Esta dissertação de mestrado se propõe a apresentar um estudo sobre o texto conhecido como Carta de Rafael -Castiglione a Leão X e suas implicações. Durante três anos tivemos a oportunidade e o prazer de recolher, junto ao Professor Dr. Luciano Migliaccio, uma série preciosa de textos que tinham por objeto de estudo a chamada Carta a Leão X. Segundo Christof Thoenes, a Carta constitui o prefácio em forma de dedicatória de uma Planta de Roma elaborada por Rafael, isto é, um corpus de levantamentos e de reconstruções gráficas dos edifícios da Roma antiga. A sua autoria nos leva aos maiores nomes do Renascimento italiano, uma vez que o documento é de grande interesse para muitos campos diferentes como os da história da arquitetura e da urbanística, da história das teorias e da didática da arquitetura, da história do desenho arquitetônico, seja no sentido técnico-prático (por exemplo, o emprego da bússola no levantamento dos edifícios) seja no teórico (o problema da representação sobre o plano dos objetos tridimensionais), mas também da história dos estudos antiquários e da arqueologia. Além disso, trata-se de um documento fundamental dentro do programa político do Papado de Leão X no inicio do Cinqüecento. Este texto, encontrado em três versões, foi exaustivamente estudado, permitindo várias leituras, e depois da publicação de Francesco Di Teodoro, teve a questão da datação e autoria praticamente esclarecidas. Quanto à autoria, trata -se de um produto coletivo, pois a carta foi escrita em nome de Rafael mas o rascunho é da mão de Baldassare Castiglione, assim como o estilo e também grande parte dos pensamentos expressos no texto sobre a antiguidade, sobre os monumentos, sua tutela e sua história. A nós foi de grande interesse compreender que a Carta seria o prefácio de um projeto ainda maior do papa Leão X que pretendia, através do trabalho de Rafael e do desenvolvimento das técnicas de ilustração e da gravura, apresentar a Roma antiga em um livro ilustrado, isto é , um Atlas da cidade. Essa propaganda ao mundo da imagem da Roma Imperial como sede legítima da Igreja estaria, portanto, associada à valorização do papel de Leão X na tutela dos monumentos antigos; no entanto , isto não deve ser interpretado como uma reconstrução material dos edifícios, mas uma proposta de conservá -los na memória por meio de uma reconstrução gráfica, antes do seu total desaparecimento. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present a study about the text kn own as Letter of Rafael - Castiglione to Pope Leo X and its implications. During three years, we have had the pleasure and opportunity to obtain from Professor Luciano Migliaccio a series of precious texts which had the objective of studying the so calle d Letter of Leo X. According to Christof Thoenes, the letter establishes a preface, in the form of a dedication of a Blueprint of Rome , elaborated by Rafael. That is, a corpus of settings and graphic reconstruction of the buildings of ancient Rome. His authorship takes us to the greatest names of the Italian Renaissance, once the document is of great interest to various fields, such as, history of architecture, urbanism, the history of the theories and didactics of architecture and the history of architectural design, whether in a technical -practical manner (the use of the compass, for instance, in constructing buildings), or in theory (the significance of three dimensional objects in the plan), as well as the history of antiquary and archeological stud ies. In addition to this, the document is fundamental inside the political program of the papacy of Pope Leo X, in the beginning of the XVI th century. This text, which can be found in three versions, was studied exhaustively, enabling various readings and, after the publication of Francesco Di Teodoro, it had its dating and paternity practically clarified. As for the paternity, the letter was signed in name of Rafael, however it is the result of a collective job the draft, the style, along with a great deal of the thoughts expressed about antiquity, the monuments, their custody and history, were the work of Baldassare Castiglione. It was of great interest to us to comprehend that this letter was the preface of an even greater project of Pope Leo X who inten ded, through the work of Rafael and the development of illustration and engraving techniques, to present ancient Rome in an illustrated book, that is, a map of the city. This advertisement to the world of the image of Imperial Rome as the legitimate headquarters of the church would therefore be associated to the valorization of the role of Pope Leo X as tutor of ancient monuments. However, this should not be interpreted as a material reconstruction of the buildings, but as a proposal to maintain their memor y by means of graphic reconstruction, before their complete disappearance.

The story of the conversion to Judaism of the Royal House of Adiabene, a satellite kingdom of Parthia, is contained in Book 20, the final book of Josephus's Jewish Antiquities. It is an ostensibly strange interlude in an otherwise chronological account of events in Judaea in the first century CE leading up to the Jewish Revolt against Rome. The narrative has often been thought of by scholars as a makeweight, copied from other sources, without much authorial intervention by Josephus. The thesis shows that the Adiabene narrative is no makeweight, but is crafted by Josephus to link closely to the themes of the Jewish Antiquities as a whole and indeed forms a coda to the work. The primary links are in the messages that Judaism is attractive to distinguished non-Jews, that Jews are a respectable people who can display Greco-Roman virtues and that the Jewish God is all-powerful and protects from harm those who worship him in piety. The links to the rest of the Jewish Antiquities are reinforced by the similarity of the characterisation of the hero Izates, King of Adiabene, with Josephus's characterisation of biblical heroes, and by a continuity of style of historiography, showing a definite authorial imprint. The thesis also concludes, contrary to most scholarly opinion, that Josephus viewed the hero, Izates, as a Jew before he became circumcised. The thesis concludes that much of the narrative's historiographical style would have resonated with a non-Jewish Greco-Roman readership, Josephus's probable audience, albeit his treatment of Parthian incest and extensive focus on circumcision would have probably seemed strange. In addition, Josephus's use of a royal Parthian as hero would have been credible, notwithstanding Greco-Roman cultural prejudices.

Esta dissertação de mestrado se propõe a apresentar um estudo sobre o texto conhecido como Carta de Rafael -Castiglione a Leão X e suas implicações. Durante três anos tivemos a oportunidade e o prazer de recolher, junto ao Professor Dr. Luciano Migliaccio, uma série preciosa de textos que tinham por objeto de estudo a chamada Carta a Leão X. Segundo Christof Thoenes, a Carta constitui o prefácio em forma de dedicatória de uma Planta de Roma elaborada por Rafael, isto é, um corpus de levantamentos e de reconstruções gráficas dos edifícios da Roma antiga. A sua autoria nos leva aos maiores nomes do Renascimento italiano, uma vez que o documento é de grande interesse para muitos campos diferentes como os da história da arquitetura e da urbanística, da história das teorias e da didática da arquitetura, da história do desenho arquitetônico, seja no sentido técnico-prático (por exemplo, o emprego da bússola no levantamento dos edifícios) seja no teórico (o problema da representação sobre o plano dos objetos tridimensionais), mas também da história dos estudos antiquários e da arqueologia. Além disso, trata-se de um documento fundamental dentro do programa político do Papado de Leão X no inicio do Cinqüecento. Este texto, encontrado em três versões, foi exaustivamente estudado, permitindo várias leituras, e depois da publicação de Francesco Di Teodoro, teve a questão da datação e autoria praticamente esclarecidas. Quanto à autoria, trata -se de um produto coletivo, pois a carta foi escrita em nome de Rafael mas o rascunho é da mão de Baldassare Castiglione, assim como o estilo e também grande parte dos pensamentos expressos no texto sobre a antiguidade, sobre os monumentos, sua tutela e sua história. A nós foi de grande interesse compreender que a Carta seria o prefácio de um projeto ainda maior do papa Leão X que pretendia, através do trabalho de Rafael e do desenvolvimento das técnicas de ilustração e da gravura, apresentar a Roma antiga em um livro ilustrado, isto é , um Atlas da cidade. Essa propaganda ao mundo da imagem da Roma Imperial como sede legítima da Igreja estaria, portanto, associada à valorização do papel de Leão X na tutela dos monumentos antigos; no entanto , isto não deve ser interpretado como uma reconstrução material dos edifícios, mas uma proposta de conservá -los na memória por meio de uma reconstrução gráfica, antes do seu total desaparecimento. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present a study about the text kn own as Letter of Rafael - Castiglione to Pope Leo X and its implications. During three years, we have had the pleasure and opportunity to obtain from Professor Luciano Migliaccio a series of precious texts which had the objective of studying the so calle d Letter of Leo X. According to Christof Thoenes, the letter establishes a preface, in the form of a dedication of a Blueprint of Rome , elaborated by Rafael. That is, a corpus of settings and graphic reconstruction of the buildings of ancient Rome. His authorship takes us to the greatest names of the Italian Renaissance, once the document is of great interest to various fields, such as, history of architecture, urbanism, the history of the theories and didactics of architecture and the history of architectural design, whether in a technical -practical manner (the use of the compass, for instance, in constructing buildings), or in theory (the significance of three dimensional objects in the plan), as well as the history of antiquary and archeological stud ies. In addition to this, the document is fundamental inside the political program of the papacy of Pope Leo X, in the beginning of the XVI th century. This text, which can be found in three versions, was studied exhaustively, enabling various readings and, after the publication of Francesco Di Teodoro, it had its dating and paternity practically clarified. As for the paternity, the letter was signed in name of Rafael, however it is the result of a collective job the draft, the style, along with a great deal of the thoughts expressed about antiquity, the monuments, their custody and history, were the work of Baldassare Castiglione. It was of great interest to us to comprehend that this letter was the preface of an even greater project of Pope Leo X who inten ded, through the work of Rafael and the development of illustration and engraving techniques, to present ancient Rome in an illustrated book, that is, a map of the city. This advertisement to the world of the image of Imperial Rome as the legitimate headquarters of the church would therefore be associated to the valorization of the role of Pope Leo X as tutor of ancient monuments. However, this should not be interpreted as a material reconstruction of the buildings, but as a proposal to maintain their memor y by means of graphic reconstruction, before their complete disappearance.

In the ancient world, magic and magical practice was in fact hugely common between people and within the society, different types of magical material has been proved to be importent instrument during those mysterious events. But how we see those ancient materials and how we read them is still one of the key questions that we cannot answer with our modern understanding. Yet, it is not totally impossible to try to solve this type of question. This study will be concerned with ancient amulets from the Roman world, and the time period will draw on the imperial period in ancient Rome. The amulet can be categorized into different types, depending on what subject and motives they are focusing on, for example, amulet to protect mothers during the childbirth is one of the common type of protecting amulet for women, because mortality rate for both mother and the child was extremely high during the ancient period; there’s even amulets that protect people from evil spirits, such as the evil eye, which will be explained in one of the chapter. In this case, this study will be focusing on one type named “bullae”, which is speculated to be used only by roman children. It will be interpret with ancient literature and modern researches, so we may be able to investigate a part of how and why ancient people were using magical materials in their common life, also what it could tell us about the society of ancient Rome, and at last, in which ways do we know that this type of thing can be recognize as “amulet” instead of other types of jewellery.

Classics and Modern European Languages / M.A. (Ancient History)

LL.D.

This thesis considers the geographical and chronological forms of ‘mirroring’ that offer a way of reading 'Annals' 1-6. It looks at how Tacitus’ depictions of non-Romans reflect back on Rome, and at the echoes of Rome’s past and future that can be discerned within his description of Tiberius’ principate. After an introduction that discusses key thematic and methodological questions, Chapter 1 shows that Tiberius’ accession and the Pannonian and German mutinies described in 'Annals' 1 echo Tacitus’ account in 'Histories' 1 of events of AD 69. Moreover, when the Romans attempt to conquer Germany, the Germans’ resistance to this and to other efforts to rule them shows up Roman responses to civil war and autocracy. Chapter 2 begins by examining potential similarities between Roman and both Parthian and Armenian history, and then focuses on Germanicus’ voyage in the east, recounted in 'Annals' 2. His actions associate him with many late republican and early imperial Roman figures, which suggests that there are continuities between those two eras. Chapter 3 extends this theme by discussing the echoes of Sallust and Caesar in the central books of the Tiberian hexad. Intertexts with Sallust’s 'Bellum Catilinae' especially hint that earlier civil conflicts are about to be replayed in some form, as the appearance of Sejanus, the ‘new Catiline’, confirms. Chapter 4 further considers Tacitus’ inferences about the overlap between republican and imperial history, and then examines anti-Roman revolts in 'Annals' 2, 3 and 4. Foreign rebels’ relative success in attempting to reclaim their freedom correlates with their distance from Rome, and this has clear implications for the status of Roman 'libertas' under Tiberius. Finally, the outbreak of ‘civil war within the principate’, and indeed within the imperial house, is analysed. Chapter 5 traces the continuation of this ‘civil war’, and proposes that the last book of the Tiberian hexad again looks directly to 69, as well as to the excesses of other Julio-Claudians. It also considers Tacitus’ account of Roman intervention in Parthia: this episode confirms imperial Rome’s propensity for autocracy and civil war. There follows a short conclusion in which some speculation is offered about how some of the themes discussed in this thesis with reference to the Tiberian hexad may have been represented in the lost central books of the 'Annals'.

Esta tese explora relações entre o adultério e a política romana em torno de questões acerca da sexualidade feminina e da violência contra a mulher. Temos como objetivo compreender o contexto próximo à Lei Júlia sobre adultério, promulgada por volta do ano 18 a.C., por Augusto, primeiro imperador de Roma (31 a.C.-14 d.C.). Esta lei, voltada para a aristocracia, fez parte da reforma política empreendida por este imperador no período de transição da República para o Império Romano. A lei determinava o exílio, em ilhas diferentes, para ambos os acusados, e fixava os limites de ação no que diz respeito as práticas punitivas de adúlteros, principalmente aquelas exercidas diretamente por pais e maridos. Uma de nossas hipóteses é que antes da Lei Júlia havia uma disputa pela legitimidade de algumas práticas punitivas, que tinham como garantia parcial a realização dos conselhos domésticos organizados pelos homens ofendidos, ou seja, os homens do grupo familiar da mulher acusada de adultério. Esta garantia era parcial porque as práticas necessitavam ser validadas por esse conselho, que, por sua vez, também tinha a sua validade questionada. Em torno destas validações permeavam costumes e discursos marcados por uma noção da expurgação da mulher adúltera da sociedade. Esta noção habitava o ideário romano e é notável, por exemplo, em narrativas sobre episódios importantes da história romana relacionados ao desenvolvimento político dessa sociedade, e também em aspectos da religião. Além disso, esta noção se relacionava com o poder sobre vida e morte dos tutelados, que poderia ser exercido pelo pater familias. Entretanto, este poder específico sofria graves questionamentos quando exercido de forma arbitrária, de modo que o pater familias tinha como dever expor as causas e circunstâncias da morte perpetrada. De certo modo, o adultério feminino era tido como causa aceitável para a morte da mulher. Contudo, discutia-se quem deveria ou a quem caberia tal ação: pai, marido ou governo. Neste sentido, esta tese identifica e analisa um debate, apresentado pelas fontes literárias do final da República e início do Império, a respeito da relação ideal entre a res publica e as mulheres no quesito da punição. Este debate demonstra como a aristocracia masculina pensava e discutia os limites da jurisdição privada e pública sobre as mulheres. E, também, revela a natureza da reação da aristocracia contra a Lei Júlia, entendida por este setor como interferência do governante no poder doméstico e privado do pater familias. Além disso, esse debate nos mostra de que forma, em uma sociedade patriarcal, a castidade feminina era vinculada a uma ideia de harmonia política e social. / This thesis explores some relationships between adultery and Roman politics related to questions about female sexuality and violence against women. The aim is to understand the context of the \'Julian Law on Adultery\', enacted around 18 B.C., by Augustus, the first emperor of Rome (31 B.C.- A.D. 14). This law was aimed at the aristocracy and formed part of the political reforms undertaken by Augustus during the transition from the Republic to the Roman Empire. The law prescribed the exile, to different islands, of both defendants in cases of adultery and set limits concerning the punishments of adulterers, notably those that were administered directly by fathers and husbands. The thesis hypothesises that before the Julian Law, there were disputes over the legitimacy of certain punishments for adulterers. The existence of these punishments was partially guaranteed through domestic councils that were organized by the offended men. These were men from the family of the woman who was charged with adultery. This guarantee was partial because some forms of punishment needed to be validated by this council, which, in turn, was also threatened. It shows some customs and discourses supporting the idea of excluding the adulterous woman from the society. That idea is present on some aspects of the roman ideology, for example, in narratives of important episodes of the roman political development and also in the religion. This idea was related to the power over life and death that could be exercised by pater familias over daughters and sons. However, this specific power was seriously questioned when exercised in an arbitrary manner. The pater familias was required to disclose the causes and circumstances of the death that he was responsible for. Female adultery was regarded as an acceptable reason for the woman\'s death. In the meantime, it was discussed who ought to enact this punishment: father, husband or government. In this sense, the thesis identifies and analyses a debate evident in late Republican and early imperial literary sources regarding the ideal relationship between the res publica and women in terms of punishment. This debate demonstrates how the male aristocracy thought about and discussed the limits of private and public jurisdiction over women. It also reveals how the aristocracy reacted against the Julian Law, regarding it as interfering with the domestic and private power of the pater familias. In addition, this debate shows us how a patriarchal society linked female chastity to the idea of political and social harmony.

Negli ultimi decenni il tema della condizione femminile nel mondo antico è stato oggetto di innumerevoli studi che hanno analizzato ogni aspetto del ruolo della donna nella società. Si è rilevato, tuttavia, che la critica moderna ha posto l’attenzione in modo cursorio e mai sistematico sugli aspetti e le implicazioni degli interventi femminili in campo politico . La ricerca ambisce di esaminare in quale modo si sia prodotto il coinvolgimento delle donna nelle dinamiche politiche della società romana per l’arco cronologico compreso tra il III e il II secolo a.C. prestando particolare attenzione all’evoluzione e alle finalità di questo rapporto così come la tradizione antica ne reca memoria. La partecipazione politica per le donne non è prevista in nessuna forma dal mos maiorum e, tuttavia, gli autori antichi testimoniano in più occasioni in cui sono i soggetti femminili a prendere parte attiva alla vita politica della città. Sono queste vicende che costituiscono il focus di questa ricerca che si propone l’obbiettivo di definire le modalità del rapporto donne e politica, individuando le occasioni, le circostanze e le dinamiche della partecipazione femminile alla vita politica della Roma del III e II secolo a.C. / In the last decades scholars focused on every aspects of the women position in Ancient Roman society. However several works paid attention in no systematic way on aspects and implications of female political presence. This research focus on the female political participation and try to explain in which way Roman women play an active role in Roman politics between IIIrd and IInd century B.C. with specific attention to the identification of the evolution and the aims of this role as mentioned in ancient authors. In fact the mos maiorum doesn’t embrace women active participation in politics but anyway ancient authors frequently remember women play a first part in Roman politics. These events are the focus of the research and its aims is to explain the dynamics, the occurrences and circumstances of women political participation from the ancient authors’ mentions.

Zugl.: Oxford, University, Diss. - Bibliogr. S. (511)--548.