Orientador: Mariano Francisco Laplane / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:26:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_AndreLuiz_D.pdf: 1186726 bytes, checksum: 056ba9c86d47af718ea6f46c48b5ffde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa empiricamente os impactos de variações cambiais sobre os preços de exportação e os preços industriais domésticos, desagregados setorialmente, no Brasil durante o período 1995-2005, levando em consideração a inserção externa da economia em um contexto de ampliação da internacionalização após o processo de reestruturação produtiva implementado ao longo da década de 1990. O referencial teórico incorpora trabalhos sobre o tema do exchange rate pass-through que privilegiam aspectos ligados à estrutura de comércio e à estratégias de empresas estrangeiras operando em diversos mercados. Os coeficientes de pass-through referentes aos preços de exportação indicam que os maiores repasses ocorrem em setores produtores de bens de menor conteúdo tecnológico em que o Brasil possui posição comercial relativamente forte, ao passo que parte dos setores produtores de manufaturados apresentam coeficientes de repasse cambial reduzido. Em relação ao preçõs industriais domésticos, os maiores coeficientes de passthrough foram observados em setores produtores de manufaturados, geralmente importadores de componentes intermediários dotados de maior conteúdo tecnolóico. Os resultados refletem em grande medida a inserção comercial brasileira, indicando que desvalorizações cambiais não possuem o mesmo efeito para todos os setores em termos de elevação da competitividade / Abstract: This work analyses the impacts of changes in exchange rates on domestic and export prices in Brazil during the 1995-2005 period. The main theoretical references take into account microeconomic aspects of international trade, like market structure and the role of transnational corporations. The findings suggest that exchange rate pass-through to export prices of less complex goods, like commodities, tends to be higher. Regarding more complex goods, like automobiles and machinery, the results indicate reduced pass-through, notwithstanding the high pass-through to prices of electronics and other vehicles. Concerning domestic prices, the results are quite different: estimates indicate higher exchange rate pass-through to prices of more complex goods. In general, these sectors present expressive consumption of imported intermediate goods, like electronics, chemical industry and pharmaceutical products. To some extent, these results reflect the structure of the Brazilian international trade / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Esta tese de doutorado consiste em três ensaios aplicados de macroeconomia. O primeiro ensaio retoma o clássico resultado do artigo de Meese e Rogoff (1983), em que os autores encontram fortes evidências de que nenhum modelo estrutural para a taxa de câmbio supera as projeções de um modelo random walk. Neste primeiro ensaio, comparamos o erro das projeções para a taxa de câmbio, efetuadas por bancos, instituições financeiras e consultorias econômicas, captadas no ranking Top-5 do Banco Central do Brasil, com as projeções de um modelo random walk e um modelo estrutural, o de paridade não coberta de taxa de juros, para três horizontes de previsão. Os resultados mostram que o modelo random walk tem maior índice de acerto em comparação com os métodos utilizados pelas instituições participantes da pesquisa e em comparação ao método estrutural. Este índice de acerto aumenta com o prazo de projeção. O segundo ensaio trata dos determinantes das expectativas de inflação no Brasil. As expectativas de inflação são uma das mais importantes variáveis na determinação da inflação futura, determinando a condução da política monetária. Através de modelagem econométrica, encontramos que as variáveis que afetam as expectativas de inflação são: a) meta de inflação é a variável mais importante, funcionado como âncora das expectativas; b) inflação passada; c) hiato do produto; d) taxa de câmbio; e) preços internacionais; e f) taxa de juros. Variáveis de política fiscal não parecem ser importantes na determinação das expectativas de inflação. O terceiro ensaio volta a tratar da taxa de câmbio, tratando de entender o impacto das desvalorizações do Real sobre o comportamento das empresas. Sabese que os impactos na atividade econômica de uma desvalorização cambial podem ser positivos ou negativos. Para as firmas, o benefício se dá em termos de competitividade, dada a redução nos custos. Mas, se as firmas tiverem dívida atrelada à moeda estrangeira, a desvalorização pode ter mais custos do que benefícios, dado as restrições à atuação das empresas via mercado de crédito. Este é o efeito de balanço patrimonial. Este terceiro ensaio trata de contribuir na identificação dos impactos destas desvalorizações sobre o comportamento dos investimentos de empresas brasileiras. Através de dados microeconômicos, os resultados das estimações não permitem concluir qual dos dois efeitos, de balanço patrimonial ou de competitividade, é mais importante. Entretanto, a separação da amostra em firmas de diferentes tamanhos evidencia um efeito de balanço patrimonial superior ao efeito de competitividade no caso de firmas grandes. / This doctoral thesis consists of three essays in applied macroeconomics. The first essay retakes the classic result of the article by Meese and Rogoff (1983), in which the authors found strong evidence that no structural model for the exchange rate surpasses the projections of a random walk model. In this first essay we compare the error of the projections for the exchange rate, effected by banks, financial institutions and economic consultants, caught in ranking Top-5 of the Brazilian Central Bank, with the projections of a random walk model and a structural model of uncovered interest parity for three horizons of forecast. The results show that the random walk model has greater index of rightness in comparison with the methods used for the participant institutions of the research and in comparison with the structural method. This index of rightness increases with the projection stated period. The second essay deals with the determinants of inflation expectations in Brazil. Expectations of inflation are one of the most important variables in determining the future inflation, determining the conduct of monetary policy. Through econometric modeling we find that the variables that affect inflation expectations are: a) inflation target it is the most important variable, worked as anchor of expectations; b) past inflation; c) the product gap; d) exchange rate; e) international prices; and f) interest rate. Variables of fiscal policy do not seem to be important in the determination of inflation expectations. The third essay is once again dealing with the exchange rate, trying to understand the impact of the devaluation of the Real on corporate behavior. It is known that the impacts on economic activity of currency devaluation can be positive or negative. For firms, the benefit is given in terms of competitiveness, given the reduction in costs. But, if the firms have geared to the foreign currency debt, the devaluation may have more costs than benefits, given the restrictions on the performance of companies by market credit. This is the effect of balance sheet. This work comes to help in identifying the impact of these devaluations on the performance of the investments of Brazilian companies. Through microeconomic data, the results of the estimates can not conclude which of the two effects, balance sheet or competitiveness, is more important. Meanwhile, the separation of the sample in firms of different sizes shows an effect of balance sheet higher than the effect of competitiveness in the case of large firms.

A economia brasileira passou por um período de profundas transformações ao longo das duas últimas décadas do século vinte. As mudanças no ambiente econômico induzidas pela abertura comercial e financeira, reforma do Estado e estabilidade monetária, tiveram efeitos positivos sobre a eficiência produtiva. Neste trabalho são apresentadas evidências de que a diferença nos ganhos de produtividade entre a economia brasileira e americana é variável relevante para explicar desvios de longo prazo da taxa real de câmbio daquela dada pela doutrina da Paridade de Poder de Compra (PPC). A metodologia de cointegração de Johansen foi utilizada em busca de evidências da validade do efeito Balassa-Samuelson para a taxa de câmbio bilateral entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos no período de janeiro de 1978 a agosto de 2002. Para tanto, foi verificada a existência de cointegração entre as variáveis câmbio real e o relativo de preços dos não comercializáveis/comercializáveis para o Brasil e Estados Unidos, de acordo com a modificação feita por Dutton e Strauss (1997) à formulação tradicional da doutrina da Paridade de Poder de Compra (PPC). Esses relativos de preços forma construídos a partir de dados desagregados de índices de preços nos dois países e considerando-se os serviços como pertencentes ao setor dos não comercializáveis e produtos manufaturados ao dos comercializáveis. O procedimento de Johansen foi também aplicado para testar a validade da PPC na sua versão tradicional e dentre o setor dos comercializáveis somente. Os testes apontam para a validade da PPC em todas as três versões consideradas. Entretanto, a versão tradicional não é rejeitada com a presença de uma tendência determinista no vetor de cointegração e essa não rejeição pode ser conseqüência da presença de uma variável integrada de segunda ordem na estimação. Para a versão modificada os testes apontam fortemente para existência de cointegração e para um ajuste melhor do modelo em relação à versão tradicional. A conclusão é de que o efeito Balassa-Samuelson é relevante para explicar movimentos de longo prazo da taxa de cambio bilateral Real/dólar americano no período estudado. / The brazilian economy underwent a period of major transformations during the last two decades of the twentieth century. The changes in economic environment induced by commercial and financial opening, reform of the State and monetary stability, had positive effects on production efficiency. In this work I present evidences that the differential in productivity gain between Brazil and United States is a relevant variable in explaining long run deviations of real exchange rate from the one given by the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) doctrine. The Johansen’s co integration methodology was used in the search of evidence for the significance of the Balassa-Samuelson effect in the bilateral exchange rate Real/US dollar between january 1978 and august 2002. The existence of co integration between the real exchange rate and non-tradables/tradables goods relative prices for Brazil and U.S. was therefore verified, in accordance to Dutton and Strauss (1997) modifications to standard PPP. These non-tadables/tradables relative prices were built from disaggregated data of price indexes in both countries and considering services as the non-tradable sector and manufacturing goods as the tradable sector. Johansen procedure was also used in testing the validity of PPP in its standard version and amongst tradable goods sector only. The test results point out the validity of PPP in all three cases considered. However, the standard version is not rejected in the presence of a deterministic trend in the co integration vector and this non-rejection might be due to the presence of a second order integrated variable in estimation. For the modified version, the results strongly indicate the existence of co integration and a better fit of the model compared to the standard PPP version. The conclusion is that the Balassa-Samuelson effect is relevant in explaining long run movements of the bilateral exchange rate Real/US dollar in the period studied.

[pt] O principal objetivo da dissertação é analisar crises de realinhamento da taxa de câmbio real. O modelo desenvolvido relaxa a hipótese da PPP, que é usual nos modelos de crises cambiais, e assume que o desequilíbrio da taxa de câmbio é derivado de choques exógenos no balanço de pagamentos. Este tipo de abordagem permite explicar crises que não são derivadas da adoção de políticas inconsistentes com o regime cambial fixo e sim resultado do processo de ajuste da economia. Um aspecto fundamental do modelo é a importância do grau de comprometimento do governo em relação ao câmbio fixo. A adoção de regimes de câmbio fixo com altos custos de saída, como o currency board, pode ser racionalizada através de um modelo simples como o apresentado. / [en] The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze real exchange rate realignment crises. The model developed abandons the PPP hypothesis, which is common in the exchange rate crises models, and assumes that disequilibrium of the exchange rate is derived from exogenous shocks at the balance of payments. This type of approach allows us to explain crises that are not derived from the adoption of policies that are inconsistent with the fixed parity, but result from the process of adjusting the economy. A fundamental aspect of the model is the importance of the degree of commitment of the government in respect to the parity. The adoption of regimes of fixed exchange rate with high costs of exit, as currency boards, can be rationalized through a simple model as the one presented below.

Exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and oil price fluctuations are the most demonstrated risks in the GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries (Arouri and Nguyen, 2010). Research, however, in this area is still underdeveloped. The importance of this study is to contribute to this research gap. This research aims to show how these three risks affect firms' market values by examining 473 listed firms in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates for the period January 2007 to June 2012. The research further examines the determinants of these risks. The study uses the AR (1) EGARCH-M model. The results indicate that stock returns in GCC countries are influenced by the exchange rate risk, interest rate risk and oil price risk. However, the exposure was highest for exchange rate risk and lowest for interest rate risk. While the effects of these risks were mixed, overall, exchange rate risk and oil price risk showed more positive significance as compared to the interest rate risk that showed more negatively significant effect on firm values. The level of the effect of these risk also differed from country to country. However, firms in United Arab Emirates revealed the highest exposure to all the three risks while those in Saudi Arabia showed the least exposed to the three risks. Oman firms also showed high exposure to exchange rate and interest rate risks. The segregated results overall showed lower exposure of financial firms as compared to non-financial firms. However, the non-financial firms in Bahrain were more exposed to the risks than the financial firms. In Saudi Arabia, the financial firms revealed the least exposure to the risk suggesting effective risk management practices. In addition, foreign operations and firm size had a significant influence on the extent of the firms’ exposure to all the three risks. Leverage also influenced the level of exposure to interest rate risk. Profitability, growth and liquidity did not reveal a significant influence on the level of exposure. Further, increasing the risk does not lead to increased returns in most of the GCC countries. The risk-return parameters were largely negative. However, positive news increases return volatility more than negative news in most countries. Also, the current volatility of most GCC firms’ returns are time varying, are a function or past innovation and past volatility. The volatility of stock returns, which is affected by changes in the risk factors, could demonstrate the non-prioritisation of risk management by firms.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Numerous studies have investigated the impact of oil price shocks on the exchange rates in developed economies. However, fewer studies have examined the effect of oil price shocks in developing economies. One study by Turhan, Hacihasanoglu and Soytas in 2012 examines the dynamic effect of oil price movements in thirteen developing markets, including South Africa. Another study by Kin and Courage (2014) investigate the effect of crude oil prices on the South African exchange rate, but their modelling, time period and variables differs. The intention of the current mini-thesis, however, is investigate the effect of crude oil prices on the exchange rate of South Africa from January 1980 to December 2014. The aim of this mini-thesis is to explore the impact of crude oil price movements on the volatility of the exchange rate on the South African market. Currently emerging economies are consuming an increasing share of the world’s oil and they have therefore become larger players in the global financial markets. Basher and Sadorsky (2006:224-227) state that as countries modernise and urbanise, their demand for crude oil and its related products tends to increase. The rising economic importance of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) economies implies that the possibility of the consumption of oil in the developing economies could surpass the global oil consumption of developed economies. It is important to note that future oil demand cannot be predicted, but oil demand growth is highly correlated with the growth in the industrial production of a country. The use of oil for energy consumption and the use of oil trading on the stock markets and the financial markets are all linked on the path of a country’s economic growth. In order to evaluate the link between the four variables of oil prices, exchange rates, manufacturing production index and the prime rate, qualitative research methods will be used. The methods which will be applied are the vector autoregressive model and the vector error correction mechanism. This study reveals that the movement in Brent oil prices has a relatively insignificant impact on the movement of the South African rand on a monthly basis.

Japanese monetary authorities used to employ various intervention techniques to adjust the level of the dollar/yen exchange rate and reduce its volatility. Application of the GARCH-in- mean model for estimation of the effect of these operations demonstrates that depreciating interventions reduced volatility effectively from 1995 until 2002. Frequent interventions of the small scale had a tendency to increase volatility during period 1991-1995. Foreign exchange interventions conducted by US Fed have increasing, means negative, effect, on the conditional variance. Frequent interventions of the great scale do not affect the volatility; it is determined mostly by the persistent level of the conditional variance from the latter periods. Recent interventions conducted by the Bank of Japan after the financial crisis do not show any considerable effect on both the volatility and the level of the exchange rate.

The type of exchange rate regime a country should adopt and ideal level of the currency have has been an ongoing debate amongst academics, politician and trade unionists. The South African economic debate is currently dominated by debates on the appropriate level of the exchange rate of the rand. With the high volatility of the rand and the rapid appreciation of the rand in 2010 there have been calls for various sectors for government to intervene and devalue the rand. The premise is that devaluation will help counter the volatility of the rand and help stimulate South Africa’s export sector thereby resulting in an improvement of the trade balance. The aim of this research was to determine if there is a relationship between South Africa’s exchange rate and the trade balance and to determine if devaluation of the rand would have a positive influence on the trade balance. Furthermore the extent to which the trade balance would follow the J-Curve effect following devaluation was investigated. Using the long term trade balance model and Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model between the analyses was done between South Africa and the BRIC countries. The conclusion reached was that a devaluation of the rand would not necessarily lead to a long term improvement of the trade balance and no evidence of the J-Curve effect was found. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

This paper investigates the effects of real exchange rate misalignment (REM) on economic growth in Kenya over the period 1964-2009. The real exchange rate misalignment is defined as the difference between the equilibrium exchange rate and the actual real exchange rate (RER). The equilibrium real exchange rate was obtained by using the purchasing power parity (PPP) approach. To this effect, the study examined the existence or absence of the cointegration between the REM and economic growth, using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach. The ARDL approach is employed to determine both the long-run and short-run dynamics of the model. The results suggest that no long-run relationship exists between economic growth and the REM in Kenya. The short-run model is then estimated, using the OLS (ordinary least squares) method. From this model, it is determined that trade openness has a positive impact on economic growth, while foreign aid has a negative impact on economic growth; and both are considered empirically significant. The inflation rate and REM both negatively impact economic growth, but are empirically insignificant. All variables corroborate the a priori expectations.

L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’analyser les conceptions de la politique monétaire et les cadres monétaires dans les pays en développement. Nous analysons trois aspects du cadre de la politique monétaire : le degré d'indépendance de la banque centrale, la gestion de la politique monétaire et le régime de taux de change. Ce travail comporte des analyses quantitatives et empiriques ainsi que des études de cas détaillées de trois pays du Moyen-Orient. Les analyses empiriques renvoient à trois domaines majeurs que sont : l'existence du phénomène de la peur du flottement et la relation entre la volatilité des taux de change et la volatilité macroéconomique ; le degré d'indépendance de la politique monétaire dans les pays en développement dans le contexte de leur intégration accrue au système économique mondial ; enfin, le degré d'indépendance de la banque centrale et la façon dont il influence la peur du flottement et l'indépendance de la politique monétaire. Les résultats démontrent que l'indépendance de la banque centrale est responsable de l'augmentation de l'indépendance de la politique monétaire nationale vis-à-vis des taux d'intérêt mondiaux et que celle-ci contribue à réduire la peur du flottement dans les pays en développement. Les conclusions des études de cas suggèrent que l'indépendance de la banque centrale est cruciale pour assurer la stabilité des changes et des prix. Toutefois, les pays en développement ne devraient pas se focaliser uniquement et pendant de longues périodes sur la stabilité des changes au détriment d'autres facteurs. On a constaté en effet les avantages découlant d'une gestion efficace et prudente du régime de taux de change. / The main objective of this thesis is to analyse monetary policy designs and monetary frameworks in developing countries. The thesis studies three features of the monetary policy framework: the level of central bank independence, the conduct of monetary policy and exchange rate regime. This study conducts quantitative empirical analyses as well as detailed case studies of three Middle East countries.The above mentioned quantitative analyses cover the following three domains: firstly the existence of the phenomenon of fear of floating and the relationship between exchange rate volatility and macroeconomic volatility, secondly the level of monetary policy independence in developing countries in the context of increasing integration of these countries into the global economic system and lastly the level of central bank independence as well as the way in which it influences both the phenomenon of fear of floating and monetary independence. The findings show that the central bank independence contributes to the increase of national monetary policy independence from the world interest rates and reduces the fear of floating in developing countries, at least to a certain extent. The main conclusions drawn from the case studies put forward that central bank independence is vital in the process of attaining both price stability and exchange rate stability. Nevertheless, developing countries should not aim only at exchange rate stability and they should avoid neglecting other factors for long periods. As a matter of fact, the findings emphasize the advantages of an effective and prudent exchange rate regime management.