SOARES, A.T.C. Perfil antropológico das ossadas analisadas no Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto USP. 2007. 169 p. Dissertação (Mestrado) Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. A Antropologia Forense é uma área do conhecimento que aplica os métodos da antropologia física e arqueologia para coleta e análise de evidências legais, buscando estabelecer a identidade de um ser. O Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP) possui um Laboratório de Antropologia Forense, criado em 2005 durante o desenvolvimento de um projeto em parceria com a University of Sheffield (UK) e financiado pelo British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. Durante esse projeto, um protocolo para análise de ossadas foi implementado dentro de uma estrutura científica atualizada para aplicação em contextos de importância social. Após dois anos de funcionamento, constatou-se que muitas das ossadas encaminhadas ao CEMEL estavam incompletas, tornando a realização de um perfil biológico difícil e postergando a sua identificação devido à ausência de informações e literatura nacional recente sobre Antropologia Forense. Assim, 42 ossadas humanas examinadas no CEMEL desde sua inauguração em 1999 foram analisadas e revisadas. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos casos era de indivíduos do sexo masculino, de ancestralidade caucasiana, com idade entre 32,71 e 46,29 anos, estatura entre 1,64 e 1,73m, destros, sem achados patológicos, com elementos odontológicos informativos, mas sem roupas ou outros pertences. Observou-se que 61,90% das ossadas possuíam menos de 50% dos ossos, com média de 79,64±52,40 ossos por caso. Os ossos mais encaminhados foram occipital, parietal esquerdo, temporal esquerdo, parietal direito, temporal direito, fêmur direito e vértebras torácicas de um a 12. Os ossos menos encaminhados foram hióide, piramidal esquerdo, falange distal superior um direita, falanges distais superiores dois a cinco direitas e falanges médias superiores dois a cinco esquerdas. Os dentes mais encaminhados foram o 2º molar superior direito e o 1º molar superior direito, enquanto que os dentes menos encaminhados foram o incisivo central superior direito, os incisivos centrais inferiores direito e esquerdo. Roupas e outros pertences estavam presentes em 20 casos, totalizando 66 itens. Trinta e um casos têm potencial para identificação somente através de técnicas de Antropologia Forense. Para os demais 11 casos provavelmente será necessário utilizar DNA para identificação. Diante dos resultados observados, discute-se a necessidade de melhorias na capacitação técnica e infra-estrutura, assim como a forma de coleta e o transporte, de forma a aumentar o número de elementos ósseos coletados e, conseqüentemente, de informações úteis para identificação. Dois crânios apresentaram evidência de craniotomia realizada durante necropsia e um apresentou resíduos de vela, o que sugere que podem ter sido retirados indevidamente do local de sepultamento, ou até mesmo vendidos, além da sua utilização em rituais religiosos. Conclui-se que campanhas de conscientização e melhorias na fiscalização dos cemitérios podem reduzir os casos de roubos e comércio de elementos ósseos. / SOARES, A.T.C. Anthropological profile of the skeletons analyzed at the Medico Legal Centre (CEMEL) of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto USP. 2007. 169 p. Dissertation (Masters Degree) Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. Forensic Anthropology is an area of knowledge that applies the methods of physical anthropology and archeology to the collection and analysis of legal evidence, including the search for individual identity. The Medico Legal Centre (CEMEL) of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto of University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) has a Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, created in 2005 during a development project in partnership with the University of Sheffield (UK) and financed by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office Global Opportunities Fund. During this project, a protocol for skeletal analysis was implemented within an upgraded scientific infrastructure for application in a socially important context. After two years of work, it was noticed that many skeletons forwarded to CEMEL were incomplete, making completion of a biological profile difficult and postponing identification due to the lack of information and recent national literature about Forensic Anthropology. Therefore, 42 human skeletons examined at CEMEL since its inauguration in 1999 were analyzed and reviewed. The results showed most cases to be of male individuals, of Caucasian ethnic origin, aged between 32.71 and 46.29 y.o., of height between 1.64 and 1.73 m, right handed, without any pathological findings, with informative odontological findings, but with no clothes or other belongings. It was observed that 61.90% of the skeletons were less than 50% complete, with a mean of 79.64±52.40 bones per case. The most frequently found bones were the occipital, left parietal, left temporal, right parietal, right temporal, right femur and one to 12 thoracic vertebrae. The least frequent bones were the hyoid, left triquetral, 1st right superior distal phalanx, two to five right superior distal phalanges and two to five left superior intermediate phalanges. The most frequently found teeth were the right superior 2nd molar and right superior 1st molar, while the least frequent teeth were the right superior central incisor, and right and left inferior central incisors. Clothes or other belongings were present in 20 cases, totaling 66 items. Thirty one cases have potential to be identified only via forensic anthropological analysis. For the remaining 11 cases it will be probably necessary to use DNA for identification. In view of these observations the necessity for improvements in technical qualifications and infrastructure are discussed, as well as recovery and transport, in order to maximize the number of skeletal elements recovered andas a consequenceof information useful in identification. Two skulls presented evidence of a craniotomy conducted during autopsy and one of candle residue, suggesting that it may have been taken improperly from the place of burial, or even sold, for its use in religious rituals. It is concluded that public awareness campaigns and better inspection of cemeteries may reduce cases of robbery and trade in skeletal remains.

A recuperação de partes deficientes do corpo humano por substitutos funcionais, tem suscitado questionamentos por parte de profissionais cirurgiões e pesquisadores da área de cirurgia e traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial. Na tentativa de recuperar o contorno anatômico natural e restaurar a função de áreas com deficiência de tecido ósseo, optou-se inicialmente pela utilização de enxertos ósseos autógenos. Apesar de suas inúmeras vantagens, o uso de enxertos autógenos na reconstrução da face apresenta certos inconvenientes, como a necessidade de hospitalização, intervenção em outra área do organismo, morbidade da área doadora, maior período de convalescença, susceptibilidade a infecções, e ainda, uma possível reabsorção progressiva e constante. Um questionamento ainda maior gira em torno das cirurgias para enxerto ósseo na face já que os ossos da face são curtos e não justifica a morbidade de uma outra região do organismo para suprir sua necessidade. Na tentativa de substituir o uso de enxertos autógenos, cirurgiões começaram a optar por materiais sintéticos ou similares orgânicos, associadas com o uso das proteínas ósseas morfogenéticas, que são fatores de crescimento responsáveis pela indução da formação óssea no organismo humano desde sua fase fetal até a idade madura. A proposta deste estudo é fazer uma avaliação sobre o conhecimento e o uso clínico pelos cirurgiões buco-maxilo-faciais, no Brasil, de proteínas ósseas morfogenéticas no auxílio à reparos de defeitos ósseos da face. / The use of alloplastic materials for bone replacement has been extensively debated lately by surgeons and researchers in the Oral and Maxillofacial field. In the attempt to reconstruct bone defects anatomically and functionally autogenous bone grafts have been the preferred option. Although being considered the gold standard in craniofacial reconstruction, there are some inconveniences in the use of bone autografts. Among them the need of hospitalization, the need of a donor site usually in a different area than the bone defect, donor area morbidity, longer recovery time, increased risk of infection, and the possibility of bone resorption over time. When the face is operated the use of autogenous bone is even more questionable. Usually small amounts of bone grafts are necessary in the face, and might not justify the morbidity of the donor site. In an attempt to avoid the use of bone autografts, allografts and alloplastic materials have been advertised, in association with bone morphogenetic proteins. These proteins are growth factors involved in the osteogenesis in humans from the fetus up to the adult age. The aim of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and the clinical use of bone morphogenetic proteins in the repair of facial bone defects by Brazilian Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons.

Previous literature indicates the opercular bone as a useful tool for the determination of age and growth of fish. The reliability and validity of this method is tested for two populations of Utah chub. Age and growth are calculated for 222 Utah chub collected from Panguitch Lake and 212 Utah chub collected from Navajo Lake, southern Utah, in 1952-1953 from both scales and opercular bones. Scales are measured with the aid of a projector. Opercular bones are measured directly. The center of growth of the opercular bone is posterior to the posterior lip of the fulcrum. Correction for curvature is necessary in opercular bone measurements. The body-scale relationships for both populations are linear. The body-opercular bone relationships for both populations are slightly curvilinear. Agreement of dominant age classes for successive years, agreement of empirical length-frequency modes of young fish with calculated length-frequency modes of lower age classes, agreement of ages as indicated by scales and opercular bones, agreement of age with sexually immature fish and an increase in length with an increase in age are accepted as evidence for both methods. Opercular bones have less variation for calculated lengths in older age classes while the scales have less variation in the younger age classes. The scale method is a generally more efficient method for determining the age and growth of the Utah chub.

Le tissu osseux est un matériau composite biologique principalement constitué de molécules de collagène, de nanocristaux minéraux et d'eau et qui est organisé en plusieurs niveaux hiérarchiques dont les dimensions caractéristiques s’étendent sur plus de 8 ordres de grandeur. Une compréhension fondamentale de l’organisation de la structure minérale du tissu osseux aux différentes échelles représente un enjeu important pour la communauté biomédicale. Pour répondre à cette demande, nous avons appliqué de nouvelles méthodes actuellement en développement pour la science des matériaux afin de caractériser la phase minérale: l’imagerie par diffraction cohérente des rayons X (CXDI), par la microscopie électronique à transmission avec cartographie d'orientation cristalline automatisée (ACOM-TEM) et l’analyse de la fonction de distribution de paires (PDF) des diagrammes de diffraction des rayons X.Le tissu osseux a été étudié depuis l’échelle de l’angström, pour l’arrangement atomique, en tenant compte de la composition chimique et des variations de longueur des liaisons interatomique, en passant par l'organisation individuelle des cristaux (et entre cristaux), jusqu’à leur organisation à l’échelle du micron avec une résolution nanométrique, permettant également de résoudre la structure de la nano porosité du tissu.Les preuves de principe ont été réalisées sur un modèle bovin et en utilisant des os traités thermiquement pour tester l'applicabilité et la sensibilité des différentes méthodes. En outre, ces résultats sont d'un intérêt direct pour l'archéologie, l'anthropologie et la science médico-légale. De plus, nos premières études réalisées sur des tissus osseux humains affectés par diverses pathologies ont permis de montrer que les différences structurales induites par les pathologies peuvent être détectées à l’échelle du cristal.La description de la préparation des échantillons, les configurations expérimentales et les analyses de données pourraient, ainsi, être appliquées à d'autres tissus osseux, ex. avec un degré différent de maturation ou de différentes espèces. Les tissus de structure et composition similaires aux os tels que la dentine ou le bois de rennes, ainsi que des matériaux poreux inorganiques multi-échelles pourraient également être analysés avec les protocoles proposés.Comprendre les caractéristiques nanostructurales du tissu osseux est donc indispensable afin d’identifier des marqueurs structuraux clés des pathologies de l'os humain. Cette stratégie pourra avoir un impact sur les futurs développements de nouveaux outils pour le diagnostic ou pour évaluer l'efficacité des thérapies pharmaceutiques actuelles. / Bone tissue is a biological composite material organized in several hierarchical levels that spread over more than 8 orders of magnitude in length scales, which is made of three principal components: collagen molecules, mineral nanocrystals and water. A fundamental understanding of how the mineral structure of bone tissue is organized at different length scales is essential for the biomedical community. To answer this demand, we applied novel methods currently in development for materials science to characterize the mineral phase: coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI), automated crystal orientation mapping with transmission electron microscope (ACOM-TEM) and pair distribution function analysis (PDF) of X-ray diffraction patterns.Bone tissue was investigated from its sub-angstrom arrangement, taking into account chemical composition and interatomic bond lengths shifts, through individual crystal organization (one crystal with respect to the next), to their micrometer organization with nanometer resolution, also allowing resolving the nanoporosity structure within the tissue.Beside the investigation of native bovine tissues, heated bones that are of interest in archeology, anthropology and forensic science, were used as a model to test for the applicability and sensitivity of the different methods for such biological materials. Moreover, a first insight into pathological bone tissues enabled to show that the structural differences of particular pathologies in comparison to healthy state can be observed already at the sub-angstrom scale (as seen from interatomic bonds shifts).The sample preparation described, the experimental setups and data analysis schemes could, furthermore, be applied to bone tissue at different anatomical location, with different degree of tissue maturation, to different species and pathological cases. Bone-like tissues such as dentin and antler as well as inorganic multiscale-porous materials could also be analyzed by the proposed scheme.Understanding the nanostructural characteristics of bone tissue is therefore useful to identify key structural markers of pathological human bone. This strategy could have an impact on future developments of new tools for diagnostic or to assess the effectiveness of pharmaceutical treatments.

No description available.

Research suggests acupuncture is potentially an effective treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip or knee. Essential for the evaluation of Chinese acupuncture treatment is the availability of a reliable and valid measurement. However, currently there is no appropriate measurement instrument validated within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concepts and frameworks. Objective is to develop and validate a TCM questionnaire as a health status instrument for TCM assessment in patients with OA of the hip and knee. Methods The TCM questionnaire was developed from TCM theory and clinical experience. The questionnaire was examined by experts, for content and faces validity and pre-tested on a volunteer sample of three subjects. The developed questionnaire was validated on a convenience sample of ten subjects from six different clinical settings in Auckland region. The practitioner or receptionist from the selected clinical sites handed out the questionnaire package to their patients who fulfilled the study criteria. Each patient (subject) completed the questionnaire on their arrival and the re-testing questionnaire at a two-week interval. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by examining the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha statistic) and test-retest reliability (Intra-class correlation coefficients). The content validity of the questionnaire was examined by literature review, interviews with patients, and experts' judgement. The construct validity was estimated by the methods of known groups, correlations between scales, and correlations with the SF-36 health survey. The success of the grouping or scaling of the questionnaire was estimated by examining the item (i.e. question) internal consistency and item (i.e. question) discriminant validity. Results The TCM questionnaire scales corresponded to the "eight principal syndromes", "ten questions", and "eight patterns of OA" within TCM concepts and frameworks. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) was above .70 for all scales on both occasions of the first test and the second test. Test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient) for each scale was also above .70 for all scales, except the exterior (EXT) scale, which was .44. Moderate associations were found between the age of subjects and the scores of the interior (INT) scale and summary (SUM) scale. There was a significant difference between the groups of use and non-use of on-going medication in the EXT scale scores on the first test, p = .012. However, this significant difference was not found on the second test. As expected, strong or moderate associations were found between the TCM questionnaire and SF-36 comparable scales. Conclusions The TCM questionnaire was developed within TCM concepts and frameworks. The questionnaire contains 23 items with two main scales (the EXT scale and the INT scale) and one additional scale (the SUM scale). It takes approximately five minutes to complete and is entirely self-administered. Results from this pilot study indicate that this TCM questionnaire might have adequate reliability and validity. Therefore, the questionnaire has potential usage as an outcome measurement instrument for the assessment of TCM in the patients with OA of the hip or knee. For this application to be possible, the questionnaire needs further development and validation with a larger sample of patients who have a variety of OA conditions.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 226-273.) Investigates the regulation of the expression of CYP27B1, CYP24 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA, both in the bone and in the kidney, with the aim to determine whether the regulation of the vitamin D metabolism in the bone is independent from that in the kidney. The effects of age, dietary calcium and vitamin D status on the expression of these genes in both the kidney and the bone, as well as on a number of biochemical factors known to regulate the renal metabolism of 1,25D, such as PTH, calcium and 1,25D itself, were examined. CYP27B1 mRNA expression was also studied in histological sections of rat femoral bone.

Includes bibliographical references. Electronic publication; Full text available in PDF format; abstract in HTML format. Investigates the regulation of the expression of CYP27B1, CYP24 and vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA, both in the bone and in the kidney, with the aim to determine whether the regulation of the vitamin D metabolism in the bone is independent from that in the kidney. The effects of age, dietary calcium and vitamin D status on the expression of these genes in both the kidney and the bone, as well as on a number of biochemical factors known to regulate the renal metabolism of 1,25D, such as PTH, calcium and 1,25D itself, were examined. CYP27B1 mRNA expression was also studied in histological sections of rat femoral bone. Electronic reproduction.[Australia] :Australian Digital Theses Program,2001.

Exercise during growth may increase peak bone mass; if the benefits are maintained it may reduce the risk of fracture later in life (1). It is hypothesised that exercise will preferentially enhance bone formation on the surface of cortical bone that is undergoing bone modeling at the time (2). Therefore, exercise may increase bone mass accrual on the outer periosteal surface during the pre- and peri-pubertal years, and on the inner endocortical surface during puberty (3). An increase in bone formation on the periosteal surface is, however, more effective for increasing bone strength than medullary contraction (4). While exercise may have a role in osteoporosis prevention, there is little evidential basis to support this notion. It is generally accepted that weight-bearing exercise is important, but it is not known how much, how often, what magnitude or how long children need to exercise before a clinically important increase in bone density is obtained. In this thesis, the effect of exercise on the growing skeleton is investigated in two projects. The first quantifies the magnitude and number of loads associated with and in a moderate and low impact exercise program and non-structured play. The second project examines how exercise affects bone size and shape during different stages of growth. Study One: The Assessment of the Magnitude of Exercise Loading and the Skeletal Response in Girls Questions: 1) Does moderate impact exercise lead to a greater increase in BMC than low impact exercise? 2) Does loading history influence the osteogenic response to moderate impact exercise? 3) What is the magnitude and number of loads that are associated with a moderate and low impact exercise program? Methods: Sixty-eight pre-and early-pubertal girls (aged 8.9±0.2 years) were randomised to either a moderate or low impact exercise regime for 8.5-months. In each exercise group the girls received either calcium fortified (-2000 mg/week) or non-fortified foods for the duration of the study. The magnitude and number of loads associated with the exercise programs and non-structured play were assessed using a Pedar in-sole mobile system and video footage, respectively. Findings: After adjusting for baseline BMC, change in length and calcium intake, the girls in the moderate exercise intervention showed greater increases in BMC at the tibia (2.7%) and total body (1.3%) (p ≤0.05). Girl's who participated in moderate impact sports outside of school, showed greater gains in BMC in response to the moderate impact exercise program compared to the low impact exercise program (2.5 to 4.5%, p ≤0.06 to 0.01). The moderate exercise program included -400 impacts per class, that were applied in a dynamic manner and the magnitude of impact was up to 4 times body weight. Conclusion: Moderate-impact exercise may be sufficient to enhance BMC accrual during the pre-pubertal years. However, loading history is likely to influence the osteogenic response to additional moderate impact exercise. These findings contribute towards the development of school-based exercise programs aimed at improving bone health of children. Study Two: Exercise Effect on Cortical Bone Morphology During Different Stages of Maturation in Tennis Players Questions: 1) How does exercise affect bone mass (BMC) bone geometry and bone strength during different stages of growth? 2) Is there an optimal stage during growth when exercise has the greatest affect on bone strength? Methods: MRI was used to measure average total bone, cortical and medullary areas at the mid- and distal-regions of the playing and non-playing humerii in 47 pre-, peri- and post-pubertal competitive female tennis players aged 8 to 17 years. To assess bone rigidity, each image was imported into Scion Image 4.0.2 and the maximum, minimum and polar second moments of area were calculated using a custom macro. DXA was used to measure BMC of the whole humerus. Longitudinal data was collected on 37 of the original cohort. Findings: Analysis of the entire cohort showed that exercise was associated with increased BMC and cortical area (8 to 14%), and bone rigidity (11 to 23%) (all p ≤0.05). The increase in cortical bone area was associated with periosteal expansion in the pre-pubertal years and endocortical contraction in the post-pubertal years (p ≤0.05). The exercise-related gains in bone mass that were accrued at the periosteum during the pre-pubertal years, did not increase with advanced maturation and/or additional training. Conclusion: Exercise increased cortical BMC by enhancing bone formation on the periosteal surface during the pre-pubertal years and on the endocortical surface in the post-pubertal years. However, bone strength only increased in response to bone acquisition on the periosteal surface. Therefore the pre-pubertal years appear to be the most opportune time for exercise to enhance BMC accrual and bone strength

Typescript (Photocopy) / Bibliography: leaves 243-284 / 284 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (M.D.)--Dept. of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Dept. of Surgery, 1992