Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:24:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3612082 bytes, checksum: 149afc8c39e12bc41cc161a29373f800 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Three anaerobic fixed-bed reactors with upflow and containing immobilized biomass were operationally evaluated for the treatment of wastewater from the coffee cherries processing (WCP). Because the performance of those reactors are related to the supportive medium providing adherence and growth to the biofilm, the following materials were studied: blast furnace scum, polyurethane foam and crushed stone #2 with porosity 53, 95 and 48%, respectively. The reactors were made with PVC and total volume for 139.5L. They were operated under environmental temperature varying from 6.4 to 32.9ºC, with average value 17.2ºC. Their operations consisted of increasing the organic load, that was quantified in terms of COD (1000, 2500 and 5000 mg L-1) flowing to reactors, by keeping a stable hydraulic residence time (HRT) around 1.3 days. The reactors were monitored, by collecting both the affluent and effluent samples of the reactors, and quantifying the variables: COD, BOD, phenolic compounds, TS, TVS, TSS, VSS, total nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, pH, alkalinity, volatile acids and electric conductivity. At the end of the evaluated conditions, the WCP samples were collected along the height of the reactors for kinetic study, as well as those of the formed biofilm for microscopic observations. For an affluent COD value around 5000 mg L-1, the reactor infilled with foam showed an average removal efficiency of 80 and 83% for the total and filtered COD respectively. This fact is due to its higher porosity, that provided higher retention and fixation of the biomass, that when quantified under the TVS form was 1,301 mg g-1 foam. By the other hand, the reactor infilled with scum generated effluents with lower concentrations of phenolic compounds that were statistically different (P <0.05) from those obtained in the other reactors. The increase in the COD flowing to the reactors also made possible the development and growth of the adhered microbial biofilm that showed wide variety of species, as been registered some morphologies similar to bacilli, curved bacilli, coccus, filaments, Methanosaeta sp. and Methanosarcina sp., this last one with lower frequency. Based on the results, it is concluded that the reactors showed satisfactory performance, which make them a viable alternative to be used in the treatment of WCP, as emphasizing the polyurethane foam as supportive material. / No presente trabalho, objetivou-se efetuar a avaliação operacional de três reatores anaeróbios de leito fixo e com fluxo ascendente, contendo biomassa imobilizada, no tratamento da água residuária do processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARC). Como o desempenho desses reatores está relacionado com o meio suporte, o qual proporciona a aderência e crescimento do biofilme, foram estudados três materiais: escória de alto-forno, espuma de poliuretano e brita n.2, com porosidade de 53, 95 e 48%, respectivamente. Os reatores, confeccionados em PVC e volume total de 139,5 L, foram operados sob temperatura ambiente, que variou de 6,4 a 32,9ºC, com valor médio de 17,2ºC. A operação dessas unidades consistiu no aumento da carga orgânica, quantificada em termos de DQO (1.000, 2.500 e 5.000 mg L-1), afluente aos reatores, mantendo-se o tempo de residência hidráulica (TRH) constante, em torno de 1,3 dias. O monitoramento dos reatores foi feito com a coleta de amostras afluente e efluente dos reatores, quantificando-se as variáveis DQO, DBO, compostos fenólicos, ST, SVT, SST, SSV, nitrogênio total, fósforo, sódio, potássio, pH, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis e condutividade elétrica. No final de cada condição avaliada, foram coletadas amostras de ARC, ao longo da altura dos reatores, para estudo cinético, bem como, amostras do biofilme formado, para observações microscópicas. Para um valor de DQO afluente em torno de 5.000 mg L-1, o reator preenchido com espuma apresentou eficiência média de remoção de DQO total e filtrada de 80 e 83%, respectivamente, atribuídas a sua maior porosidade, a qual proporcionou maior retenção e fixação da biomassa que, quantificada na forma de SVT, foi de 1.301 mg g-1 de espuma. Por outro lado, o reator preenchido com escória gerou efluentes com menores concentrações de compostos fenólicos, que foram estatisticamente diferentes (P<0,05) das obtidas nos outros reatores. O aumento na DQO afluente aos reatores também possibilitou o desenvolvimento e crescimento do biofilme microbiano aderido que apresentou grande variedade de espécies, tendo sido registradas morfologias semelhantes a bacilos, bacilos curvos, cocos, filamentos, Methanosaeta sp. e Methanosarcina sp., este último com menor freqüência. Pela análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que os reatores apresentaram desempenhos satisfatórios, tornando-os alternativa viável para ser aplicada no tratamento da ARC, com destaque para espuma de poliuretano como material suporte.

Bei der Behandlung organische Abfälle werden zunehmend Feststoff-Vergärungsverfahren mit Perkolation eingesetzt. Sie werden bevorzugt, wenn eine Vorab-Zerstörung der Feststoffstruktur nachteilig für die Gärrest-Verwendung oder sich daraus keine ökonomischen Vorteile ergeben. Das trifft auch bei strohartiger Biomasse zu. Zur satzweisen Vergärung wurden zahlreiche Erkenntnisse publiziert. Zeitgleich wurde das Sauter-Verfahren für den kontinuierlichen Betrieb zur Anwendungsreife entwickelt sowie am Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie e.V. (ATB) Forschungen einer zweistufigen Variante publiziert. Erstmalig erfolgt unter Verwendung von Silagen ein Vergleich der Varianten. Einflüsse der Perkolationsintensität auf Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften der Feststoffe und der Prozessflüssigkeit sowie auf die Kinetik der Gasbildung werden untersucht. Die Perkolatzusammensetzung variiert variantenabhängig. OTS-Belastungs-Grenzen lassen sich in erster Näherung bestimmen. Geeignete Vergleichsparameter werden dargestellt. Betreiberbefragungen und messtechnische Begleitung einer Sauter-Anlage ergänzen die Arbeit. Eine differenzierte Beurteilung der Perkolationsverfahren ist nun möglich. Betrachtet werden die Feststoffdichte im Fermenter, die TS-Gehalte im Gärstock sowie der Schwimmschicht. Die Verweilzeit der partikulären Biomasse im Fermenter ist erheblich kürzer als bisher angenommen. Das beeinflusst direkt die Hydrolyserate und mittelbar die Mikroflora im Fermenter. Nähere Untersuchungen sind erforderlich. Auch bei Perkolationsverfahren beeinflusse Substratzusammensetzung und Mahlgrad die Kinetik der Gasbildung. Die Methanausbeuten unterscheiden sich nur unwesentlich von Rührkessel-Systemen. Die Erweiterung der perkolierten Vergärung durch eine Perkolat-Methanisierungsstufe sind höhere Raum-Zeit-Ausbeuten möglich. Das erlaubt eine zeitlich gesteuerte Methanerzeugung, wobei Ausmaß und Leistungsgradient weiterer Forschung bedürfen. / Numerous research findings and experience on the batchwise fermentation of stacked biomass are available. At the same time, the percolated and continuously operated Sauter-process was developed to market maturity. Research on a two-stage variant has been carried out and published by the Leibnitz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomics e.V. (ATB). This paper provides for the first time a direct comparison of the above-mentioned percolated process variants using maize and sedge silages. The effects of percolation intensity on composition and properties of the solids and the process fluid as well as on the gas formation kinetics are investigated in particular. Furthermore, suitable benchmarks of the variants are identified and evaluated. The link to practice is a operators questioning and a one year lasting monitoring of a Sauter plant. The findings allow a differentiated assessment of percolation processes. Findings on solid matter density as well as on dry matter content in the fermenting stock or floating layer are presented in detail. During continuous operation, particulate biomass retention time is considerably shorter than would result from usual calculation of hydraulic retention time. It is indicated that the microflora in the fermenter is also indirectly affected. This requires further research work. It is shown that in percolation processes substrate composition and extent of grinding also dominate the gas formation kinetics, albeit to different extents. Methane yields differ under comparable load and operating parameters only marginally from yields of stirred tank systems. Composition of percolate also varies variant-specific. Findings can be used to define in a first approximation limits of volatile solid load. It has been proven that percolated solid-state fermentation with an additional percolate methanization stage allows higher space-time yields. This extra stage suits also for controlled flexible methane production.