Over the past few decades, the nature of work has undergone remarkable changes, resulting in a shift from manual demands to mental and emotional demands on employees. In order to manage these demands and optimise employee performance, organisations use well-being surveys to guide their interventions. Because these interventions have a drastic financial implication it is important to ensure the validity and reliability of the results. However, even if a validated measuring instrument is used, the problem remains that wellness audits might be reliable, valid and equivalent when the results of a group of people are analysed, but cannot be guaranteed for each individual. It is therefore important to determine the validity and reliability of individual measurements (i.e. protocol validity). However, little information exists concerning the efficiency of different methods to evaluate protocol validity. The general objective of this study was to establish an efficient, real-time method/indicator for determining protocol validity in web-based instruments. The study sample consisted of 14 592 participants from several industries in South Africa and was extracted from a work-related well-being survey archive. A protocol validity indicator that detects random responses was developed and evaluated. It was also investigated whether Item Response Theory (IRT) fit statistics have the potential to serve as protocol validity indicators and this was compared to the newly developed protocol validity indicator. The developed protocol validity indicator makes use of neural networks to predict whether cases have protocol validity. A neural network was trained on a large non-random sample and a computer-generated random sample. The neural network was then cross-validated to see whether posterior cases can be accurately classified as belonging to the random or non-random sample. The neural network proved to be effective in detecting 86,39% of the random responses and 85,85% of the non-random responses correctly. Analyses on the misclassified cases demonstrated that the neural network was accurate because non-random classified cases were in fact valid and reliable, while random classified cases showed a problematic factor structure and low internal consistency. Neural networks proved to be an effective technique for the detection of potential invalid and unreliable cases in electronic well-being surveys. Subsequently, the protocol validity detection capability of IRT fit statistics was investigated. The fit statistics were calculated for the study population and for random generated data with a uniform distribution. In both the study population and the random data, cases with higher outfit statistics showed problems with validity and reliability. When compared to the neural network technique, the fit statistics suggested that the neural network was more effective in classifying non-random cases than it was in classifying random cases. Overall, the fit statistics proved to be effective indicators of protocol invalidity (rather than validity) provided that some additional measures be imposed. Recommendations were made for the organisation as well as with a view to future research. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

During the last decade much research has been done on consumer perceptions in the so-called pure services with scant attention being devoted to the analysis of retail services associated with the marketing of goods. However, in recent years the service quality debate received much attention and closer examination in retailing. It is, therefore, not surprising that many of m s spend substantial resources to measure service quality and manage customer satisfaction. This research was undertaken primarily to develop a conceptual model of service quality within a supermarket context. The research is supported by a detailed literature study into the marketing of services, service quality, service encounters and established service quality models. Four central questions were formulated and answered by the study. What are the dimensions used by consumers to evaluate supermarket service quality? How reliable is the proposed service quality scale? What relationship can be observed between the proposed service quality dimensions and future store patronage? What relationships can be observed between the proposed service quality dimensions and overall service quality? In order to develop and validate a measurement model for supermarket service quality, exploratory research was conducted using focus group interviews to establish aspects that could be important to consumers regarding service quality. This enabled the researcher to obtain a fairly accurate measure of consumers' perceptions of supermarket service quality. Based on the exploratory research, a forty-item scale was developed for the empirical study. The instrument was then subjected to a scale purification process through exploratory factor analysis. Non-probability sampling (judgment and convenience) was used and structured questionnaires were administered to six hundred and seven consumers from three stores of a national supermarket chain. A thirty-item scale was finally developed, which comprised three dimensions, namely reliability, atmospherics and policy. Continatory factor analysis was further undertaken in order to establish the overall model fit in terms of the three dimensions. Empirical evidence suggests, that the reliability, atmospherics and policy dimensions are all positively associated with consumers' perceptions of overall service quality. Reliability and atmospherics emerged as strong predictors of future store patronage and satisfaction. However, policy did not emerge as a strong predictor of future behavioural intentions. Empirical evidence also suggests that there is a causal ordering of service quality which influences customer satisfaction. The findings suggest that managements of supermarkets should incorporate all three underlying dimensions in order for them to access their customers’ evaluation of their service. Although it is probable that the relative importance of each dimension and variables within each dimension may vary from one retailer to another, it is important for managers to identify these components of the senice which make a contribution to service quality and customer satisfaction. The service offering must, therefore, be designed by managers to reflect these perceptions in order to allow them develop better service quality strategies. The findings in this study also suggest the need for a more extensive study so as to validate the model. However, it provides an avenue for academics and researchers to explore and contribute to the ongoing debate on the measurement of service quality and its relationship with customer satisfaction. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Marketing))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

During the last decade much research has been done on consumer perceptions in the so-called pure services with scant attention being devoted to the analysis of retail services associated with the marketing of goods. However, in recent years the service quality debate received much attention and closer examination in retailing. It is, therefore, not surprising that many of m s spend substantial resources to measure service quality and manage customer satisfaction. This research was undertaken primarily to develop a conceptual model of service quality within a supermarket context. The research is supported by a detailed literature study into the marketing of services, service quality, service encounters and established service quality models. Four central questions were formulated and answered by the study. What are the dimensions used by consumers to evaluate supermarket service quality? How reliable is the proposed service quality scale? What relationship can be observed between the proposed service quality dimensions and future store patronage? What relationships can be observed between the proposed service quality dimensions and overall service quality? In order to develop and validate a measurement model for supermarket service quality, exploratory research was conducted using focus group interviews to establish aspects that could be important to consumers regarding service quality. This enabled the researcher to obtain a fairly accurate measure of consumers' perceptions of supermarket service quality. Based on the exploratory research, a forty-item scale was developed for the empirical study. The instrument was then subjected to a scale purification process through exploratory factor analysis. Non-probability sampling (judgment and convenience) was used and structured questionnaires were administered to six hundred and seven consumers from three stores of a national supermarket chain. A thirty-item scale was finally developed, which comprised three dimensions, namely reliability, atmospherics and policy. Continatory factor analysis was further undertaken in order to establish the overall model fit in terms of the three dimensions. Empirical evidence suggests, that the reliability, atmospherics and policy dimensions are all positively associated with consumers' perceptions of overall service quality. Reliability and atmospherics emerged as strong predictors of future store patronage and satisfaction. However, policy did not emerge as a strong predictor of future behavioural intentions. Empirical evidence also suggests that there is a causal ordering of service quality which influences customer satisfaction. The findings suggest that managements of supermarkets should incorporate all three underlying dimensions in order for them to access their customers’ evaluation of their service. Although it is probable that the relative importance of each dimension and variables within each dimension may vary from one retailer to another, it is important for managers to identify these components of the senice which make a contribution to service quality and customer satisfaction. The service offering must, therefore, be designed by managers to reflect these perceptions in order to allow them develop better service quality strategies. The findings in this study also suggest the need for a more extensive study so as to validate the model. However, it provides an avenue for academics and researchers to explore and contribute to the ongoing debate on the measurement of service quality and its relationship with customer satisfaction. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Marketing))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

Abstract The objective was to assess Professional, Health Advocate and Scholar CanMEDS competencies in anesthesia residents using a Generic Integrated Objective Structured Assessment Tool (GIOSAT) during simulated scenarios. Methods Twenty one anesthesia residents participated in managing two scenarios: “do not resuscitate” and “morphine overdose”. Four trained blinded raters analyzed video recordings using the GIOSAT. Internal structure was examined using generalizability analysis. Results Results of the g-study focused on PHAS and ME components alone, participants accounted for 20% of the scores variance (G-coefficient 0.66). A D-study indicated two raters and eleven or more scenarios would be required for a G-coefficient > 0.80. Conclusion This study demonstrates construct validity for assessing PHAS competencies for low stakes assessment. Results address the gap of assessment performance for PHAS competencies, describe methodology and produce recommendations for summative assessments using simulation.

Social support has been proven to play a major role in the well-being of an individual. Unfortunately, the conceptualisation of the construct is vague and many authors disagree about the various properties and dimensions of the construct. Seen from a health-related perspective, social support can be regarded as divided into two main spectrums, the main-effect model and the stress-buffering model. The main-effect model proposes that social support has a beneficial effect, whether or not an individual is under stress, while the stress-buffering model proposes that social support buffers an individual from potentially pathological influences. The construct is furthermore conceptualised as consisting of distinct structural, functional and perceptual dimensions. The aim of the research was to develop an instrument which would incorporate all three of these dimensions and could be proven valid and statistically reliable. A cross-sectional survey design was used. An availability sample of qualified educators in the North-West Province of South Africa was used. The Social Support Survey was developed as a measuring instrument and administered along with a biographical questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Contrary to expectation, factor analysis indicated that the four factors regarding the characteristics of the support, as well as the five factors regarding the types of support, were clustered around the source of support. This might be due to the Likert-scale matrix design of the questionnaire, which required participants to answer a wide range of questions regarding the type, importance, amount, adequacy and accessibility of support. By way of conclusion, recommendations were made. / Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Adolescence proves to be one of the most vulnerable development stages in the life of humans and therefore dietary assessment of this group is important, but complex. This is due to rapid growth during puberty and the development of new eating patterns that influence dietary intake. Adequate dietary intake in this age group is crucial, since adverse effects such as iron deficiency anemia, inadequate growth and dental caries can occur. Furthermore, dietary imbalance is a significant risk factor that can lay the groundwork for developing preventable complications in late adolescence and adult life such as non-communicable chronic diseases including obesity and diabetes mellitus type II and certain cancers, all leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Given the vulnerability of adolescents in terms of dietary intake, understanding their dietary intake is crucial. Dietary assessment of adolescents is influenced by social, physiological and psychological changes making accurate measurement of this group difficult. Hence, it is of fundamental importance to find a golden standard in terms of a dietary assessment method to use in this group. Several international studies investigated validity and reproducibility of the dietary intake of adolescents, measured with different dietary assessment methods. However, in South Africa only three validity and reproducibility studies have been published and none of them focused exclusively on adolescents. Since the validity of the results of dietary assessment methods of international studies cannot be extrapolated to South African black adolescents, this study emanated from the need to investigate whether multiple 24-hour recalls are valid and reproducible when used to assess the dietary intakes of black adolescents in a convenience sample of grade eight learners from a high school in a township in the North West Province. The study was nested in the multidisciplinary "Physical, Activity in the Young" (PLAY) study. Firstly, the optimal number of 24-hour recalls was determined by calculation of reproducibility coefficients for energy, selected nutrients and food groups. Results showed that four repeated 24-hour recalls provided the optimal reproducibility for black peri-urban South African adolescents. Secondly, the search for a reference method to compare energy intake against energy expenditure led to an investigation into basal metabolic rate equations and physical activity factors with the intention of estimating the energy expenditure. Validity of reported energy intake assessed by multiple 24-hour recalls and estimated energy expenditure was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the dependent t-test. The Pearson correlation test revealed low associations between energy intake and energy expenditure for boys (0.32) and girls (0.17), while the dependent t-test of the energy intake between the different measured occasions showed little difference, which could be explained by the high within participant variation and lower variation between the different participants. The low correlation coefficients showed that there was no association between reported energy intake and mean estimated energy expenditure; thus also no agreement. As a result, multiple 24-hour recalls measured over two years with only five 24-hour recalls did not give a valid measurement of the energy intake of black peri-urban adolescents. Lastly, the ratio of reported energy intake over energy expenditure was evaluated against the energy cut-off points, specifically calculated for age and ethnic group. It indicated that 85% of the participants underreported their energy intake. These results could have been influenced by the estimated basal metabolic rate equations that could have estimated the basal metabolic rate of this group incorrectly or could be due to the inability of the group to recall their physical activity levels correctly. Therefore it is recommended that further validity studies regarding dietary intake need to be performed on adolescents. It is suggested that energy expenditure as a reference method should be measured by using a calorimeter or the doubly labeled water method and then compared with the reported energy intake. Analysing different biochemical determinants of nutritional intake could also be used as an objective reference method to assess the validity of dietary data obtained from questionnaires. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Dietetics)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Over the past few decades, the nature of work has undergone remarkable changes, resulting in a shift from manual demands to mental and emotional demands on employees. In order to manage these demands and optimise employee performance, organisations use well-being surveys to guide their interventions. Because these interventions have a drastic financial implication it is important to ensure the validity and reliability of the results. However, even if a validated measuring instrument is used, the problem remains that wellness audits might be reliable, valid and equivalent when the results of a group of people are analysed, but cannot be guaranteed for each individual. It is therefore important to determine the validity and reliability of individual measurements (i.e. protocol validity). However, little information exists concerning the efficiency of different methods to evaluate protocol validity. The general objective of this study was to establish an efficient, real-time method/indicator for determining protocol validity in web-based instruments. The study sample consisted of 14 592 participants from several industries in South Africa and was extracted from a work-related well-being survey archive. A protocol validity indicator that detects random responses was developed and evaluated. It was also investigated whether Item Response Theory (IRT) fit statistics have the potential to serve as protocol validity indicators and this was compared to the newly developed protocol validity indicator. The developed protocol validity indicator makes use of neural networks to predict whether cases have protocol validity. A neural network was trained on a large non-random sample and a computer-generated random sample. The neural network was then cross-validated to see whether posterior cases can be accurately classified as belonging to the random or non-random sample. The neural network proved to be effective in detecting 86,39% of the random responses and 85,85% of the non-random responses correctly. Analyses on the misclassified cases demonstrated that the neural network was accurate because non-random classified cases were in fact valid and reliable, while random classified cases showed a problematic factor structure and low internal consistency. Neural networks proved to be an effective technique for the detection of potential invalid and unreliable cases in electronic well-being surveys. Subsequently, the protocol validity detection capability of IRT fit statistics was investigated. The fit statistics were calculated for the study population and for random generated data with a uniform distribution. In both the study population and the random data, cases with higher outfit statistics showed problems with validity and reliability. When compared to the neural network technique, the fit statistics suggested that the neural network was more effective in classifying non-random cases than it was in classifying random cases. Overall, the fit statistics proved to be effective indicators of protocol invalidity (rather than validity) provided that some additional measures be imposed. Recommendations were made for the organisation as well as with a view to future research. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Resource Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Darbo tikslas: Įvertinti stacionarinio gydymo (hospitalizacijos) atvejų struktūrą, priežastis ir pagrįstumą pirminės sveikatos priežiūros centro bendruomenėje. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti pirminės sveikatos priežiūros centro bendruomenės narių stacionarinio gydymo atvejų struktūrą. 2. Įvertinti stacionarinio gydymo pagrįstumą pagal pagrindinius hospitalizacijos atvejų struktūros elementus. 3. Įvertinti gulėjimo stacionare trukmę ir jos pagrįstumą. Tyrimo metodika: Atlikta išrašų iš ligos istorijų, išduotų įvairaus lygio ligoninių 2007 m., ekspertinė analizė. Ekspertų grupę sudarė 3 asmenys - dvi šeimos gydytojos ir gydytoja - kontrolės ir ekspertizės vyriausioji specialistė. Nagrinėjant išrašų iš ligos istorijų duomenis buvo analizuojami hospitalizacijų atvejai pagal sociodemografinius rodiklius, stacionarinio gydymo įstaigą, skyrių, gulėjimo trukmę, galutinę diagnozę, guldymo priežastį. Nustatant stacionarinio gydymo pagrįstumą, buvo atsižvelgiama į ligos sudėtingumą, taikomą gydymą, atliktus tyrimus, į patvirtintas medicinines normas. Analizė atlikta naudojant statistinį duomenų analizės paketą SPSS 13.0. Rezultatai: Ekspertų nuomone, 56,3% stacionarinio gydymo atvejų buvo nepagrįsti ir 43,7% pagrįsti. Pagrįsto stacionarizavimo atvejai sudarė nuo 36,2% rajono ligoninėje iki 93,2% universitetinėse ligoninėse (p=0,000). Stacionarinio gydymo atvejų pagrįstumas didėjant pacientų amžiui mažėjo nuo 63,6% 0-17 metų grupėje iki 39,2% vyresnių negu 65 metų grupėje. Daugiausia pagrįstų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim: To evaluate the inpatient treatment (hospitalization) cases structure and validity reasons and validity in the primary Health Care Center community. Objectives: 1. Identify the inpatient treatment (hospitalization) cases structure of primary Health Care Center community. 2. To evaluate the inpatient treatment validity according of the major structure elements of hospitalization cases. 3. To evaluate the length of stay in hospital and duration of its validity. Methods: Carried out on extracts from case histories, issued by all level hospitals in 2007, the expert analysis. The expert group consisted of three persons: two family doctors and a doctor of control and chief expertise specialist. The examination of extracts from medical records data were analyzed hospitalization cases according to sociodemographic characteristics, hospitalization clinic, department, length of stay, final diagnosis, reason for patient admission. In determining the validity of inpatient treatment was based on the complexity of the disease, treatments, research carried out in approved medical standards. The analysis was performed using the statistical package for data SPSS 13.0. Results: According to the experts, 56.3% of inpatient treatment cases were unfounded and based on 43.7%. Based hospitalization cases accounted for 36.2% of the district hospital to 93.2% in university hospitals (P = 0.000). Validity of inpatient treatment cases increasing patient age decreased from 63.6% in 0-17... [to full text]

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Walking and bicycling to work, active commuting, can contribute to sustainable mobility and provide regular health-enhancing physical activity for individuals. Our knowledge of active commuting behaviours in general and in different mode and gender groups in particular is limited. Moreover, the validity and reproducibility of the methods to measure the key variables of the behaviours are uncertain. The aims of this thesis is to explore gender and mode choice differences in commuting behaviours in terms of distance, duration, velocity and trip frequency, of a group of adult commuters in Greater Stockholm, Sweden, and furthermore to develop a criterion method for distance measurements and to assess the validity of four other distance measurement methods. We used one sample of active commuters recruited by advertisements, n = 1872, and one street-recruited sample, n = 140. Participants received a questionnaire and a map to draw their commuting route on. The main findings of the thesis were, firstly, that the map-based method could function as a criterion method for active commuting distance measurements and, secondly, that four assessed distance measurement methods – straight-line distance, GIS, GPS and self-report – differed significantly from the criterion method. Therefore, we recommend the use of correction factors to compensate for the systematic over- and underestimations. We also found three distinctly different modality groups in both men and women with different behaviours in commuting distance, duration and trip frequency. These groups were commuters who exclusively walk or bicycle the whole way to work, and dual mode commuters who switch between walking and cycling. These mode groups accrued different amounts of activity time for commuting. Through active commuting per se, the median pedestrian and dual mode commuters met or were close to the recommended physical activity level of 150 minutes per week during most months of the year, whereas the single mode cyclists did so only during the summer half of the year.