Segundo Vitrúvio, a arquitetura deve se orientar pelos princípios de firmeza, utilidade e venustidade. Procurou-se perquirir de que modo a ratio uenustatis se insere no De Architectura e o papel desempenhado. Em torno da noção de uenustas reúnem-se termos - tais como: species, aspectus, aspiciens, figura, uisus, oculus - concernentes às preocupações visuais dirigidas às obras, indicadas já nas definições fundamentais da arquitetura - ordinatio, dispositio, eurythmia, symmetria, decor e distributio. Lê-se no Livro III que o aspectus da obra lhe confere autoridade (auctoritas), e o templo eustilo pseudodíptero se afigura como exemplo maior na preceptiva. Mas é preciso contar antes com a auctoritas do arquiteto, para isso instruído nas letras (litterae), dentre variadas artes e erudições, e apto simultaneamente ao fazer e ao raciocinar (fabrica et ratiocinatio). As autoridades egrégias (egregias auctoritates) prometidas no primeiro exórdio à majestade do poder conduzido pelo Imperator, por ocasião dos esforços empreendidos na construção pública, dizem respeito às oportunidades e vantagens (opportunitas) advindas de uma adequada ordenação dos recintos urbanos (moenia) - desde a escolha do sítio até a determinação das obras de uso comum -, demonstrando-se intrinsecamente conexas à diligência no campo das venustidades, que permeia os demais âmbitos da arte edificatória. / According to Vitruvius, architecture must be oriented by the principles of firmitas, utilitas and uenustas. We tried to question how the ratio uenustatis is inserted in the De Architectura and its role. There are some terms which are gathered around the concept of uenustas - such as: species, aspectus, aspiciens, figura, uisus, oculus - concerning the visual matters directed to the building works, already indicated by the architecture\'s fundamental definitions - ordinatio, dispositio, eurythmia, symmetria, decor and distributio. As it is witten in Book III, the aspectus bestows aucthority (auctoritas) on the building and the eustylos pseudodipteros temple appears as a major exemplum in the set of preceptions. But before it is necessary to the authorized work to count upon the architect\'s authority, to that instructed in the litterae, among varied arts and eruditions, and apt at the same time to fabrica and ratiocinatio. The prominent authority (egregias auctoritates) promised to the majesty of the power lead by the Imperator in the first exordium, on the occasion of the efforts undertaken in the public building, are concerned with the opportuniies and advantages (opportunitas) issued from an adequate arrangement of the limited urban area (moenia) - from the selection of the site to the common use buildings settlement - showing themselves intrinsically connected with the heed of the ratio uenustatis that permeates the other fields of the ars aedificatoria.

Segundo Vitrúvio, a arquitetura deve se orientar pelos princípios de firmeza, utilidade e venustidade. Procurou-se perquirir de que modo a ratio uenustatis se insere no De Architectura e o papel desempenhado. Em torno da noção de uenustas reúnem-se termos - tais como: species, aspectus, aspiciens, figura, uisus, oculus - concernentes às preocupações visuais dirigidas às obras, indicadas já nas definições fundamentais da arquitetura - ordinatio, dispositio, eurythmia, symmetria, decor e distributio. Lê-se no Livro III que o aspectus da obra lhe confere autoridade (auctoritas), e o templo eustilo pseudodíptero se afigura como exemplo maior na preceptiva. Mas é preciso contar antes com a auctoritas do arquiteto, para isso instruído nas letras (litterae), dentre variadas artes e erudições, e apto simultaneamente ao fazer e ao raciocinar (fabrica et ratiocinatio). As autoridades egrégias (egregias auctoritates) prometidas no primeiro exórdio à majestade do poder conduzido pelo Imperator, por ocasião dos esforços empreendidos na construção pública, dizem respeito às oportunidades e vantagens (opportunitas) advindas de uma adequada ordenação dos recintos urbanos (moenia) - desde a escolha do sítio até a determinação das obras de uso comum -, demonstrando-se intrinsecamente conexas à diligência no campo das venustidades, que permeia os demais âmbitos da arte edificatória. / According to Vitruvius, architecture must be oriented by the principles of firmitas, utilitas and uenustas. We tried to question how the ratio uenustatis is inserted in the De Architectura and its role. There are some terms which are gathered around the concept of uenustas - such as: species, aspectus, aspiciens, figura, uisus, oculus - concerning the visual matters directed to the building works, already indicated by the architecture\'s fundamental definitions - ordinatio, dispositio, eurythmia, symmetria, decor and distributio. As it is witten in Book III, the aspectus bestows aucthority (auctoritas) on the building and the eustylos pseudodipteros temple appears as a major exemplum in the set of preceptions. But before it is necessary to the authorized work to count upon the architect\'s authority, to that instructed in the litterae, among varied arts and eruditions, and apt at the same time to fabrica and ratiocinatio. The prominent authority (egregias auctoritates) promised to the majesty of the power lead by the Imperator in the first exordium, on the occasion of the efforts undertaken in the public building, are concerned with the opportuniies and advantages (opportunitas) issued from an adequate arrangement of the limited urban area (moenia) - from the selection of the site to the common use buildings settlement - showing themselves intrinsically connected with the heed of the ratio uenustatis that permeates the other fields of the ars aedificatoria.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 15, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Il ne subsiste aucun vestige direct des charpentes grecques et, bien souvent, l’état de conservation des blocs constitutifs des parties hautes des édifices est lacunaire. Ce constat conduit souvent à la reproduction du cadre interprétatif des charpentes antiques établi à la fin du XIXe siècle, opposant charpente grecque à empilement d’une part, et charpente romaine à ferme d’autre part. L’enjeu de cette thèse consiste à reconsidérer cette opposition binaire entre deux types de charpente. Afin de pallier le manque de vestiges archéologiques, d’autres pistes sont explorées. Les techniques utilisées dans la réalisation des charpentes ne sont pas toutes spécifiques à cet artisanat. Aussi, élargir le champ d’investigation à des activités connexes relevant de l’artisanat du bois comme, par exemple, la construction navale, permet de définir les contours d’un environnement technique dans lequel s’inscrit la charpente. Plusieurs traits caractéristiques de cet environnement technique ont été dégagés, parmi lesquels la maîtrise d’assemblages permettant la reprise d’efforts de traction, le recours à la triangulation des structures et un grand savoir-faire dans la taille des pièces de bois. À la suite de ce réexamen des connaissances pratiques et techniques des charpentiers grecs, une série d’études de cas est proposée, incluant l’arsenal du Pirée, les temples doriques de Sicile, le Parthénon, ainsi que le temple en calcaire et le temple d’Apollon du IVe siècle à Delphes. Les comptes de construction de ce dernier édifice, très riche concernant le matériau bois, font par ailleurs l’objet d’une analyse systématique. Enfin, sur le plan méthodologique, cette thèse aborde la question de la restitution des parties hautes. Le recours à la modélisation 3d et au calcul de structure permet de formuler des hypothèses neuves et d’en évaluer la pertinence dans un mouvement de va-et-vient entre les vestiges, les techniques et le comportement mécanique des charpentes. Les principaux résultats de cette thèse concernent la caractérisation de l’environnement technique dans lequel évoluent les charpentiers grecs des VIe et Ve siècle et conduisent à considérer comme pertinente l’hypothèse de l’existence de charpentes triangulées. / There are no direct remains of Greek roof structures and, in many cases, the state of conservation of the constituent blocks of the upper parts is incomplete. This observation often leads to the reproduction of the interpretative framework of antique roof frameworks established at the end of the 19th century, opposing Greek prop-and-lintel on the one hand, and Roman truss on the other. The challenge of this thesis is to reconsider this binary opposition between two types of framework. In order to compensate for the lack of archaeological remains, other avenues are being explored. The techniques used in the construction of the roof structures are not all specific to this craft. Also, extending the scope of investigation to related activities in the field of woodworking such as, for example, shipbuilding, makes it possible to define the contours of a technical environment in which the framework is embedded. Several characteristics of this technical environment were identified, including the use of assemblages that allow the recovery of tensile forces, the use of triangulation of structures and a great deal of know-how in the preparation of wooden beams. Following this review of the practical and technical knowledge of Greek carpenters, a series of case studies are proposed, including the Piraeus Arsenal, the Doric temples of Sicily, the Parthenon, as well as the so-called “limestone temple” and the fourth century BC Apollo templein Delphi. The construction accounts of this last building, which is very rich in wood materials, are also systematically analysed. Finally, from a methodological point of view, this thesis addresses the question of the restitution of the upper parts. The use of 3d modelling and structural calculation makes it possible to formulate new hypotheses and evaluate their relevance in a back and forth movement between the remains, techniques and the mechanical behaviour of the structures. The main results of this PhD dissertation concern the characterization of the technical environment in which Greek carpenters of the sixth and fifth centuries BC evolve and lead to consider as relevant the hypothesis of the existence of triangulated roof structures.

No description available.

Most studies of Roman architecture cover the third century BCE to the fourth century CE, a period of luxurious building projects like the Colosseum and Pantheon that remain relatively well documented in the archaeological and literary record. Yet Rome did not spring fully formed from the ground in the third century, its architecture relying entirely on precursors and precedents in buildings from far away times and places. In this study I fit remains of architecture from early Rome (ca. 650 to 450 BCE) into the cultural framework of the contemporaneous Mediterranean and try to assess how the changing cityscape effected both archaic Romans and later Roman architecture and topography. Because many studies of archaic Rome have attempted to fit archaeological remains with the literary record, and because this has created much controversy, I put the literary record to one side and focus on material remains in an attempt to see what they can reveal on their own.

La «loi de persistance du plan», appliquée autrefois par J. Sauvaget à Damas, se montre féconde pour Jérusalem. Selon ce principe, l’analyse des quartiers septentrionaux de la ville délimités par le «deuxième mur», respectivement intra-muros et extra-muros à l’ouest et à l’est, en manifeste le réseau viaire originel et son évolution. Les récents progrès réalisés à propos de l’arpentage antique, confrontés à la reconsidération de l’arc de l’Ecce Homo, fonction et chronologie – une porte urbaine hérodienne plutôt qu’un arc de triomphe d’Hadrien –, mettent en évidence un urbanisme soigné conçu par Jean Hyrcan autour d’une patte d’oie centrée sur la porte septentrionale de la ville (l’actuelle porte de Damas). Hérode le Grand, dont les grands travaux ont tendance à occulter ce qui précède, dut composer avec l’urbanisme bien-pensé de Hyrcan, développant un nouveau quartier orthonormé au nord du temple, auquel l’arc de l’Ecce Homo donnait accès. Hadrien ne fit qu’embellir selon la mode de son époque, y ajoutant les organes vitaux d’une colonie romaine. Le grand forum d’Ælia fut dominé par le temple capitolin ad orientem. L’ancienne esplanade du temple juif fut transformée en aedes dédié au culte impérial : une statue équestre de l’empereur y trônait près du lieu le plus sacré du temple juif. L’histoire mouvementée de la ville ne parvint jamais à occulter le réseau viaire hasmonéen, encore utilisé de nos jours par les hiérosolymitains aux abords de la porte de Damas. / The "law of persistence of the plan", formerly applied by J. Sauvaget in Damascus, is proving fruitful for Jerusalem. The analysis, according to this principle, of the northern districts of the city delimited by the "Second Wall", respectively intramural and extramural to the west and east, shows the original urban network and its evolution. Advances in the science of ancient surveying, coupled with the reconsideration of the function and dating of the Ecce Homo arch – a Herodian urban gate rather than a triumphal arch of Ælia Capitolina – highlight a careful urbanism designed by John Hyrcanos around a three ways junction centred on the northern gate of the city (the current Damascus gate). Herod the Great himself, whose major works tend to obscure the above, had to deal with the well-thought-out urban planning of the high priest, developing a new orthonormal district north of the Temple. Hadrian only embellished the whole according to the fashion of his time, adding the vital organs of a Roman colony. The great forum of Ælia was dominated by the Capitolin Temple ad orientem and the former esplanade of the Jewish Temple was transformed into an aedes dedicated to imperial cult: an equestrian statue of the emperor was enthroned near the most sacred place of the Jewish Temple. The city's eventful history never succeeded in obscuring the Hasmonaean road network, which is still used today by hierosolymitans around the Damascus Gate.