Early anthropological examination of Neandertal skeletal material by Marcellin Boule gave rise to popular images of Neandertals as brutish, ape-like creatures who walked hunched over with bent knees and a shuffling gait. Today, it is generally thought that Neandertals moved in a similar manner to humans with locomotive patterns within human ranges of variation and a bipedal gait likely to be indistinguishable from that of modern humans However, this hypothesis has not been tested by using the Neandertal skeleton as a whole. There is no complete Neandertal skeleton in the fossil record. The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct a complete virtual skeleton of a Neandertal based on the Spy II remains for educational museology purposes and for biomechanical analysis. Comparative analyses of Neandertal and modern human bones (pelvis, femur, rib) using different reference populations from Belgium were also undertaken. These studies were performed with a view to further understanding Neandertal bone morphology in comparison to modern humans, to assist in the reconstruction of the Neandertal Spy II skeleton and to aid in biomechanical analysis. A study on the sex determination of the pelves showed that there was no difference between physical linear measurements and virtual measurements, which was an important validation. The lhpFusionBox musculoskeletal software, which was developed at ULB, was used to scale available Neandertal and modern human bones to reconstruct the skeleton. Previous methods in the literature have only scaled bones of the same nature. A novel and validated scaling method was used to scale the Kebara 2 pelvis to the dimensions of the Spy II femur (as Spy II only has a small piece of sacrum) via the Neandertal 1 femur and pelvis. The reconstruction of a complete Neandertal skeleton based on the Spy II remains enabled the validation of individual reconstructions of bones, reconstructed long bones to be compared together with other limb proportions of Neandertals, stature estimation to be performed, and questions to be asked on previous attributions of bones to Spy II. The thoracic shape of Neandertals has previously been subject to much debate with many authors stating that it would have been markedly different from modern humans. This thesis created a Neandertal thorax with assistance from rib and thoracic experts from different domains using the Kebara 2 remains. One reconstruction was found to have a similar shape to modern humans and the other a markedly different shape, highlighting difficulties in thoracic reconstruction of fossil hominids.The full scale Neandertal skeleton has been printed in 3D and used in RBINS and other Museums in Europe as a reference for the Neandertal Skeleton in permanent gallery exhibitions. This skeleton is also used as the base for Neandertal hyper-realistic artistic reconstructions based on scientific evidence by the artists, the Kennis brothers which are in the Centre d'Interprétation de l'Homme de Spy, the National History Museum, London and other museums around the world. The reconstruction of a complete lower limb also allowed biomechanical studies. The various biomechanical studies have looked at what happens when you fuse the motion of a living modern human to Neandertal bones. We cannot say that the Neandertal would have walked or squatted similar to the volunteers in the studies but we can say that the morphology of their bones would have enabled them to walk or squat in this way. All the moment arms of the major muscles of the hip and knee were analysed and it was demonstrated that the Neandertal models largely had greater muscle moment arms than the AMH models meaning Neandertals could have had a significant mechanical advantage over modern humans. These studies demonstrate Neandertal postcranial morphology can be different to modern humans although certain aspects may be more similar than previously thought. / Historiquement, le travaux de Marcellin Boule ont donné lieu à des représentations populaires de Néandertaliens vus comme des créatures simiesques bestiales qui se déplaçaient courbés avec des genoux pliés en traînant les pieds. Aujourd'hui, il est généralement admis que les Néandertaliens se déplaçaient d'une manière similaire à l'homme moderne avec une locomotion bipède. Toutefois, cette hypothèse n'a pas été encore testée sur un squelette néandertalien dans son ensemble. Comme il n’existe aucun squelette de Néandertalien entier, le but de cette thèse était de reconstituer un squelette virtuel complet sur la base des restes de Spy II à des fins éducatives de muséologie et pour l'analyse biomécanique.Des analyses comparatives d’os de Néandertalien et d’humains modernes (bassin, fémur, côtes) en utilisant diverses populations de référence de Belgique ont également été menées. Ces études ont été réalisées en vue de comprendre la morphologie néandertalienne, pour aider à la reconstruction du squelette Spy II et à l'analyse biomécanique. Une étude sur la détermination du sexe à partir des pelvis a montré qu'il n'y avait pas de différence entre les mesures linéaires physiques et les mesures virtuelles, ce qui était une validation importante.Le logiciel musculosquelettique lhpFusionBox, développé à l'ULB, a été utilisé pour reconstruire le squelette. Un nouveau procédé de mise à l'échelle validé a été utilisé pour mettre à l'échelle le bassin de Kebara 2 aux dimensions du fémur de Spy II (comme Spy II ne possède qu’un petit fragment de sacrum) via le fémur et le bassin de Neandertal 1. La reconstruction d'un squelette complet de Néandertalien a apporté de nouvelles connaissances sur cette espèce dans différents domaines. Elle a permis la validation des reconstructions individuelles des os, de comparer les os longs reconstruits avec d'autres proportions des membres de Néandertaliens, de faire une estimation de stature, et de reconsidérer les attributions antérieures d'os à Spy II. La forme thoracique des Néandertaliens a déjà fait l'objet de nombreux débats. Cette reconstruction de Spy II, creé avec l'aide des experts utilisant les restes de Kebara 2, montre deux formes de reconstruction differentes, et indique les difficultés de la reconstruction thoracique des fossiles. Le squelette virtuel complet a été imprimé en 3D et utilisé par l’IRSNB et d'autres musées en Europe comme une référence de squelette néandertalien. Ce squelette a également été utilisé comme base pour les reconstructions artistiques hyper-réalistes de Néandertaliens, basées sur des données scientifiques, par les artistes Kennis et sont présentés dans les musées du monde entier. La reconstruction d'un membre inférieur complet a également permis des études biomécaniques. Ces dernières ont étudié la fusion du mouvement d'un homme moderne actuel avec des os néandertaliens. On ne peut pas se prononcer si le Néandertalien marchait ou s’accroupissait de manière similaire aux hommes modernes, mais on peut affirmer que leur morphologie osseuse leur permettait de marcher ou de s’accroupir de cette façon. Tous les bras de levier des principaux muscles de la hanche et du genou ont été analysés et il a été démontré que les Néandertaliens avaient les bras de levier plus grand que le modèle homme moderne signifiant Néandertaliens auraient eu un avantage mécanique important. Cette études démontre que des aspects de la morphologie postcrânienne néandertalienne soient différents, bien que certains d’entre eux soient plus semblables aux humains modernes qu'on ne le pensait. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Vetiver grass or Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (1960) is a sterile grass which can regenerate vegetatively from clumps of the rootstock. This, as well as its vigorous and deep root system and flood tolerance makes it an ideal candidate for the use in soil remediation and erosion control. In South Africa, Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. is part of the landscape, soil reclamation and erosion control industry. The company uses vetiver grass on a wide scale and has accumulated a collection of isolates to serve as possible germ lines for industrial use. Due to the different approaches in environmental management as well as environmental factors, a variety of ecotypes form during the planting and acclimatisation of this genus. Chrysopogon nigritanus (Benth.) Veldkamp (1999), which is a native species to Africa, is closely related to C. zizanioides and differs only slightly from C. zizanioides on a morphological level. The major difference between the two species is that C. nigritanus is able to seed freely and thus the use of this species should be avoided. The need arose to screen other non-fertile plants to uncover additional genotypic variety to enable diversification of vetiver plantings. The aim of this study was to characterise the genotype of 19 isolates of vetiver obtained from Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. via sequencing analyses of three DNA fragments, ITS, ndhF and rbcL. In addition, the radial root anatomy was also investigated and compared with the genetic analyses. According to the results generated during this study, very little or no genotypical differences exist amongst the different isolates available from the Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. plant collection. Only in the case of the ITS inference were differences observed between three of the studied isolates. There was no significant difference between the different isolates based on the root anatomy, with the exception of two of the studied isolates which formed starch granules. / MSc (Botany), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Vetiver grass or Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty (1960) is a sterile grass which can regenerate vegetatively from clumps of the rootstock. This, as well as its vigorous and deep root system and flood tolerance makes it an ideal candidate for the use in soil remediation and erosion control. In South Africa, Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. is part of the landscape, soil reclamation and erosion control industry. The company uses vetiver grass on a wide scale and has accumulated a collection of isolates to serve as possible germ lines for industrial use. Due to the different approaches in environmental management as well as environmental factors, a variety of ecotypes form during the planting and acclimatisation of this genus. Chrysopogon nigritanus (Benth.) Veldkamp (1999), which is a native species to Africa, is closely related to C. zizanioides and differs only slightly from C. zizanioides on a morphological level. The major difference between the two species is that C. nigritanus is able to seed freely and thus the use of this species should be avoided. The need arose to screen other non-fertile plants to uncover additional genotypic variety to enable diversification of vetiver plantings. The aim of this study was to characterise the genotype of 19 isolates of vetiver obtained from Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. via sequencing analyses of three DNA fragments, ITS, ndhF and rbcL. In addition, the radial root anatomy was also investigated and compared with the genetic analyses. According to the results generated during this study, very little or no genotypical differences exist amongst the different isolates available from the Hydromulch (Pty) Ltd. plant collection. Only in the case of the ITS inference were differences observed between three of the studied isolates. There was no significant difference between the different isolates based on the root anatomy, with the exception of two of the studied isolates which formed starch granules. / MSc (Botany), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

En partant de la volonté revendiquée dans le Manifeste du surréalisme de prolonger le supernaturalisme nervalien, on se propose d’examiner l’aventure d’une idée, depuis le congé qui lui est donné avec la liquidation d’une partie du romantisme français, jusqu’à sa réhabilitation à partir du milieu des années trente, en inventoriant les valeurs et les représentations que sa transformation induit dans l’évolution des discours et des productions artistiques du surréalisme, afin de montrer comment la conception de l’inconscient finit par rendre progressivement l’exploration de l’inconnu extérieur aussi nécessaire que celle de l’inconnu intérieur — l’enjeu étant d’arracher le surréalisme aux fictions qu’il a lui-même forgées pour les repenser dans un vaste panorama apte à saisir les contradictions du mouvement. Une enquête lexicale permet d’inventorier les modes de relation du sujet à la nature et de les relier ensuite aux contraintes de la poétique surréaliste. Les schèmes du métadiscours faisant apparaître une spatialisation de l’intériorité, on constate que les topiques exploratoires se recoupent dans un système de représentation qui emprunte aux sciences de la nature et donne lieu, par la pratique d’une morphologie comparée, à une anthropologie matérielle. L’étude des paysages réintroduit l’épreuve de la nature et permet en dernier lieu d’envisager de quelle manière, latente dans l’esthétique, elle devient manifeste dans la réflexion épistémologique et éthique du mouvement. / Not only could Giorgio de Chirico’s deserted squares and faceless dummies have fossilized surrealism into a metaphysics of dreams—as dalinian deserts did— but a part of the history and reception of Surrealism as well, so much so that nature has turned into a blind spot. This study aims to tear Surrealism away from the fictions it first created so as to rethink them into a comprehensive overview that could reveal the contradictions of a movement which might not have given up the nervalian supernaturalism whose spirit it meant to extend. The main issue of this work is to examine the adventure of a rejected notion through to its restoration to favour, by surveying the values and the representations that its changes lead to, in order to show to what extent the conception of the unconscious could paradoxically make the exploration of the outer unknown as essential as that of the inner unknown. After a lexical inquiry, we try to observe the different modes of relationship the subject entertains with nature, before linking them to the constraints of surrealist poetics. Studying the schemas of the metadiscourse makes it easier to perceive the spatialization of interiority and the way the topics of exploration can match in a combination of representations, which derives from natural sciences and gives rise to a material anthropology linked with comparative morphology. The review of surrealist landscapes allows to experience nature from a phenomenological standpoint and to ponder the way such a latent idea in surrealist aesthetic could become manifest in its ethical and epistemological thought.

Diplomová práce Educational set of microscopic anatomy of intervertebrates for secondary schools. Tomáš Bartáček Pedagogická fakulty UK v Praze 2010 In this thesis, I compiled an educational set illustrating the microscopic anatomy of intervertebrates. This set is intended for use by students and teachers at high schools and gymnasia. It complements the common tools used for education in zoology of invertebrates. It combines a set of microscopic specimens (histological sections, smear and native specimens) and multimedia atlas. For the present work, I chose model invertebrates that have been commonly described in high school and gymnasia text books. For preparation of the histological sections, I used flatworms (Dugesia gonocephala), roundworms (Ascaris suum) and earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). I prepared the specimens in accordance with standard methods shown in literature with slight modifications in order to make them suitable for the given specimens. I used paraffin as a cutting fluid and I stained the specimens using either Harris hematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome stain. To create the smear specimens, I spread the animal tissues of interest, fixed them in methylene and stained using Giemsa-Romanowski stain. I prepared the native specimens both vital stained and non-stained. I...

Plants of the genus Bergenia are part of remedies used in Ayurveda medicine. They also play an important part in traditional healing practice in China, India, Mongolia and Russia. Theoretical part of this thesis sums the newest findings and research results concerning three Bergenia species: Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., Bergenia crassifolia (L.) Fritsch a Bergenia ornata Stein. The thesis mainly focuses on their current and potential use in medicine and pharmacy. Bergenia extract is traditionally used for dissolving kidney stones, treating respiratory tract illnesses and to stop bleeding. The most important active substances of these plants, their characteristics and main effects are also noted. Bergenia is an important source of arbutin and bergenin. Bergenin has antitussive, antiflogistic and gastroprotective effects. Arbutin is used to treat urinary tract diseases and in cosmetology to lighten the skin. The experimental part of this thesis includes methods of preparation of permanent microscope slides from leaves of chosen Bergenia species. Photographs have been taken from both permanent and native slides. Anatomy of the leaf and leaf epidermis is described including stomatal index. Presence of calcium oxalate crystals in form of druses is also documented. Basic anatomical features were...

Le dinosaure ornithopode Rhabdodon a été nommé par Matheron en 1869 et la première espèce,Rhabdodon priscus, a été proposée sur la base d'un fragment dentaire avec ses dents très caractéristiquesdécouvert dans le Crétacé supérieur des Bouches-du-Rhône dans le Sud de la France. Une nouvelle espèce, R.septimanicus., a ensuite été proposée par Buffetaut et Le Loeuff en 1991 sur la base d’un dentaire trouvé dansune localité du Crétacé supérieur à Montouliers (Hérault). La validité de cette nouvelle espèce était en débat, laquestion étant de savoir combien d'espèces de Rhabdodon existaient dans le Sud de la France. Un abondantmatériel inédit (crânien et postcrânien) de Rhabdodon, découvert récemment au cours de fouilles sur diverssites du Sud de la France, est décrit, de sorte que l’'anatomie de cet animal est désormais mieux connue. Unereconstitution de Rhabdodon est proposée. R. septimanicus est considéré comme valide à la suite de l'inclusionde nouveaux éléments crâniens de Quarante (Hérault). Deux espèces de Rhabdodon ont certainement coexistédurant le même période (Campanien supérieur – Maastrichtien inférieur) dans le Sud de la France. L'analysephylogénétique confirme que Rhabdodon peut être placé dans une famille des Rhabdodontidae avec son taxonfrère,Zalmoxes, dont il se distingue par de nombreux caractères postcrâniens. Les Rhabdodontidae sontproches des Iguanodontia. Il est suggéré que l'ancêtre commun des rhabdodontidés a évolué en Amérique duNord, puis s’est dispersé en Europe et a finalement évolué dans l'isolement géographique de l’archipeleuropéen au cours de du Crétacé supérieur. / The ornithopod dinosaur Rhabdodon was named by Matheron in 1869 and a first species,Rhabdodon priscus, was proposed on the basis of a dentary fragment with its diagnostic teeth from the LateCretaceous of Bouches-du-Rhône in southern France. A new species, R. septimanicus, was subsequentlyerected by Buffetaut and Le Loeuff (1991) based on a characteristic dentary from a Late Cretaceous locality atMontouliers (Hérault). The validity of the latter species was in debate, the question being how many species ofRhabdodon existed in Southern France. Abundant unpublished material (both cranial and postcranial) ofRhabdodon discovered in recent excavations at various localities in southern France is described, as a result ofwhich the anatomy of this animal is now better known. A reconstruction of Rhabdodon is proposed. R.septimanicus is considered as valid by including new cranial elements from Quarante (Hérault). Two species ofRhabdodon undoubtedly coexisted in the same time interval (Late Campanian – Early Maastrichtian) insouthern France. The phylogenetic analysis confirms that Rhabdodon can be placed in a distinct family,Rhabdodontidae, which also includes its sister taxon, Zalmoxes, from which it is distinguished by numerouspostcranial characters. Rhabdodontidae has a close relation with Iguanodontia. It is suggested that the commonancestor of the rhabdodontid dinosaurs evolved in North America, and then dispersed to Europe and eventuallyevolved in geographical isolation on the various European landmasses during the Late Cretaceous.