Kazakhstan: Mortality in european context (comparison with selected european countries and nationalities) Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare mortality rates in Kazakhstan with selected European countries. The first part discusses literature, available data sources and a list of indicators. The thesis deals with brief outline of history and development of ethnic composition in this Central Asian republic. Another section contains a comparison of the economic and social conditions in Kazakhstan with two selected European countries - the Czech Republic and Sweden. The thesis continues with comparison and development of the most important mortality indicators in the three above mentioned countries. The last chapter summarizes findings from the comparison of mortality backgrounds of three selected European minorities living in Kazakhstan (Germans, Russians and Ukrainians) with their country of origin. The analysis of above mentioned factors shows a clear gap in Kazakhstan levels of mortality in comparison with selected European countries. A Comparison of mortality of European minorities living in the territory of Kazakhstan with their countries of origin shows a big difference for German nationality, for Russians and Ukrainians the differences are minimal. Keywords: Kazakhstan, European...

The diploma thesis generally focuses on pension systems, specifically on the institution of retirement age. This institution is very important for the old-age pension system and its stability. Retirement age is an important determinant of every pension system. Demographic and economic state of society depends, among other things, on age at which citizens can retire, it's associated with standard of living of state residents. It also affects job opportunities. Since its inception the retirement age in the Czech Republic has gone through many modifications. Based on the theory of actor-centered institutionalism, the diploma thesis addresses the determinants that influenced the development of retirement age institute, including its institutional framework and actors involved in its changes. It also deals with its developmental stages. Comparison with the development in Slovakia (in some parts of diploma thesis only) will be enriched the conceptual, empirical as well as methodological realm of the thesis. Czech and Slovak Republics have shared history but the pension systems of both countries have considerably diverged. In conclusion the diploma thesis specifies the wider context of the retirement age as a part of the overall pension system. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This thesis reports on an historical prospective study of three Mamre decadal birth cohorts (1837-1846, 1870-1879, and 1900-1909) constructed retrospectively through existing parish records of the Moravian Mission at Mamre in the Western Cape region of South Africa. Nominative data collection techniques were used to gather information needed to determine the infant mortality rates, quinquennial mortality rates and life expectancies of the three cohorts. Issues related to the quality of data – non-registration and follow-up - were investigated. Birth registration was best for the 1837-46 cohort for males and females, with the 1900-1909 registration being next best. Overall, male registration coverage was substantially better than that for females. Infant death registration was best for males in these 2 cohorts, but were poor for females. Based on these data, the infant mortality rates for the cohorts born in 1837-1846, 1870-1879 and 1900-1909 - 196, 182 and 128 per 1000 respectively for males and 160, 172 and 97 per 1000 respectively for females - appeared to be underestimates. There is some evidence of a downward trend for the infant mortality rates with time for males, but this was not statistically significant. Quinquennial mortality rates for the 3 cohorts did not differ statistically, and are similar to the 1935-37 national 'coloured' figures. The life expectancies also did not differ significantly between cohorts. The life expectancies at birth (range 34- 40 years for males and 32-45 years for females) were probably overestimates due to biased IMR's. The life expectancies at age 1 (range 41-44 for males and 37-49 for females) were more representative figures. Life expectancies at age 20 were fairly stable over time (37-45 years) except for females in the 1900-1909 cohort whose life expectancies were substantially higher than earlier figures. All mortality indices investigated in this study consistently showed a lighter burden of mortality in historical Mamre compared to 'coloureds' in the Cape Colony at the turn of the century. This is probably associated with the better housing, environmental, social, economic and educational conditions at the Mamre mission relative to the rest of the Colony in the century after the emancipation of slaves.

Health inequality conflates a huge number of economic, social, and political issues. These issues, together described as social determinants, determine a population's health through influencing health status and life expectancy. The research purpose of this study was to examine how social determinants affected the life expectancy of the women of Edo State, based on secondary data from Nigeria's 2008 demographic and health survey (NDHS). The theories that guided the study were self-efficacy beliefs of the social cognitive theory and physical self-concept of the health belief model. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the associations between socioeconomic status, nutritional status, literacy/educational attainment, access to household sanitation facilities, and life expectancy. The dependent variables were health status and life expectancy (assessed using parity and age at first delivery). The independent variables were employment, ability to read and write, listening to the radio, type of place of residence, and persons responsible for reproductive health decisions. The analysis was based on data from 950 completed face-to-face interviews in the 2008 NDHS covering 846 households in Edo State selected using a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling design. Regression analyses showed that listening to the radio, persons responsible for decisions on reproductive health issues, employment, and type of place of residence had significant positive effects on parity and age at first delivery. Employment was the best predictor of both dependent variables. Ability to read and write had a negative relationship with the age at first delivery. The social change implications include the attainment of longer lives in Edo State, Nigeria, through effective policies on employment and education.

Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are projected to become a viable means of transportation due to advances in technology and advocates for green and eco-friendly energy solutions. These vehicles are powered partially, or in some cases, solely by the energy stored in their battery packs. The large sizes of these battery packs require large amount of energy to charge, and as the demand for PEV increases, the increase in energy demand needed to recharge these PEV batteries could pose problems to the present electric distribution system. This study examines the potential impacts of PEV on a residential electric distribution system at various penetration levels. An existing residential distribution network is modeled up to each household service point and various sensitivity scenarios and stochastic patterns of PEV loads are simulated. Impact studies that include voltage drop, service transformers overload, energy loss, and transformer thermal loss-of-life expectancy are analyzed. Results from the study are reported and recommendations to mitigate the impacts are presented.

This is a statistical analysis where various factors related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been used to explain life expectancy. The dataset contained information on how countries perform in different aspects over several years. The factors used have been considered to be well-linked to one or more of the SDGs by studying how the United Nations (UN) and Globalis have categorized them under different goals. After the dataset was investigated and measures were implemented, a multiple regression analysis was performed. The analysis showed which factors had statistically significant effects on life expectancy for the observations that were used. From this information, the final linear regression model could be obtained. Then it was discussed whether important information was omitted from the final model and another regression analysis was performed. This time, the dataset was divided into smaller subgroups where one group contained all observations where life expectancy was 75 years or more and the other data set contained all observations where life expectancy was 56 years or less. From these datasets, it was analyzed whether significant factors change depending on the associated life expectancy, which was proved to be the case. The conclusion that was drawn was therefore that the final model is a weighting of observations with different life expectancy, but the differences between observations with different life expectancies are omitted. / Det här är en statistisk analys där olika faktorer med koppling till de Globala Hållbarhetsmålen har används för att förklara den förväntade livslängden. Datasetet som användes innehöll information om hur länder presterar i olika avseenden under flera olika år. De faktorer som används har ansetts ha god koppling till något av de globala hållbarhetsmålen genom att studera hur FN samt Globalis har kategoriserat olika index under de respektive målen. Efter att datasetet undersökts och eventuella åtgärder genomförts så gjordes en multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Analysen visade vilka faktorer som hade signifikant påverkan på förväntad livslängd hos de observationer som använts. Ur denna information kunde den slutgiltiga linjära regressionsmodellen tas fram. Sedan skedde ett resonemang kring validiteten av denna modell och huruvida viktigt information utelämnas i den slutgiltiga modellen. Då genomfördes ytterligare en regressionsanalys, men denna gång hade datasetet delats upp i mindre grupper. En grupp innehöll alla observationer då den förväntade livslängden var 75 år eller mer, och den andra gruppen innehöll alla observationer då förväntad livslängd var 56 år eller mindre. Med hjälp av dessa dataset utreddes huruvida olika faktorer är olika viktiga vid olika förväntade livslängder, vilket var fallet. Slutsatsen som drogs var därför att den slutgiltiga modellen som togs fram var en sammanvägning av alla observationer med olika förväntade livslängder, men där skillnaderna mellan länder utelämnades.

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[pt] Eu desenvolvo um modelo de gerações sobrepostas com crescimento salarial ao longo do ciclo de vida (LCWP, por sua sigla em inglês), taxa de mortalidade dependente da idade, restrições de liquidez e rigidez nominal. O modelo é calibrado para capturar a transição demográfica dos EUA, estimativas de LCWP e outras características importantes da economia dos EUA durante o período 3;72-4239. O modelo é usado para examinar a relação entre dados demográficos e taxas de juros reais assim como os principais mecanismos de transmissão em jogo. Eu encontro que o rápido aumento da população em idade ativa entre 3;72 e 3;:2 contribuiu significativamente para o aumento das taxas de juros reais. A reversão desse processo, juntamente com o aumento da expectativa de vida, desencadeou um rápido declínio nas taxas de juros desde então. A heterogeneidade na propensão marginal a consumir entre os trabalhadores desempenha um papel importante na conexão desses movimentos de fertilidade e taxa de juros real. Num exercício adicional, devido à evidência de grandes erros de previsão da expectativa de vida, eu estendo o modelo com um processo de aprendizado sobre longevidade e encontro que ele pode aumentar significativamente a relevância de fatores demográficos na explicação dos movimentos reais das taxas de juros. Por fim, encontro que a falha dos bancos centrais em levar em conta a relação entre dados demográficos e taxas de juros pode gerar, devido a mudanças não monitoradas na taxa de juros natural, variações na taxa de inflação. / [en] I develop an overlapping generations model with life cycle wage profile (LCWP), age-dependent mortality rate, liquidity constraints, and nominal rigidities. The model is calibrated to capture US demographic transition, LCWP estimations, and other salient features of the US economy during 3;72-4239. The model is then used to examine the relationship between demographics and real interest rates and the main transmission mechanisms in play. I find that the rapid increase in the working age population from 3;72-3;:2s has significantly contributed to the rise of real interest rates. The reversion of this process together with the increase in life expectancy triggered a rapid decline in the interest rates ever since. The heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume among workers plays a major role in connecting these fertility and real interest rate movements. In an additional exercise, due to the evidence on large life expectancy forecast errors, I introduce a learning process about longevity and find that it can significantly a ugment t he r elevance o f d emographic f actors in explaining real interest rate movements. Finally, I find t hat t he central banks failure to recognize the relationship between demographics and interest rates can generate, due to unaccounted changes in the natural interest rate, inflation rate variations.

Il est rarement possible de connaitre avec précision la mortalité à long terme associée à une condition médicale. Cependant, l’estimation de cette mortalité est primordiale dans certains domaines tels l’assurance-vie et l’expertise médicale. La méthode du Relative Risk (RR) constant, qui est la plus utilisée, comporte plusieurs failles, permettant seulement de faire des estimations grossières et conservatrices de cette mortalité. Nous avons donc comparé deux autres méthodes d’estimation de la mortalité, soit Excess Death Rate (EDR) constant et Proportional Life Expectancy (PLE). Nous avons analysé la mortalité à long terme de plusieurs maladies chroniques, entre autres le cancer et les maladies cardiovasculaires, et avons comparé ces résultats avec ceux que nous donnaient les différentes méthodes d’estimation. Nous avons ainsi pu déterminer la meilleure méthode. Nos résultats indiquent que les méthodes EDR constant et PLE sont supérieures au RR constant dans l’estimation de la mortalité. Aussi, plus l’estimation de la survie se fait à long terme, plus l’EDR constant et la PLE donnent de meilleurs résultats. Finalement, l’âge ou le type de conditions médicales analysées ne semblent pas avoir un impact déterminant lorsque l’on choisit d’utiliser l’une des trois méthodes. Les méthodes de l’EDR constant et la PLE devraient être préconisées dans l’analyse de la mortalité lors de la sélection des risques en médecine d’assurance ou lors d’évaluation de l’espérance de vie pour une expertise médicale. / Long term mortality associated to medical conditions is rarely known with accuracy. Despite this, mortality assessment is essential in certain field of activity, such as life insurance and medical expertise. Constant Relative Risk (RR) methodology is the most used method although often leading to superficial and conservative estimations. We then decided to compare two mortality estimation methods, the constant Excess Death Rate (EDR) and the Proportional Life Expectancy (PLE). We analyzed long term mortality of several chronic medical conditions, such as cancers and coronary artery diseases, and we compared those results with those from the three distinct estimation methods. Thus, we were able to determine which methodology is the most accurate. Our results show that constant EDR and PLE are superior to constant RR to better estimate the mortality. The longer the follow-up is, the better those methods are. Finally, factors like age and the kind of the medical condition seem not to have an important impact when it comes to identify the most suitable method. Constant EDR and PLE should be recommended for mortality assessment in medical insurance underwriting and for life expectancy evaluation in medical expertise.