Master of Social Work / This research is about evidence based practice, which is an area of increasing interest and emphasis in social work today. Initially apparent in medical and health care settings, evidence based practice now has widened applicability to a broad range of contexts and professional disciplines. The ways in which research evidence is translated into policy and practice is itself a topic area for social work research. The study investigates evidence based practice in child welfare, specifically the out-of-home care system. Out-of-home care provides alternative placements for children and young people who cannot live with their families because of abuse and neglect, and generally consists of placement with foster carers or in a residential/group care setting. This research is an exploratory study which investigates through individual interview how nineteen out-of-home care Senior Managers and Team Leaders in the states of New South Wales, Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory interpret and understand evidence based practice, and the degree and depth of knowledge they transfer from research awareness into out-of-home care practice and policy development. The research has three main objectives. Firstly to investigate the understanding of out-of-home care managers of evidence based practice, secondly to determine the influence of relevant research on practice and policy in out-ofhome care, and thirdly to explore potential barriers to evidence based practice. Looking After Children, a social work case management system for children and young people in out-of-home care, provides the context for this research, in which evidence based practice is critically examined. A thematic analysis of the interview data identified five major themes. These included: the benefit of broadening definitions of evidence based practice to include a wide range of influences on practice; the value and importance of 2 considering a broad range of research approaches in connecting research with policy and practice AND the potential for influencing outcomes of social work intervention via research based and influenced guided practice systems and techniques; factors which constitute barriers and also those that enhance the implementation of evidence based practice; the potential for instigating and supporting new research via the use of evidence based practice for purposes such as data aggregation, in addition to practice development and enhancement of client outcomes. Implications and conclusions are drawn from this study in relation to out-ofhome care policy and practice, with particular reference to use of the Looking After Children case management system in the Australian context. These include the potential of a consistent system such as LAC to provide common language and assessment tools and procedures in a welfare sector that is fragmented by lack of national legislation, and the potential for development of national out-of-home care research projects as a result of cross agency LAC implementation resulting in data aggregation opportunities.

<p>The aim of this study is to describe and understand the reasons to why people choose to become foster parents. By using the theory of action we wanted to investigate their intentions rather than their motives. The questions we wanted to answer where: How do the foster parents describe their reasons for becoming a foster home? What reasons do they give fore keeping on being foster parents? How do they comprehend their task and the fulfilling of it? The study was performed by utilizing qualitative interviews with five foster parents, four women and one man. In the analysis we used the theory of action as a theoretical perspective. The interpretation of the results is inspired by hermeneutics. The result showed that the wish to help a child was the primary reason for them to become foster parents. During the assignment new reasons came up and they were to a great extent related to their own satisfaction. Further, the study demonstrates that the foster parents believed they had a large space of action. It is our belief that their space of action had an impact on their willingness to continue being foster parents because they felt they had the power to influence their situation.</p>

<p>Denna studie är en forskningsöversikt med syfte att undersöka hur barnets bästa i form av identitetsskapande, familjerelationer och etnicitet tillgodoses vid familjehemsplacering i släktinghem. Frågeställningar för att besvara syftet var; vad visar forskningen beträffande barns behov av stabilitet i relationer och identitetsutveckling vid släktingplacering? Utifrån detta tittar vi även på de etniska aspekterna, eftersom lagen är tydlig med att barn med annat etniskt ursprung, helst ska placeras inom släkten. Till tidigare forskning har vi använt oss av fem forskningsöversikter skrivna inom området släktingplaceringar. Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är familjerelationer och identitet. Materialet till studien har samlats in främst via sökmotorer på Internet. Urvalskriterier var relationer till biologiska föräldrar, närhet till ursprungsmiljön, beskrivning av barnens situation i placeringen och etnicitet. Kravet på de studier vi undersökte, var att de skulle ha varit publicerade i någon vetenskaplig tidskrift. Urvalet, som bestod av tio studier, sammanställdes i en tabell i resultatredovisningen. Därefter delades resultatet upp i teman utifrån frågeställningar från syftet. Resultatet analyserades utifrån den tidigare forskningen och teoretiska utgångspunkter. En begränsning i studien var det knapphändiga underlaget av tidigare studier och framför allt svensk forskning om släktingplaceringar utifrån barnets behov. Denna studie visar att det är stor etnisk skillnad mellan vilka barn som placeras i släktinghem och att barn ofta mår bättre av att placeras i släktinghem, både identitetsmässigt och relationsmässigt. Det finns dock en del motsägande fakta, som menar att det ibland är sämre med släktingplaceringar, utifrån barnets behov.</p> / <p>CAN IT BE IN THE INTEREST OF CHILDREN TO BE PLACED IN KINSHIP CARE? A LITERATURE REVIEW</p><p>This study has a purpose to see how the interest in children can be provided for in terms of identity, family relations and ethnicity in kin ship care. The questions we had, to be able to answer the purpose were: What does the research show about children’s need of stability in relations and identity development in kin ship care? On the basis of this we also include the ethnic aspects because the Swedish law are very clear that children with another ethnic origin should be in kin ship care. We have used five literature reviews about the kin ship subject area in our previous research chapter. Theories used in this study were family relations and identity. The material for the study has been collected by search engines on Internet. The selection criterions were relations to biological parents, the nearness to origin environment, and description of the children’s situation in kin ship and ethnicity. The requirements of the selected studies were that they should have been published in some scientific periodical. The selections of the ten studies were compiled in a table in our result account. After that the results were divided in themes on the basis of the questions from the purpose. The results were analysed on the basis of the previous research and the theories. The limitations in this study were the briefly basis in earlier studies and in the first place the Swedish research of children’s well being in kin ship care. This study shows that it is a large ethnic difference between children in kin ship care. It also shows that children often feels better when they are placed in kin ship care, both identically and in relations. There is a contradictory fact that shows that kin ship care not are in the interest for the children and their needs.</p>

The aim of this study is to describe and understand the reasons to why people choose to become foster parents. By using the theory of action we wanted to investigate their intentions rather than their motives. The questions we wanted to answer where: How do the foster parents describe their reasons for becoming a foster home? What reasons do they give fore keeping on being foster parents? How do they comprehend their task and the fulfilling of it? The study was performed by utilizing qualitative interviews with five foster parents, four women and one man. In the analysis we used the theory of action as a theoretical perspective. The interpretation of the results is inspired by hermeneutics. The result showed that the wish to help a child was the primary reason for them to become foster parents. During the assignment new reasons came up and they were to a great extent related to their own satisfaction. Further, the study demonstrates that the foster parents believed they had a large space of action. It is our belief that their space of action had an impact on their willingness to continue being foster parents because they felt they had the power to influence their situation.

Denna studie är en forskningsöversikt med syfte att undersöka hur barnets bästa i form av identitetsskapande, familjerelationer och etnicitet tillgodoses vid familjehemsplacering i släktinghem. Frågeställningar för att besvara syftet var; vad visar forskningen beträffande barns behov av stabilitet i relationer och identitetsutveckling vid släktingplacering? Utifrån detta tittar vi även på de etniska aspekterna, eftersom lagen är tydlig med att barn med annat etniskt ursprung, helst ska placeras inom släkten. Till tidigare forskning har vi använt oss av fem forskningsöversikter skrivna inom området släktingplaceringar. Teoretiska utgångspunkter i studien är familjerelationer och identitet. Materialet till studien har samlats in främst via sökmotorer på Internet. Urvalskriterier var relationer till biologiska föräldrar, närhet till ursprungsmiljön, beskrivning av barnens situation i placeringen och etnicitet. Kravet på de studier vi undersökte, var att de skulle ha varit publicerade i någon vetenskaplig tidskrift. Urvalet, som bestod av tio studier, sammanställdes i en tabell i resultatredovisningen. Därefter delades resultatet upp i teman utifrån frågeställningar från syftet. Resultatet analyserades utifrån den tidigare forskningen och teoretiska utgångspunkter. En begränsning i studien var det knapphändiga underlaget av tidigare studier och framför allt svensk forskning om släktingplaceringar utifrån barnets behov. Denna studie visar att det är stor etnisk skillnad mellan vilka barn som placeras i släktinghem och att barn ofta mår bättre av att placeras i släktinghem, både identitetsmässigt och relationsmässigt. Det finns dock en del motsägande fakta, som menar att det ibland är sämre med släktingplaceringar, utifrån barnets behov. / CAN IT BE IN THE INTEREST OF CHILDREN TO BE PLACED IN KINSHIP CARE? A LITERATURE REVIEW This study has a purpose to see how the interest in children can be provided for in terms of identity, family relations and ethnicity in kin ship care. The questions we had, to be able to answer the purpose were: What does the research show about children’s need of stability in relations and identity development in kin ship care? On the basis of this we also include the ethnic aspects because the Swedish law are very clear that children with another ethnic origin should be in kin ship care. We have used five literature reviews about the kin ship subject area in our previous research chapter. Theories used in this study were family relations and identity. The material for the study has been collected by search engines on Internet. The selection criterions were relations to biological parents, the nearness to origin environment, and description of the children’s situation in kin ship and ethnicity. The requirements of the selected studies were that they should have been published in some scientific periodical. The selections of the ten studies were compiled in a table in our result account. After that the results were divided in themes on the basis of the questions from the purpose. The results were analysed on the basis of the previous research and the theories. The limitations in this study were the briefly basis in earlier studies and in the first place the Swedish research of children’s well being in kin ship care. This study shows that it is a large ethnic difference between children in kin ship care. It also shows that children often feels better when they are placed in kin ship care, both identically and in relations. There is a contradictory fact that shows that kin ship care not are in the interest for the children and their needs.

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the incidence of instability in out-of-home care for children and how children experience this instability. The dissertation consists of two studies. The quantitative study is based on an examination of social work case files of 213 children who began 317 placements in 2005 and 2006. Every placement was followed for a maximum of two years. The qualitative study used interpretive phenomenology as method and is based on interviews with 12 purposively selected children who had experienced placement breakdown at some point during 2011 or 2012.   The quantitative study shows that the majority of children had experienced problems in their home environments prior to placement. Most commonly reported was parents’ substance abuse or mental health problems. Preschool and schoolchildren were more often placed in care due to neglect whereas adolescents were placed because of their own behavior problems or relational problems. Children in the qualitative study described that the problems they experienced prior to coming into care continued to influence them during their time in care. The quantitative study indicates that different types of instability are associated with children’s ages. That is, breakdown was most common for adolescents whereas preschool children more often experienced planned placements changes. Children in the qualitative study gave similar descriptions of planned placement changes and placement breakdown. The difficulty with which these children experienced the move from a foster family or group home depended on their relationship to caregivers. Therefore, planned placement changes from foster homes or institutional settings in which children reported being happy were described as more difficult than breakdown in placements from which children wanted to move. In children’s views, breakdown was caused by mismatches between them and caregivers, mistreatment in care settings, and their own behavior problems. However, children explained that when social workers did not listen to them, behavior problems in the form of running away, self-harming or behaving badly, were the only way of ending placements in which they were miserable. All children in the qualitative study described a wish for close relationships with consistent adults and an opportunity to feel that they belong somewhere. These fundamental needs were difficult for them to have satisfied due to their parents’ problematic life histories, instability in care which repeatedly placed children in new care situations, and a lack of continuity of social workers.

The overall aim of this study is to investigate the perception of support provided to orphan children in foster care placement in terms of education, care and support as well as protection by orphan children themselves, foster parents and social workers. Due to HIV/AIDS many children are being orphaned and are left behind without any visible means of support. HIV/AIDS remains undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges of the world today, as there is no part of the world that has not felt the devastating impact of the pandemic. This is already evidenced by the increase in number of orphans, child headed households and other vulnerable children affected by HIV/AIDS and the inability of the extended family system to provide such children with basic requirements such as shelter, food, medical care, education, love and support. The first chapter is focusing on the Magnitude of OVC in general and Namibia in particular. According to the National Plan of Action for OVC in Namibia, the total number of orphans and vulnerable children was estimated at 128 000 in 2007 (MGECW, 2007). According to 2001 Population and Housing Census the whole Khomas region had 6674 OVC, while Khomas urban had 5708 OVC, which means that in the Khomas region more OVC in an Urban areas while rural areas had less number which was 389 OVC (NPC, 2005). Chapter two presents a literature review and focuses on the phenomena of foster care placement. It includes the definition of terms such as an orphan child, a vulnerable child and foster care placement. It gives background details of foster care placement in general and foster care placement in the Namibia context. Also the support (care and support, education and protection) being offered to children in foster care placement are discussed. Chapter three focuses on the research methods and data collection of this study. The following elements are described in this chapter: Setting and samples, procedure, methods and methodological consideration, the role of the researcher, the limitations of the study and the ethnographic situation. Chapter four is devoted to the foster care placement legal framework in Namibia where the current foster care placement processes to access government grant to support foster families are discussed as well as foster care placement policy implications in Namibia. The conclusion of the findings on foster care placement processes is included. Chapter five consists of the analysis of the study. It provides the background information of the samples, questions, responses and interpretations of the main views of the respondents on the support provided to children in foster care placement in terms of care and support, education, protection as well as foster care placement process are provided in this chapter. Chapter six is focuses on discussions and conclusion. It includes major views of the respondents and the understanding of different voices of orphan children in foster care placement, foster parents and social workers who are professionals in this matter.

Many homeless youth come from foster homes, group homes, and other forms of substitute care. For young people in the child welfare system, elopement represents a major problem as it places them at risk for a number of troubling outcomes. Three studies were undertaken examining elopement among young people living in substitute care in Canada and the United States. The first study explored strengths and needs in a sample of 5,011 children and youth housed in a variety of substitute care settings including foster homes, group homes, residential treatment centres, emergency shelters, and juvenile justice facilities. Results indicated that needs, but not strengths, predicted running among children, while both needs and strengths predicted running among adolescents. Problems with school attendance, substance abuse, and delinquency also predicted running among both children and adolescents, with the exception of young children, for whom substance abuse was not a significant predictor. The second study explored the relationship between trauma, strengths, and elopement in a sample of 2,296 adolescents living in substitute care. Sexual abuse, physical abuse, school violence, and traumatic grief/separation were found to predict elopement. In addition, family violence and community violence predicted running among younger but not older adolescents. Educational strengths predicted a lower risk of running away for all adolescents, while well-being and relationship permanence predicted a lower risk of running among younger and older adolescents, respectively. The impact of strengths on the relationship between trauma and elopement was evaluated, with results suggesting that elopement was not predicted by an interaction between strengths and trauma. The third study was qualitative in nature and explored the perspectives of youth who had run away from substitute care at least once in their lifetime. Youth provided information about their experiences as well as suggestions designed to reduce the prevalence of running away among youth in substitute care. Findings for all three studies were discussed in relation to the literature with implications for research and prevention.

The purpose of this study was to examine how the social services are applying the sections of the law concerning custody transfer within foster care. More specifically the aim was to find out what circumstances are underlying the social services decision to go through with a custody transfer within the foster care, and to find out which difficulties and possibilities the law offers when it comes to this process. The study was based on interviews with six respondents, within the social services, who have great experiences working with these issues. The study concluded that there are several factors which affects the decision whether to implement at custody transfer or not, and some of these are the child’s attachment, the child’s fundamental needs and consent from the involving parties in the case. The study also concluded that some of the difficulties with the process involve a contradictory law and the lack of support to the child´s new family after the custody transfer has been implemented.  Some of the positive aspects with custody transfer within the foster care, that the study showed, includes that the child get to live with the family the child regards as his or her own, and a reduced amount of concern and stress, to the benefit of a more stable and safe environment. The analysis was based on two different perspectives: the attachment theory and Maslow´s theory on the hierarchy of the human´s needs

This is a study about children’s welfare and the Child Care Board way of working in Malmö city. We decided to make this a narrative and document analyses where the main focus have been the interactions between human beings, which means everything from the interaction between parents and child as well as the interaction between families and society. We wanted to investigate any possible alterations within the working system between 1931–1940. Our analysis showed that there hasn’t been a big change with the Swedish legislation. There had however been a slight change in the reasons as to why parents and society got in touch with Social services and reported any mistreatment in the families. There were many people especially from the lower working class that couldn’t afford proper apartments or provide child care for their children. This was the main reason for them to apply to the Child Care Board. Many young single mothers who didn’t have any family to care for them applied to join their infants at the protective homes, this was a special home which was often used as a nursery if the children’s parents where at hospital or for some other reason couldn’t care for them. If Social services found the home situation as bad as to impede the Child development, the secure homes would be used as a safe place until a suitable foster home could be found. The closer we got to the 1940s we saw that the reasoning behind society applying to Social services where mostly illness within the family. Tuberculosis had Malmö in an iron fist and both adults and children got the dreaded disease. The World War II started in 1939 which also automatically forced the male population leave their homes, wives and children. This caused problems within the individual families. It meant that a lot of mothers now had to start working in order to support the rest of the family until their husbands returned home. For many of them the only way to survive during time was to allow the children to be taken into foster care.