’internalisation de récepteurs au glutamate de type AMPA dans des conditions de plasticité. Enfin, j'ai élaboré un test combinant imagerie et patch-clamp afin de développer un bloqueur peptidique spécifique de l'EDC. En utilisant des peptides dimériques, j’ai montré que la dynamine se lie à ses partenaires via des interactions multimériques. En conclusion, ce travail propose une boite à outils permettant d’élucider les mécanismes de l’EDC avec une grande résolution spatiale et temporelle. / Clathrin mediated endocytosis (CME) is a fundamental process of all eukaryotic cells. At the level of the plasma membrane, it is characterized by the formation of deep invaginations resulting in the creation of small vesicles after membrane scission by dynamin. In the central nervous system, it is involved in the expression of synaptic long term depression, a proposed cellular correlate of learning and memory. The complex morphology of neurons and the precise timing of neuronal firing suggest that endocytosis may be spatially and temporally regulated in those cells. The aim of the work presented here was to develop new tools to visualize and perturb CME in order to study such regulation. The first tool to be characterized was pHuji, a genetically encoded red pH-sensor. I used it in combination with an existing green pHsensor to demonstrate that in NIH-3T3 cells, the β2-adrenergic receptor was internalized in a subset of vesicles containing the constitutively endocytosed transferrin receptor. The second tool is a new imaging method that allowed me to monitor the endocytic activity of optically stable clathrin coated structures in hippocampal neurons. I was thus able to visualize for the first time the kinetics of internalization of AMPA-type glutamate receptors under plasticity inducing conditions. Finally, I set up an assay combining imaging and cell dialysis in order to develop a specific peptide-based inhibitor of CME. Using dimeric peptides, I found that the interplay between dynamin and its binding partners relies on multimeric interactions. Altogether, this work provides a toolbox to decipher the mechanisms of vesicle formation with high spatial and temporal resolution.

L’encéphalite limbique à auto-anticorps anti-CASPR2 est une atteinte du système nerveux central, caractérisée par la présence des auto-anticorps (autoAcs) dirigé contre CASPR2 dans le sérum et fluide céphalorachidien. La pathologie affecte majoritairement des hommes âgés présentant l’épilepsie comme symptôme prédominant. CASPR2 est une molécule d’adhésion neuronale, connue pour son rôle d’assemblage des canaux Kv1, régulateurs de l’excitabilité neuronale, à la région juxtaparanodale du nœud de Ranvier, une organisation essentielle pour la conduction saltatoire des flux nerveux. Un nombre croissant de données dans la littérature suggère un rôle pour CASPR2 dans des fonctions synaptiques et l’activité neuronale. Ceci pourrait expliquer l’épilepsie, un symptôme neurologique qui trouve son origine dans la perturbation de l’activité neuronale, observée chez les patients avec de l’encéphalite limbique anti-CASPR2. Dans ce travail de thèse, j’ai utilisé des autoAcs de patients comme outil pour investiguer le rôle de CASPR2 dans des neurones normalement développés en culture, permettant aussi d’évaluer l’effet des autoAcs des patients sur les fonctions synaptiques et de révéler des mécanismes physiopathologiques possibles sous-jacents à la maladie. Je me suis d’abord intéressée aux effets des autoAcs des patients sur l’expression et la distribution en surface de CASPR2 et sur l’expression des canaux Kv1.2 dans des neurones hippocampiques matures in vitro. J’ai montré que les neurones inhibiteurs sont positifs pour les canaux Kv1.2 et CASPR2 en surface, et que les autoAcs de patients augmentent l’expression de Kv1.2 et n’induisent pas l’internalisation de CASPR2. Dans un second temps, j’ai analysé les effets des autoAcs de patients sur les synapses excitatrices et inhibitrices dans des neurones hippocampiques immatures et matures in vitro. Dans les neurones immatures, la densité des épines dendritiques et le contenu des récepteurs AMPA sont augmentés, tandis que dans les neurones matures l’altération de la géphyrin suggère une perturbation de la transmission neuronale après traitement avec des autoAcs de patients. Mes résultats permettent de mieux comprendre les fonctions de CASPR2 dans les processus synaptiques et révèlent des mécanismes pathologiques possibles des autoAcs anti-CASPR2 menant à la présentation clinique des patients atteints d’encéphalite limbique anti-CASPR2 / Anti-CASPR2 autoimmune limbic encephalitis is a central nervous system disorder, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies (autoAbs) directed against CASPR2 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Elderly men are mostly affected, with epilepsy being the predominant symptom. CASPR2 is a neuronal cell adhesion molecule, known for its role in gathering Kv1 channels, regulators of neuronal excitability, at the juxtaparanodal region of the node of Ranvier, an essential organization for saltatory conduction of nervous influxes. Increasing sets of data in literature point out a role for CASPR2 in synaptic functions and neuronal activity. This could explain the observed epilepsy, a neurological symptom that finds its origin in disturbed neuronal activity, in patients with anti-CASPR2 autoimmune limbic encephalitis. In this work, I used patients’ autoAbs as a tool to investigate the role of CASPR2 in normally developed cultured neurons which also allowed me to assess the effects of patients’ autoAbs on synaptic functions and reveal possible physiopathological mechanisms underlying the disease. I first assessed the effects of patients’ autoAbs on CASPR2 surface expression and distribution and on Kv1.2 channel expression in mature in vitro hippocampal neurons. I provided evidence that inhibitory neurons are positive for both Kv1.2 channels and surface CASPR2, and that patients’ autoAbs increase Kv1.2 expression and do not induce CASPR2 internalization. Secondly, I analyzed effects of patients’ autoAbs on excitatory and inhibitory synapses in vitro, in immature and mature hippocampal neurons. In immature neurons, dendritic spine densities and AMPA receptor content are increased, while in mature neurons alteration of gephyrin suggests disturbed neuronal transmission after treatment with patients’ autoAbs. My results allow for a better understanding of CASPR2 functions in synaptic processes and unravel possible pathological mechanisms regarding how anti-CASPR2 autoAbs lead to the clinical presentation of patients with anti-CASPR2 autoimmune limbic encephalitis

The excitatory, ionotropic glutamatergic AMPA receptor is the most common membrane-bound receptor in the central nervous system. AMPARs and the NMDA receptors are central to synaptic plasticity, memory, and mechanisms of neurodegeneration. The AMPAR is an obligate heterotetramer, composed of subunits GluA1-4. Subunit permutation determines ion conductance, trafficking and other functional characteristics. Few available antibodies are subunit-specific, disabling researchers from accurately visualizing differential AMPAR subunit distribution in the nervous system. This study sought to visualize a novel monoclonal GluA1/2/3 antibody with functional avidity for three of four receptor subunits and to characterize the ultrastructural localization of these receptors using confocal and electron microscopy.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The main mammalian circadian pacemaker stored in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) is adapted to changes in the external environement by synchronization of its endogenous period with periodic changes of light and dark during day and night. The information about light travels via glutamatergic retinohypothalamic tract to the ventrolateral part of the SCN. Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in this area provably mediates the transfer of information about light on the transcriptional mechanism of light-sensitive cells. The role of the NMDA type of ionotropic glutamate receptors is well studied in this field and it is known that some NMDA receptor subunits show a circadian rhythm and an increased expression after a light pulse. Signalization via AMPA type receptors is much less elucidated. The aim of this thesis was to determine which AMPA receptor subunits are expressed in the SCN of the rat and if these subunits show a daily rhythm of expression and a reactivity to light pulse, as well as to outline the possible roles of distinct AMPA receptor subunits in the SCN. Keywords: circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nuclei, glutamate receptors, AMPA

Orientadora: Aline Theodoro Toci / Coorientadora: Helena Redigolo / Banca: Paulo Clairmont Feitosa de Lima Gomes / Banca: Mario Henrique Gonzalez / Resumo: Atualmente, o glifosato é o herbicida de maior uso para o controle de ervas daninhas, sendo muito utilizado em culturas resistentes, como soja e milho. O glifosato é aplicado diretamente sobre a folhagem das plantas, porém uma parte acaba indo para o solo. Do solo, tanto o glifosato quanto seu metabólito, ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA) podem ser lixiviados para águas superficiais ou subterrâneas. Por conta disto, têm se gerado preocupações quanto ao seu potencial tóxico. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar a contaminação com glifosato e AMPA das águas superficiais de microbacias situadas na Bacia do Paraná 3 (Paraná-BR). Selecionou-se microbacias situadas próximas a regiões com plantios de soja e milho, assim como o período de coleta das amostras foi escolhido dentro do época de plantio destas culturas. Estudou-se dois métodos de preparo das amostras de água: reação de derivatização com cloroformiato de 9- fluorenilmetila (FMOC-Cl) seguida de extração e pré-concentração dos analitos com extração em fase sólida (SPE) utilizando cartuchos C18; pré-concentração dos analitos por liofilização seguida de reação de derivatização com FMOC-Cl. Para a determinação de glifosato e AMPA empregou-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) com detector de fluorescência. Os resultados demonstraram que a liofilização apresenta maior eficiência no preparo das amostras. Após a escolha do método de preparo realizou-se sua avaliação de desempenho pelos parâmetros de repeti... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Today, glyphosate is the herbicide of greatest consumption for the control o f weeds, widely used in resistant crops such as soybean and corn . Glyphosate is applied directly to the foliage of plants, but part of it ends up going to the soil. From the soil, both glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid ( AMPA ) can be carried to surface water or under ground water. Because of this, concerns have been raised about its toxic potential. In this dissertation, the objective is to evaluate the contamination of surface waters of watersheds located in the Paraná Basin 3 (Paraná - BR) with glyphosate and AMPA. Microbasin located near regions with soybean and corn plantations were chosen, as well as the period of sampling was chosen within the time of planting of these crops . Two methods of preparation of the water samples were stud ied: 9 - Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate ( FMOC - Cl ) derivatization reaction and extraction and pre - concentration of analytes with s olid p hase e xtraction (SPE) using C 18 cartridges; pre - concentration of the analytes with lyophilization followed by derivatization reaction with FMOC - Cl. High p erformance l iquid c hromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector was used f or glyphosate and AMPA analysis . The results showed that lyophilization has a better performance in the preparation of the samples. After the choice of the preparation method, its performance evaluation was performed based on evaluation of repeatability, select... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

During the critical period of CNS development, dendritic architecture is shaped, in part, by activity-dependent stabilization and elimination of branches. This restructuring is partly dependent on the subunit composition of glutamate receptors in a manner that is both regionally specific and temporally regulated. We used primary cultures of rodent hippocampal neurons to investigate the consequences for hippocampal dendrite development when the glutamate ?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit composition was altered. Overexpression of the AMPAR subunits GluR1 or GluR2 differentially modified hippocampal dendrite architecture. We investigated signaling pathways known to be involved in activity-dependent circuit development as possible downstream effectors of AMPA-mediated morphogenesis. We identified extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 as a potential candidate of GluR1-mediated dendrite outgrowth. We found that levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and a DHA-derived bioactive metabolite, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) are differentially regulated by GluR1 and GluR2. DHA, but not NPD1, induced extensive dendritic branching and outgrowth. Overexpression of 15 lipoxygenase 1 (15LOX1), the enzyme responsible for conversion of DHA to NPD1, interrupted outgrowth mediated by GluR1 overexpression. In order to investigate molecular mechanisms that regulated neural circuitry outside of the critical period of CNS development, we examined dendrite morphology across the CNS in response to chronic variable stress (CVS). We found wide-spread changes in circuits implicated in neurocognitive dysfunctions associated with chronic stress, and observed substantial dendritic plasticity in the adult brain. / acase@tulane.edu