Les poussières émises par l'industrie métallurgique concourent à la qualité de l'air des zones urbaines voisines. Ces particules, émises par des procédés à "haute température", sont susceptibles d'évoluer rapidement au sein des panaches. L'objectif de l'étude est de caractériser la phase particulaire sur un site d'émission métallurgique et de déterminer la nature et l'amplitude des transformations physico-chimiques subies par ces particules dans les premières minutes de leur émission. Des prélèvements d'aérosols ont été réalisés au sein des cheminées et dans l'environnement proche d'une usine métallurgique (production d'alliage de ferromanganèse), dont l'atelier d'agglomération est le principal émissaire. Le spectre granulométrique des particules dans l'environnement montre un enrichissement de nanoparticules (10-100nm) après survol des masses d'air au dessus du site industriel. Les rejets caractéristiques de l'usine (émission d'oxydes de fer et de manganèse, mais également d'aluminosilicates) se trouvent la plupart du temps sous forme d'agglomérats de composition chimique hétérogène et de structure morphologique complexe. Ces agglomérats semblent évoluer rapidement par adsorption de composés organiques volatils ou de suies. L'étude de la spéciation du Fe et du Mn au sein de ces particules indique qu'elles sont sujettes à des réactions d'oxydation via des mécanismes de conversion gaz/particules au sein même du procédé industriel, aboutissant notamment à une oxydation du fer inversement proportionnelle à la taille des particules. Par contre, aucune évolution significative du degré d'oxydation du Fe et du Mn n'a été observée dans l'environnement proche de l'émissaire. / Steelworks activities are important sources of fine particles which may affect air quality in urban areas close to plants. Those particles are emitted by "high-temperature" processes and could evolve very quickly in the plumes. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the nature and the amplitude of physico-chemical evolutions of those particles in the few minutes after the emission. Aerosol samplings were performed inside the chimneys and in the close environment of a FeMn alloys manufacturing plant where the sintering unit is the most important source of particles. The number size distributions in the close environment show a higher abundance of nanoparticles (10-100nm) inside the plume, by comparison with air masses upwind from the plant. The chemical analysis indicates that particles characteristic of the plant emissions (iron and manganese oxides but also aluminosilicates) are mostly constituted of agglomerates. These agglomerates combine various compounds inside a same particle in a complex structure. Moreover, they evolve rapidly (in a few minutes) after emission by mixing with organic compounds inside the plume. This evolution results from the adsorption of volatile organic compound or the agglomeration with soot particles. The study of iron and manganese speciation inside particles shows that they are prone to oxidation reactions via gas/particle conversion mechanisms during the industrial process, leading notably to a higher iron oxidation state for the smallest particles. However, no change of iron and manganese oxidation state was observed in the close environment of the plant.

O sequenciamento genético do DNA humano permitiu maior compreensão da funcionalidade dos seres vivos e principalmente a causa de muitas doenças. Entretanto, os estudos em genética têm se limitado a resolverem os problemas da ciência, e atualmente, a solução para o avanço nessa área tem se atribuído à proteômica. Dessa forma, a pesquisa em química analítica intensificou-se na busca de estratégias melhores para a caracterização de proteomas, em três aspectos principais: preparo de amostra, desenvolvimento da instrumentação analítica e bioinformática. Verifica-se a possibilidade da aplicação de muitas técnicas, atualmente, destaca-se a análise de peptídeos (proteômica shotgun) por cromatografia líquida multidimensional acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (LC/LC-MS/MS), devido à possibilidade de automatização, minimização dos problemas e resultados satisfatórios na análise de amostras biológicas complexas. Portanto, neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um método LC/LC-MS/MS (modalidade on-line column switching) o qual se constitui de coluna trocadora catiônica (homemade), trap de aprisionamento e limpeza, coluna capilar hidrofóbica e separação e detecção por espectrometria de massas sequencial automatizada. Com a proposta de uma instrumentação analítica aperfeiçoada, realizamos a confecção de um trap com partículas de elevada retenção dos peptídeos, o que permite ótima recuperação de amostra. Por se tratar de uma técnica de elevada complexidade instrumental, devido a difícil compatibilidade entre as dimensões cromatográficas, possíveis perda de analito no processo e elevado tempo de análise, propomos uma nova abordagem de otimização, por meio de estudos quimiométricos. Assim, neste trabalho, foram avaliados doze parâmetros instrumentais e destes houve uma simplificação de apenas dois fatores, responsáveis por 95% da resposta ótima do método. Este fato permitiu valores da cobertura da proteína de BSA (82,54%), número de peptídeos (65) e score (2134,05) superiores aos reportados na literatura, os quais apresentam tempos de análise maiores. Este estudo fornece informações do comportamento químico dos peptídeos em relação ao método proposto, por meio de uma superfície de resposta e equação matemática que pode contribuir para a aplicação em diferentes proteomas. / The genetic sequence of human DNA has helped the comprehension of life and principally the cause of various diseases. However, genetic studies have limited to resolve science problems and currently solutions to advance in this field have been attributed to proteomics. Thus, the analytical chemistry has intensified on the search for a better strategy to proteomic characterization in three principal aspects: sample preparation, development of analytical instrumentation, and bioinformatics. Proteomics involves the application of many techniques, currently; the peptide analyses (shotgun proteomics) by multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) is the state of the art. The main reasons are because it allows full system automation, less problems in repeatability, and adequate results in analysis of highly complex biological samples. Therefore, this dissertation developed the method LC/LC-MS/MS (modality on-line column switching), this has a cation exchange column (homemade), trap column to clean, hydrophobic capillary column and separation and detection by tandem mass spectrometry. We have proposed an improved analytical instrumentation, with a homemade trap that particles have high retention of peptide, which permit great recuperation of samples. Because it is an instrumental technique difficult, such as, obtain compatibility between the chromatography dimensions, can lose samples in the process and long time analysis, we have proposed a new optimization approach with chemometric analysis of data. On that, were evaluated twelve instrumental parameters and there was a simplification only two factors, these were responsible for 95% of greater response of method. As a result, the coverage of BSA protein was 82,54%, number of peptides 65 and score of 2134,05 values of high significance if compare from that there are in literature that presented greater time analysis. This work describes information about chemistry of peptides to method proposed through a surface of response and math equation that can contribute to different proteomes.

O sequenciamento genético do DNA humano permitiu maior compreensão da funcionalidade dos seres vivos e principalmente a causa de muitas doenças. Entretanto, os estudos em genética têm se limitado a resolverem os problemas da ciência, e atualmente, a solução para o avanço nessa área tem se atribuído à proteômica. Dessa forma, a pesquisa em química analítica intensificou-se na busca de estratégias melhores para a caracterização de proteomas, em três aspectos principais: preparo de amostra, desenvolvimento da instrumentação analítica e bioinformática. Verifica-se a possibilidade da aplicação de muitas técnicas, atualmente, destaca-se a análise de peptídeos (proteômica shotgun) por cromatografia líquida multidimensional acoplada à espectrometria de massas sequencial (LC/LC-MS/MS), devido à possibilidade de automatização, minimização dos problemas e resultados satisfatórios na análise de amostras biológicas complexas. Portanto, neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um método LC/LC-MS/MS (modalidade on-line column switching) o qual se constitui de coluna trocadora catiônica (homemade), trap de aprisionamento e limpeza, coluna capilar hidrofóbica e separação e detecção por espectrometria de massas sequencial automatizada. Com a proposta de uma instrumentação analítica aperfeiçoada, realizamos a confecção de um trap com partículas de elevada retenção dos peptídeos, o que permite ótima recuperação de amostra. Por se tratar de uma técnica de elevada complexidade instrumental, devido a difícil compatibilidade entre as dimensões cromatográficas, possíveis perda de analito no processo e elevado tempo de análise, propomos uma nova abordagem de otimização, por meio de estudos quimiométricos. Assim, neste trabalho, foram avaliados doze parâmetros instrumentais e destes houve uma simplificação de apenas dois fatores, responsáveis por 95% da resposta ótima do método. Este fato permitiu valores da cobertura da proteína de BSA (82,54%), número de peptídeos (65) e score (2134,05) superiores aos reportados na literatura, os quais apresentam tempos de análise maiores. Este estudo fornece informações do comportamento químico dos peptídeos em relação ao método proposto, por meio de uma superfície de resposta e equação matemática que pode contribuir para a aplicação em diferentes proteomas. / The genetic sequence of human DNA has helped the comprehension of life and principally the cause of various diseases. However, genetic studies have limited to resolve science problems and currently solutions to advance in this field have been attributed to proteomics. Thus, the analytical chemistry has intensified on the search for a better strategy to proteomic characterization in three principal aspects: sample preparation, development of analytical instrumentation, and bioinformatics. Proteomics involves the application of many techniques, currently; the peptide analyses (shotgun proteomics) by multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS) is the state of the art. The main reasons are because it allows full system automation, less problems in repeatability, and adequate results in analysis of highly complex biological samples. Therefore, this dissertation developed the method LC/LC-MS/MS (modality on-line column switching), this has a cation exchange column (homemade), trap column to clean, hydrophobic capillary column and separation and detection by tandem mass spectrometry. We have proposed an improved analytical instrumentation, with a homemade trap that particles have high retention of peptide, which permit great recuperation of samples. Because it is an instrumental technique difficult, such as, obtain compatibility between the chromatography dimensions, can lose samples in the process and long time analysis, we have proposed a new optimization approach with chemometric analysis of data. On that, were evaluated twelve instrumental parameters and there was a simplification only two factors, these were responsible for 95% of greater response of method. As a result, the coverage of BSA protein was 82,54%, number of peptides 65 and score of 2134,05 values of high significance if compare from that there are in literature that presented greater time analysis. This work describes information about chemistry of peptides to method proposed through a surface of response and math equation that can contribute to different proteomes.

Les co-cristaux représentent une classe de composés offrant de grandes opportunités pour l'industrie pharmaceutique. La plupart des études présentées dans la littérature porte sur le diagramme thermodynamique et sur l'ingénierie cristalline. Ce travail y ajoute l'aspect cinétique qui est essentiel à prendre en compte pour la mise en place d'un procédé de cristallisation à l'échelle industrielle. Différentes techniques d'analyse en ligne ont été mises en oeuvre pour suivre le procédé de co-cristallisation. Le système modèle carbamazépine / nicotinamide a été sélectionné. Dans un premier temps, l'utilisation d'une sonde de visualisation in-situ a permis la construction d'un diagramme de phase pour le système modèle étudié. Par la suite, les chemins cinétiques du procédé de co-cristallisation ont été mesurés en solution grâce au suivi des concentrations en soluté par spectroscopie InfraRouge à Transformée de Fourier. Enfin, la transition entre les phases solides (carbamazépine et cocristaux) a été suivie in-situ par spectroscopie IR et en couplant la sonde de visualisation avec la sonde Lasentec FBRM. Les essais ont permis de vérifier qu'une dérive de procédé conduisant à une autre phase cristalline que les co-cristaux peut être corrigée pour obtenir au final uniquement des co-cristaux / Co-crystals represent a class of compounds, which offers huge opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. Most studies presented in the literature deals with the thermodynamic diagram and crystal engineering. This work adds the kinetic aspect that must imperatively be taken into account in the establishment of a crystallization process at an industrial case. Different in-line process analytical techniques were carried out to monitor the co-crystallization process. The model system carbamazepine / nicotinamide was selected. The use of an in-situ visualization probe allowed us to build the phase diagram of the model system studied. Afterwards, the kinetic pathways of the co-crystallization process were highlighted thanks to the following of the solute concentrations by Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy. Finally, the phase transition between carbamazepine and co-crystals was monitored by IR spectroscopy, and by using simultaneously the visualization probe with the Lasentec FBRM probe. In order to finally obtain the only co-crystal phase, we subsequently verified that it was possible to correct a situation of process deviation, for which another crystalline phase remained in suspension

The question of the stability of American hegemony has consumed U.S. International Relations discourse since the Post-Cold War narrative. With the rapid changes in the international realm and the countless U.S. humanitarian and military operations around the globe, it is no surprise that many well-known researchers have taken the time to look at the impact of American hegemony under strict observation. However, more analysis must be made of these operations' strategic purpose and success. This thesis strives to fill this gap by conducting in-depth case studies on various U.S. military operations from the early 2000s to the present in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and East Asia. These case studies were selected with the research tool "Comparative Case Study" method to limit any bias in which country or historical event to include in the case study chosen section. With the aid of Structured Analytical Techniques (SATs), an analysis is made using the historical information gathered by the case studies to determine whether the success and impact of U.S. presence in these regions are secure enough to go against a rising Chinese state. Contrary to the resources and attention given to these military operations, the lack of agreement among American presidential administrations on a strategy could have deteriorated American hegemonic presence abroad.

Le manque de thérapies innovantes en chimiothérapie humaine incite la communauté scientifique à s'intéresser à de nouvelles sources de composés bioactifs. Nous pouvons citer les métabolites secondaires de plantes, auxquels appartiennent les acides hydroxy pentacycliques triterpénoiques (AHPTs) et plus particulièrement les Acides Ursolique (AU), Oléanolique (AO) et Bétulinique (AB). Ces molécules font l'objet de nombreuses études qui tendent à démontrer leurs propriétés : anti-infectieuses, anticancéreuses, antiprolifératives, anti-inflammatoires, hépatoprotectrices. Le principal obstacle à leur utilisation à des fins thérapeutiques, reste l'insolubilité de ces AHPTs dans l'eau. L'objectif de ce travail a donc été d'augmenter leur hydrosolubilité. Dans un premier temps, en accord avec les recommandations et/ou normes existantes, nous avons démontré que le spectre d'activité antibactérienne de l'AU et de l'AO se limitait aux bactéries à Gram positif. Aucun AHPT n'a montré d'activité antifongique. Seul l'AB a montré une activité intéressante sur le Cytomégalovirus humain (hCMV) ; aucune activité antivirale n'ayant été retrouvée sur le Poliovirus. Enfin, l'AB, mais encore plus l'AU ont montré une activité anticancéreuse à l'encontre de cellules modèles de leucémie myéloïde chronique (LMC). Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons procédé à la fabrication et à l'étude de complexes entre les AHPTs et des cyclodextrines. Nous avons retenu la gamma-cyclodextrine (gamma-CD), qui présentait l'avantage de complexer les 3 AHPTs avec une constante de formation « moyenne » à « élevée ». Ces complexes AHPTs :gamma-CD ont été caractérisés en utilisant diverses techniques : chromatographiques, thermiques et spectrométriques. Nous avons conclu à l'obtention de complexes d'inclusion qui ont permis d'augmenter la solubilité des AHPTs. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons évalué les activités biologiques des complexes AHPTs : gamma-CD. Les résultats montrent que les complexes AU : gamma-CD et AO : gamma-CD restent actifs à l'encontre des bactéries à Gram positif (mais avec une efficacité plus faible) ; tandis que le complexe AB : gamma-CD se révèle être actif sur certaines bactéries. Le complexe AB : gamma-CD, et de façon surprenante le complexe AU : gamma-CD présentent une activité antivirale à l'encontre du hCMV. Enfin, la diminution de la cytotoxicité liée à la complexation des AHPTs accroit l'intérêt des molécules d'AU et d'AB sur les cellules de LMC / The lack of innovative therapies in human chemotherapy incites the scientific community to be interested in new sources of bioactive compounds. We can quote the secondary metabolites of plants, to which belong hydroxy pentacyclic triterpene acids (HPTAs) and more particularly Ursolic (UA), Oleanolic (OA) and Betulinic Acids(BA). These molecules are the subjetc of numerous studies which tend to demonstrate their properties: anti-infective, anticancer, antiproliferatives, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotectrive. The main obstacle to their use in therapeutic purposes stays the insolubility of these AHPTs in the water. Thus the objective of this work was to increase their hydrosolubility. At first, in agreement with the recommendations and/or the existing standards, we demonstrated that the antibacterial spectra of UA and OA are limited to Gram-positive bacteria. No HPTA showed antifungal activity. Only the BA showed an interesting antiviral activity on human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV); no antiviral activity was on Poliovirus. Finally, the BA, but even more UA showed an anticancer activity against cellular model of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Secondly, we proceeded to the manufacturing and to the study of complexes between HPTAs and cyclodextrines. We retained gamma-cyclodextrine (gamma-CD), which presented the advantage to complex the 3 AHPTs with a constant of "average" to "raised". These HPTAs:gamma-CD complexes were characterized by using diverse techniques: chromatographic, thermal and spectrometric. We concluded in the obtaining of inclusion complexes which allowed increasing the solubility of the HPTAs. In a last part, we estimated the biological activities of the HPTAs:gamma-CD complexes. The results show that the UA:gamma-CD and OA:gamma-CD complexes remain active against Gram-positive bacteria (but with a weaker efficiency); whereas the BA:gamma-CD complex shows to be active on certain bacteria. The BA:gamma-CD complex, and in a surprising way the UA:gamma-CD complex presents an antiviral activity against the hCMV. Finally, the decrease of the cytotoxicity linked to the complexation of the HPTAs believes the interest of UA and of BA on CML cells

One of the major challenges in earth sciences and mineral exploration has been to determine with high accuracy and at a fast rate the elemental composition as well as the general chemistry of a rock sample. Many analytical techniques e.g., scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been employed in the past with a certain degree of success, but their analyses usually require a lengthy sample preparation and time-consuming measurements which produce results at a much slower rate than techniques whichrequire less or do not require any sample preparation at all. SEM images the surface of a sample by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern, where the primary electron beam produced under very low air pressure vacuum scans across the sample by striking it, and a variation of signals produce an image of the surface, or its elemental composition together with energy dispersive X-rays. Alternatively, laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) and multi energy X-ray transmission (ME-XRT) are non-contact measurement scanning techniques, capable of producing faster results than SEM-EDS which makes them suitable for real time measurements and analyses as they do not slow down the pace of a project being carried out. LIBS is a spectroscopic technique used to characterize and detect materials where a highly energetic laser pulse is focused onto the surfaces of solids, liquids or gases resulting in atomic and molecular species to emit light at specific wavelengths which is collected with a spectrometer and analysed using a computer. Comparably, ME-XRT is a sensor-based sorting technique involving the planar projection of X-ray attenuation of a particle stream, distributed on a fast conveyor belt, where they are scanned and evaluated while passing and an image is recorded by a line scan detector.      Eleven rock samples were analysed in this study. They include four rock type samples: granite, basalt, sandstone, and gneiss, all obtained from Luleå University of Technology (LTU) sample storage and seven ore type samples which include a porphyry Cu sulphide ore, a porphyry Cu oxide ore, a porphyry Cu-Au-Ag ore, an apatite iron ore (AIO), an iron-oxide copper gold ore (IOCG), an orogenic gold ore and a volcanogenic massive sulphide ore (VMS).       The SEM results give a semi-quantitative elemental composition of the rocks, which may be usedto discriminate mineralisation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) maps may be used to identifygeological features and secondary electron (SE) images may be used to understand the topography of the rock samples. The SEM has a low penetration depth rate but produces moderate to high accuracy resultsdepending on the settings and calibrations. It requires a lengthy sample preparation, and its analytical time is often too long for routine industrial application. LIBS results also provide rock elemental compositions similar to the SEM, which may be quantitative if the same spectrometer is used for all elements and calibrated against a standard. It also produces element maps similar to the SEM-EDS maps. LIBS analyses yield high accuracy results but at a low penetration depth. There are no standard calibrations for the LIBS measurements, which limits quantification. LIBS measurements do not require any form of sample preparation. ME-XRT analyses result in rock chemical data portraying a light material fraction (aluminium-like) and a heavy material fraction (iron-like) which may be used to distinguish different rock samples based on the closeness of their effective atomic number Zeff to that of aluminium and iron respectively. It’s analysis also produces low-resolution images of the analysed rock samples. The image resolution is too low to allow interpretation of the data in the context of the structures and textures in the rock samples. It has a higher penetration depth than LIBS and SEM-EDS producing more volumetric data but with a lower accuracy in terms of the amount of information obtained. Only two elements are used for ME-XRT calibration measurements, if many elements of varying atomic numbers could be used, it would have the ability to provide a more reliable data. Samples must have a maximum and minimum thickness; thus, sample preparation is required to regulate the rock thickness.      SEM and LIBS provide element compositions of minerals and element distribution maps required by geologist in their daily activities during exploration and mining. This information can be considered the most useful obtained from all three techniques. However, LIBS analyses are faster, and its maps are of higher quality even at the same resolution as the SEM-EDS. This makes the LIBS preferable for real time measurements and analyses. Geological activities like drill core logging, mine mapping and sampling for grade control all require fast results for project continuity and LIBS is suitable for this purpose as it can keep up with the pace of these activities. SEM analytical technique provides semi-quantitative data which is more accurate than the LIBS data and thus, preferable for usage in research institutions and universities.ME-XRT can reveal information on the internal structures or different rock sample compositions. This makes it a suitable technique in distinguishing ore from waste material especially in iron ore mining and processing where the iron needs to be separated from the siliceous waste and sorting is also required prior to beneficiation to avoid equipment destruction by abrasive quartz. LIBS and ME-XRT analytical techniques complement each other in terms of analytical capabilities as LIBS has a low penetration depthrate but high accuracy results while the ME-XRT has a high penetration depth rate but low accuracy results. They are both fast scanning techniques that can be used for real time measurements and analyses and if their analytical prowess can be improved, the combination of these two fast analytical techniques may enable us to obtain high quality data and may as well be what is needed by geologists in the future.