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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
621

Avaliação dos efeitos do estresse crônico sob a ansiedade e a sensibilidade nociceptiva em ratos mantidos em ambiente enriquecido / Evaluation of the effects of chronic stress under anxiety-like behavior and nociceptive sensitivity in rats reared in enriched environment

Daniela Mizusaki Iyomasa 06 April 2018 (has links)
Respostas adaptativas ao estresse podem ser acompanhadas por alterações nos comportamentos emocionais, em particular relacionados com medo e ansiedade, bem como alterações na sensibilidade dolorosa. Ainda, tem sido investigado o papel do óxido nítrico em áreas encefálicas relacionadas ao comportamento defensivo. Embora várias evidências têm demonstrado que o enriquecimento ambiental promove melhora nos processos de memória, no aprendizado e em respostas nociceptivas, a relação entre o estresse crônico e as vantagens da utilização do enriquecimento ambiental ainda são pouco investigadas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se o enriquecimento ambiental promove alteração do comportamento emocional, da sensibilidade nociceptiva, bem como na imunorreatividade à nNOS no núcleo central da amígdala, na formação hipocampal e na região dorsolateral da substância cinzenta periaquedutal, em ratos submetidos ao estresse por isolamento social ou estresse crônico variado e mantidos em ambiente enriquecido ou sem enriquecimento. Ratos machos Wistar (~70g) foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grandes grupos experimentais: Ambiente Padrão (Padrão) ou Ambiente Enriquecido (EE), mantidos por 38 dias. Cada grupo foi subdividido dependendo do tipo de estresse crônico: Controle (sem estresse), Isolamento Social (por 38 dias) e Estresse Crônico Variado (do dia 28 ao dia 37). Ao fim do tempo experimental (dia 38) os ratos foram avaliados quanto ao comportamento emocional pelos testes de labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e claro/escuro (TCE) e sensibilidade nociceptiva pelo teste da placa quente (a qual foi realizada em duas etapas, sendo a primeira medida no dia 0 e outra no dia 38). A eutanásia dos ratos ocorreu no dia 39, para coleta do encéfalo para análise da imunorreatividade à óxido nítrico sintase neuronal (nNOS). Levando-se em consideração o comportamento emocional e a sensibilidade nociceptiva, os diferentes tipos de estresse crônico diminuíram a porcentagem de tempo, a frequência de entrada e a exploração da extremidade dos braços abertos e na frequência de mergulho de cabeça no teste do LCE, apesar de não alterar a sensibilidade nociceptiva. Por outro lado, o enriquecimento ambiental aumentou a porcentagem de tempo, a frequência de entrada e a exploração da extremidade dos braços abertos no teste do LCE, apesar de não alterar a sensibilidade nociceptiva. Foi observado aumento da imunorreatividade à nNOS na formação hipocampal em diferentes tipos de estresse crônico. Em particular, na região de CA3 houve interação significante entre os fatores estresse por isolamento social e ambiente de manutenção. Deste modo, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que a formação hipocampal desempenha importante função no efeito ansiogênico exercido pelos diferentes tipos de estressores crônicos (aqui representados pelo isolamento social e pelo estresse crônico variado) provavelmente pela ativação do sistema nitrérgico e sugere-se que o enriquecimento possa prevenir o comportamento do tipo ansioso. / Adaptive responses to stress may be accompanied by changes in emotional behaviors, in particular related to fear and anxiety, as well as changes in pain sensitivity. Furthermore, the role of nitric oxide in brain areas related to defensive behavior has been investigated. Although several evidences have shown that environmental enrichment improves memory processes, learning and nociceptive responses, the relationship between chronic stress and the advantages of using environmental enrichment is still poorly investigated. The present study aimed to investigate whether environmental enrichment promotes alteration of the emotional behavior, nociceptive sensitivity, as well as immunoreactivity to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the central nucleus of the amygdala, hippocampal formation and dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter in rats submitted to social isolation stress or chronic unpredictable stress and reared in enriched environment or standard environment. Male Wistar rats (~ 70g) were randomly divided into two major experimental groups: Standard Environment (Standard) or Enriched Environment (EE), maintained for 38 days. Each group was subdivided according to the type of chronic stress: Control (without stress), Social Isolation (for 38 days) and Chronic Unpredictable Stress (from day 28 to day 37). At the end of the experimental time (day 38), the rats were evaluated for emotional behavior by elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark box (LDBT) tests and nociceptive sensitivity by the hot plate test (which was performed in two steps , the first being measured on day 0 and the other on day 38). Euthanasia of rats occurred on day 39, to collect the brain for nNOS immunoreactivity analysis. Taking into account emotional behavior and nociceptive sensitivity, the different types of chronic stress decreased the percentage of time, the frequency of entry of the open arms, end-arm exploration and the head dipping frequency in the EPM, despite of not altering the nociceptive sensitivity. On the other hand, environmental enrichment increased the percentage of time, the frequency of entry of the open arms and the end arm-exploration in the EPM test, although it did not alter the nociceptive sensitivity. Increased immunoreactivity to nNOS in hippocampal formation was observed in different types of chronic stress. In particular, in the CA3 region there was a significant interaction between stress factors due to social isolation and maintenance environment. Thus, the results obtained in this study suggest that hippocampal formation plays an important role in the anxiogenic effect exerted by the different types of chronic stressors (represented here by social isolation and by chronic chronic stress) probably due to the activation of the nitrergic system and it is suggested that environmental enrichment can prevent of anxiety-like behavior.
622

Bioacústica e bem-estar em cativeiro: rugidos de Alouatta caraya (Primates, Atelidae) como elemento de enriquecimento ambiental / Bioacoustics and welfare in captivity: roars of Alouatta caraya (Primates, Atelidae ) as environmental enrichment element.

Débora Silveira Martins 21 September 2015 (has links)
A Bioacoustica oferece ferramentas úteis para diversas ciências e práticas na utilização acadêmica, científica, aplicada e conservação da vida animal. Nossa hipótese é que as chamadas naturais, como o rugido de longo alcance do bugios preto, atuam como elemento de enriquecimento ambiental, se a sua execução aumenta a exibição de um comportamento natural em cativeiro. O bugio faz um uso diário do rugido e sua emissão é conhecida por evocar respostas de outros bandos de bugio em vida livre. Para testar a eficácia dos rugidos em melhorar o bem-estar foi realizado um experimento no Bosque e Zoológico Fábio Barreto, no município de Ribeirão Preto, onde treze indivíduos (6 fêmeas e 7 machos) viviam em cinco recintos adjacentes. Eles tiveram contato visual e acústico entre eles e com outras duas espécies de primatas e outros grupos de vida livre de bugio preto. Adotoamos o delineamento experimental ABABA, em que fases controle A foram intercaladas com o tratamento (playback de rugido) nas fases B, duas vezes ao dia (manhã e tarde). Na primeira fase B, o estímulo foi sempre tocado no mesmo horário (previsível) e, na segunda fase tratamento, horários aleatórios foram adotados (imprevisível). Nós avaliamos as alterações na duração relativa de 6 comportamentos entre as fases A e B, entre sexo e em ambos os períodos, com o teste ANOVA de medidas repetidas. Nós notamos um aumento no comportamento natural da espécie em fases de tratamento, como alerta, atenção dirigida, e interações sociais, juntamente com a diminuição de comportamentos estereotipados, sugerindo melhoria do bem-estar. As emissões naturais de rugidos também aumentaram. Concluímos que ambos os tratamentos, previsível e imprevisível, melhoraram o bem-estar e propomos a utilização da reprodução de chamadas específicas de especies como uma nova categoria de enriquecimento ambiental. A resposta dos outros primatas nos levou a concluir que houve um efeito sobre animais vizinhos que pode ser benéfico ou prejudicial de acordo com a espécie e a condição psicológica dos animais. / The Bioacoustics offers useful tools for diverse academic, scientific and applied sciences and practices in use and conservation of animal life. We hypothesized that natural call, as the loud roar of the black-howler monkey, would act as environmental enrichment element if its execution increased the display of natural behavior in captivity. The howler-monkey makes an everyday use of the roar and its emission is known to evoke free-living howler-monkeys to call back in response. To test the effectiveness of roars in improving welfare we conducted an experiment in Bosque e Zoológico Fábio Barreto, in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto where thirteen individuals (6 females and 7 males) were living in five adjacent enclosures. They had visual and acoustic contact between them and with two other primate species and a free-living black-howler monkey group. We adopted the ABABA experimental design, in which control phases A were interspersed with treatment (roar playback) phases B, two times a day (morning and afternoon). In the first B phase, the stimulus was always played at the same time (predictable) and, in the other different random schedules were adopted (unpredictable). We evaluate changes in relative duration of 6 behaviors from A to B phases, between sex and in both periods with a repetitive factorial ANOVA. We reported increase in natural behavior of the species in treatment phases, as alert, oriented attention, and social interactions, coupled with the decrease of stereotyped behaviors, suggesting welfare improvement. Thus, natural emissions of roars also increased. We concluded that both predictable and unpredictable routines improved welfare and we propose the use of playback of specie-specific calls as a new category of environmental enrichment. The answer of the other primates led us to conclude that there was a neighborhood effect that can be beneficial or harmful according to the species and the psychological condition of the animals.
623

Vliv Feuersteinova Instrumentálního obohacování na osoby po traumatickém poškození mozku / Influence of Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment on people after traumatic brain injury

Bublíková, Irena January 2018 (has links)
The aim of this final thesis is to apply Feuerstein's instrumental enrichment program (FIE) to a person with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The theoretical part deals with the problematic of traumatic brain injury and Feuerstein's approach to the development of cognitive functions. The empirical part focuse on qualitative research to find out whether there has been an improvement in cognitive functions with three respondents with TBI after five months of intervention using the FIE program, or not. Respondents are young men aged between 23 and 32, about 10 years after the accident, who regularly rehabilitate and undergo reeducation at the Jedlička Institute and Schools (JÚŠ). The aim of the research is to compare whether the influence of the FIE program has improved cognitive functions. The comparison is achieved by objective assessment of cognitive functions using Klecanská opakovatelná neuropsychologická baterie (KONB; Klecany Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery). The results of the research are presented in structured case studies. These in addition to the results of the KONB examination and the description of several months of intervention, follows the respondents throughout their past from life before the accident, through the rehabilitation of the consequences of the accident to the present...
624

A individualização do ensino nos enriquecimentos educacionais de Renzulli e Reis: ampliando o empenho e o desempenho

Sant’Ana , Luana de André 23 September 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-18T11:29:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana de André Sant_Ana.pdf: 6267204 bytes, checksum: 296670b12fa9f6766a36fc3ff44dabc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T11:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana de André Sant_Ana.pdf: 6267204 bytes, checksum: 296670b12fa9f6766a36fc3ff44dabc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The commitment to enhance the engagement of students and teachers in the teaching-learning process in the Brazilian educational scene has been a constant concern of educators, as well as in the achievement of higher school's scores. American researchers Joseph Renzulli and Sally Reis have been excelling in the world scenario to achieve these goals through personalized “educational enrichments”, adapted to each reality, applying the "gifted education pedagogy" through the "The Schoolwide Enrichment Model" - SEM. The present research intended to study the Model in order to identify contributions to inspire Brazilian school managers and educators. The purpose was achieved by consulting specialized literature, as well as information, articles and videos available online and through personal attendance at the event Confratute (2014, EUA). The researcher had the opportunity to collect testimonies of eight highly qualified individuals of the educational field, which were involved with the Model. The results suggest that "educational enrichments” on the basis of the "gifted education pedagogy" offered to the entire school, may benefit the Brazilian Educational System. This pedagogy aims at expanding the autonomy and creative capacity of the person, respecting and highlighting the differences and the diverse human skills. It promotes the global development of the individual and reinforces his contribution to society / Tem sido preocupação constante de educadores e gestores educacionais brasileiros, o envolvimento e a ampliação do compromisso de estudantes e professores no processo de ensino-aprendizagem visando, inclusive, a conquista de melhores índices educacionais. Os pesquisadores norte-americanos Joseph Renzulli e Sally Reis vêm se destacando no cenário mundial ao alcançarem essas metas através de “enriquecimentos educacionais” personalizados e adaptados a cada realidade escolar, aplicando a “pedagogia da superdotação” através do “Modelo de Enriquecimento para Toda a Escola” (SEM – The Schoolwide Enrichment Model). A presente pesquisa buscou conhecer o Modelo em questão, identificando contribuições que pudessem inspirar as práticas de gestores e educadores brasileiros. O objetivo proposto foi atingido com base em levantamento bibliográfico, informações, artigos e vídeos disponíveis online e através da participação presencial da pesquisadora no evento Confratute (2014, EUA), ocasião em que foram coletados depoimentos de oito sujeitos altamente qualificados na área educacional e que faziam uso do Modelo. Os resultados sugerem que “enriquecimentos educacionais” com base na “pedagogia da superdotação” oferecidos para toda a escola no contraturno, podem beneficiar o Sistema Educacional Brasileiro. Esta pedagogia visa ampliar a autonomia e a capacidade criativa das pessoas, respeitando e enaltecendo as diferenças e as mais diversas habilidades humanas. Favorece o desenvolvimento integral do indivíduo e sua contribuição para a sociedade
625

Alimentos pagos pelo genitor aparente : soluções de reparação propostas ante a irrepetibilidade dos alimentos

Dias, Ádamo Brasil January 2017 (has links)
Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado acadêmico cujo problema de pesquisa consiste na identificação de soluções e respectivos fundamentos jurídicos para a reparação do dano sofrido pelo genitor aparente que é indevidamente obrigado ao pagamento de alimentos, considerando tratar-se de verba irrepetível. Foi utilizado como método de abordagem o hipotético-dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento o monográfico e o histórico. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. O primeiro capítulo foi destinado ao aprofundamento do estudo da obrigação alimentar, com abordagem da evolução histórica, características, classificações, pressupostos, presunção de paternidade, alimentos gravídicos e, por fim, a identificação do dano consubstanciado na constatação da imposição do dever alimentar a destinatário ilegítimo. O segundo capítulo propôs uma solução ideal, que consiste no dever de reparação do dano pelo genitor verdadeiro, analisando inicialmente a possibilidade de imputação de responsabilidade objetiva, mas concluindo, por fim, estar no enriquecimento sem causa o fundamento adequado. O terceiro capítulo apresentou soluções subsidiárias, para o caso de desconhecimento do genitor verdadeiro, buscando imputar o dever de reparação à genitora que age culposamente ao indicar o alimentante errado em juízo. Para tanto, quatro possíveis fundamentos foram cogitados: enriquecimento sem causa, abuso de direito e responsabilidades civis subjetiva e objetiva, concluindo-se que, em todos os casos, haverá responsabilidade objetiva da genitora guardiã ou gestante, embora ainda impositiva a irrepetibilidade quando presente a boa-fé da agente. / This is an academic master's thesis which research problem consists in the identification of solutions and respective legal grounds for the relief of the damage suffered by the apparent parent who is improperly required to pay for the child support, considering that it is an unrepeatable sum. It was used as method of approach the hypothetical-deductive one and as method of procedure the monographic and historical ones. The work was divided in three chapters. The first chapter aimed the deepening of the study of child support obligation, with an approach to historical evolution, characteristics, classifications, assumptions, presumption of paternity, child support during pregnancy, and, finally, the identification of the damage consubstantiated in the obligation of the imposition of paying the child support to an illegitimate child. The second chapter proposed a idealsolution, consisting of the obligation to repair the damage by the true parent, which initially examined the possibility of imputation of strict liability, but finally concluded that unjust enrichment was the appropriate basis. The third chapter presented subsidiary solutions, in the case of ignorance of the true parent, seeking to impute the duty of reparation to the mother who acts guilty by indicating the wrong parent in court. In order to do so, four possible reasons have been considered: unjust enrichment, abuse of rights and liability and strict liability, and it is concluded that in all cases there will be strict liability of the female custodian or pregnant mother, although still impositive the unrepeatable when present the good faith of the agent.
626

Approches hybrides pour la recherche sémantique de l'information : intégration des bases de connaissances et des ressources semi-structurées / Hybrid Approaches for Semantic Information Retrieval : Towards the Integration of Knowledge Bases and Semistructured Resources

Mrabet, Yassine 12 July 2012 (has links)
La recherche sémantique de l'information a connu un nouvel essor avec les nouvelles technologies du Web sémantique. Des langages standards permettent aujourd'hui aux logiciels de communiquer par le biais de données écrites dans le vocabulaire d'ontologies de domaine décrivant une sémantique explicite. Cet accès ``sémantique'' à l'information requiert la disponibilité de bases de connaissances décrivant les instances des ontologies de domaine. Cependant, ces bases de connaissances, bien que de plus en plus riches, contiennent relativement peu d'information par comparaison au volume des informations contenu dans les documents du Web.La recherche sémantique de l'information atteint ainsi certaines limites par comparaison à la recherche classique de l'information qui exploite plus largement ces documents. Ces limites se traduisent explicitement par l'absence d'instances de concepts et de relations dans les bases de connaissances construites à partir des documents du Web. Dans cette thèse nous étudions deux directions de recherche différentes afin de permettre de répondre à des requêtes sémantiques dans de tels cas. Notre première étude porte sur la reformulation des requêtes sémantiques des utilisateurs afin d'atteindre des parties de document pertinentes à la place des faits recherchés et manquants dans les bases de connaissances. La deuxième problématique que nous étudions est celle de l'enrichissement des bases de connaissances par des instances de relations.Nous proposons deux solutions pour ces problématiques en exploitant des documents semi-structurés annotés par des concepts ou des instances de concepts. Un des points clés de ces solutions est qu'elles permettent de découvrir des instances de relations sémantiques sans s'appuyer sur des régularités lexico-syntaxiques ou structurelles dans les documents. Nous situons ces deux approches dans la littérature et nous les évaluons avec plusieurs corpus réels extraits du Web. Les résultats obtenus sur des corpus de citations bibliographiques, des corpus d'appels à communication et des corpus géographiques montrent que ces solutions permettent effectivement de retrouver de nouvelles instances relations à partir de documents hétérogènes tout en contrôlant efficacement leur précision. / Semantic information retrieval has known a rapid development with the new Semantic Web technologies. With these technologies, software can exchange and use data that are written according to domain ontologies describing explicit semantics. This ``semantic'' information access requires the availability of knowledge bases describing both domain ontologies and their instances. The most often, these knowledge bases are constructed automatically by annotating document corpora. However, while these knowledge bases are getting bigger, they still contain much less information when comparing them with the HTML documents available on the surface Web.Thus, semantic information retrieval reaches some limits with respect to ``classic'' information retrieval which exploits these documents at a bigger scale. In practice, these limits consist in the lack of concept and relation instances in the knowledge bases constructed from the same Web documents. In this thesis, we study two research directions in order to answer semantic queries in such cases. The first direction consists in reformulating semantic user queries in order to reach relevant document parts instead of the required (and missing) facts. The second direction that we study is the automatic enrichment of knowledge bases with relation instances.We propose two novel solutions for each of these research directions by exploiting semi-structured documents annotated with concept instances. A key point of these solutions is that they don't require lexico-syntactic or structure regularities in the documents. We position these approaches with respect to the state of the art and experiment them on several real corpora extracted from the Web. The results obtained from bibliographic citations, call-for-papers and geographic corpora show that these solutions allow to retrieve new answers/relation instances from heterogeneous documents and rank them efficiently according to their precision.
627

Approximation par éléments finis conformes et non conformes enrichis / Approximation by enriched conforming and nonconforming finite elements

Zaim, Yassine 11 September 2017 (has links)
L’enrichissement des éléments finis standard est un outil performant pour améliorer la qualité d’approximation. L’idée principale de cette approche est d’ajouter aux fonctions de base un ensemble de fonctions censées améliorer la qualité des solutions approchées. Le choix de ces dernières est crucial et est en grande partie basé sur la connaissance a priori de quelques informations telles que les caractéristiques de la solution, de la géométrie du problème à résoudre, etc. L’efficacité de cette approche pour résoudre une équation aux dérivées partielles dans un maillage fixe, sans avoir recours au raffinement, a été prouvée dans de nombreuses applications dans la littérature. La clé de son succès repose principalement sur le bon choix des fonctions de base et plus particulièrement celui des fonctions d’enrichissement. Une question importante se pose alors : quelles conditions faut-il imposer sur les fonctions d’enrichissement afin qu’elles génèrent des éléments finis bien définis ?Dans cette thèse sont abordés différents aspects d’une approche générale d’enrichissement d’éléments finis. Notre première contribution porte principalement sur l’enrichissement de l’élément fini du type Q_1. Par contre, notre seconde contribution, certainement la plus importante, met l’accent sur une approche plus générale pour enrichir n’importe quel élément fini qu’il soit P_k, Q_k ou autres, conformes ou non conformes. Cette approche a conduit à l’obtention des versions enrichies de l’élément de Han, l’élément de Rannacher-Turek et l’élément de Wilson, qui font maintenant partie des codes d’éléments finis les plus couramment utilisés en milieu industriel. Pour établir ces extensions, nous avons eu recours à l’élaboration de nouvelles formules de quadrature multidimensionnelles appropriées généralisant les formules classiques bien connues en dimension 1, dites du “point milieu,” des “trapèzes” et de leurs versions perturbées, ainsi que la formule de Simpson. Elles peuvent être vues comme des extensions naturelles de ces formules en dimension supérieure. Ces dernières, en plus de leurs tests numériques implémentés sous MATLAB, version R2016a, ont fait l’objet de notre troisième contribution. Nous mettons particulièrement l’accent sur la détermination explicite des meilleures constantes possibles apparaissant dans les estimations d’erreur pour ces formules d’intégration. Enfin, dans la quatrième contribution nous testons notre approche pour résoudre numériquement le problème d’élasticité linéaire à l’aide d’un maillage rectangulaire. Nous effectuons l’analyse numérique aussi bien l’analyse de l’erreur d’approximation et résultats de convergence que l’analyse de l’erreur de consistance. Nous montrons également comment cette dernière peut être établie à n’importe quel ordre, généralisant ainsi certains travaux menés dans le domaine. Nous réalisons la mise en œuvre de la méthode et donnons quelques résultats numériques établis à l’aide de la bibliothèque libre d’éléments finis GetFEM++, version 5.0. Le but principal de cette partie sert aussi bien à la validation de nos résultats théoriques, qu’à montrer comment notre approche permet d’élargir la gamme de choix des fonctions d’enrichissement. En outre, elle permet de montrer comment cette large gamme de choix peut aider à avoir des solutions optimales et également à améliorer la validité et la qualité de l’espace d’approximation enrichie. / The enrichment of standard finite elements is a powerful tool to improve the quality of approximation. The main idea of this approach is to incorporate some additional functions on the set of basis functions. These latter are requested to improve the accuracy of the approximate solution. Their best choice is crucial and is based on the knowledge of some a priori information, such as the characteristics of the solution, the geometry of the problem to be solved, etc. The efficiency of such an approach for finding numerical solutions of partial differential equations using a fixed mesh, without recourse to refinement, was proved in numerous applications in the literature. However, the key to its success lies mainly on the best choice of the basis functions, and more particularly those of enrichment functions.An important question then arises: How to suitably choose them, in such a way that they generate a well-defined finite element ?In this thesis, we present a general approach that enables an enrichment of the finite element approximation. This was the subject of our first contribution, which was devoted to the enrichment of the classical Q_1 element, as a first step. As a second step, in our second contribution, we have developed a more general framework for enriching any finite element either P_k, Q_k or others, conforming or nonconforming. As an illustration of how to use this framework to build new enriched finite elements, we have introduced the extensions of some well-known nonconforming finite elements, notably, Han element, Rannacher-Turek element and Wilson element, which are now part of the main code of finite element methods. To establish these extensions, we have introduced a new family of multivariate versions of the classical trapezoidal, midpoint and Simpson rules. These latter, in addition to their numerical tests under MATLAB, version R2016a, have been the subject of our third contribution. They may be viewed as an extension of the well-known trapezoidal, midpoint and Simpson’s one-dimensional rules to higher dimensions. We particularly pay attention to the explicit expressions of the best possible constants appearing in the error estimates for these cubatute formulas. Finally, in the fourth contribution we apply our approach to numerically solving the linear elasticity problem based on a rectangular mesh. We carry out the numerical analysis of the approximation error and also for the consistency error, and show how the latter can be established to any order. This constitutes a generalization of some work already done in the field. In addition to our theoretical results, we have also made some numerical tests, which were achieved by using the GetFEM++ library, version 5.0. The aim of this contribution was not only to confirm our theoretical predictions, but also to show how the new developed framework allows us to expand the range of choices of enrichment functions. Furthermore, we have shown how this wide choices range can help us to improve some approximation properties and to get the optimal solutions for the particular problem of elasticity.
628

Inferência das áreas de atuação de pesquisadores / Inference of the area of expertise of researchers

Fonseca, Felipe Penhorate Carvalho da 30 January 2018 (has links)
Atualmente, existe uma grande gama de dados acadêmicos disponíveis na web. Com estas informações é possível realizar tarefas como descoberta de especialistas em uma dada área, identificação de potenciais bolsistas de produtividade, sugestão de colaboradores, entre outras diversas. Contudo, o sucesso destas tarefas depende da qualidade dos dados utilizados, pois dados incorretos ou incompletos tendem a prejudicar o desempenho dos algoritmos aplicados. Diversos repositórios de dados acadêmicos não contêm ou não exigem a informação explícita das áreas de atuação dos pesquisadores. Nos dados dos currículos Lattes essa informação existe, porém é inserida manualmente pelo pesquisador sem que haja nenhum tipo de validação (e potencialmente possui informações desatualizadas, faltantes ou mesmo incorretas). O presente trabalho utilizou técnicas de aprendizado de máquina na inferência das áreas de atuação de pesquisadores com base nos dados cadastrados na plataforma Lattes. Os títulos da produção científica foram utilizados como fonte de dados, sendo estes enriquecidos com informações semanticamente relacionadas presentes em outras bases, além de adotar representações diversas para o texto dos títulos e outras informações acadêmicas como orientações e projetos de pesquisa. Objetivou-se avaliar se o enriquecimento dos dados melhora o desempenho dos algoritmos de classificação testados, além de analisar a contribuição de fatores como métricas de redes sociais, idioma dos títulos e a própria estrutura hierárquica das áreas de atuação no desempenho dos algoritmos. A técnica proposta pode ser aplicada a diferentes dados acadêmicos (não sendo restrita a dados presentes na plataforma Lattes), mas os dados oriundos dessa plataforma foram utilizados para os testes e validações da solução proposta. Como resultado, identificou-se que a técnica utilizada para realizar o enriquecimento do texto não auxiliou na melhoria da precisão da inferência. Todavia, as métricas de redes sociais e representações numéricas melhoram a inferência quando comparadas com técnicas do estado da arte, assim como o uso da própria estrutura hierárquica de classes, que retornou os melhores resultados dentre os obtidos / Nowadays, there is a wide range of academic data available on the web. With this information, it is possible to solve tasks such as the discovery of specialists in a given area, identification of potential scholarship holders, suggestion of collaborators, among others. However, the success of these tasks depends on the quality of the data used, since incorrect or incomplete data tend to impair the performance of the applied algorithms. Several academic data repositories do not contain or do not require the explicit information of the researchers\' areas. In the data of the Lattes curricula, this information exists, but it is inserted manually by the researcher without any kind of validation (and potentially it is outdated, missing or even there is incorrect information). The present work utilized machine learning techniques in the inference of the researcher\'s areas based on the data registered in the Lattes platform. The titles of the scientific production were used as data source and they were enriched with semantically related information present in other bases, besides adopting other representations for the text of the titles and other academic information as orientations and research projects. The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate if the data enrichment improves the performance of the classification algorithms tested, as well as to analyze the contribution of factors such as social network metrics, the language of the titles and the hierarchical structure of the areas in the performance of the algorithms. The proposed technique can be applied to different academic data (not restricted to data present in the Lattes platform), but the data from this platform was used for the tests and validations of the proposed solution. As a result, it was identified that the technique used to perform the enrichment of the text did not improve the accuracy of the inference. However, social network metrics and numerical representations improved inference accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art techniques, as well as the use of the hierarchical structure of the classes, which returned the best results among the obtained
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Comportamento em cativeiro e teste da eficácia de técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental (físico e alimentar) para jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) / Captivity behavior and evaluation of two environmental enrichment procedures for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)

Hashimoto, Claudia Yumi 25 April 2008 (has links)
O Brasil possui grande diversidade de felinos selvagens e a maioria destes animais encontra-se ameaçada de extinção. A reprodução em cativeiro é ferramenta essencial para a conservação de espécies como felinos e, em geral, está diretamente relacionada ao bem-estar animal. O presente projeto objetivou o estudo do comportamento em cativeiro da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis), enfocando possíveis comportamentos anormais indicativos de condições ambientais sub-ótimas, e o teste de dois protocolos de enriquecimento ambiental (físico e alimentar), visando um melhor entendimento das necessidades desta espécie em cativeiro e a proposição de técnicas de manejo mais adequadas. Para tanto analisamos parâmetros comportamentais (método de varredura) e endócrinos (metabólitos fecais de corticosterona) de 12 indivíduos adultos e cativos na Associação Mata Ciliar, Jundiaí/SP. Com a análise conjunta dos dados de todos os indivíduos não foi possível sustentar a hipótese de influência do tratamento sobre o bem-estar, mas os resultados apontam para influências sazonais sob o comportamento dos animais (temperatura e fotoperíodo) e para um possível efeito danoso da remoção/interrupção do tratamento sobre o bem-estar. A análise individual também apontou, em alguns casos, para este efeito maléfico da remoção do tratamento e para resultados positivos quando se aplicam técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental, como redução da freqüência de comportamentos anormais, aumento do comportamento social não-agonista e redução da concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides. Foi encontrada ainda correlação positiva entre a concentração de metabólitos de corticosterona e comportamentos anormais. Dada a importância prática desta linha de pesquisa e a escassez de trabalhos com pequenos felinos brasileiros em cativeiro, apresentamos ainda algumas sugestões metodológicas para futuros experimentos. / Brazil exhibits a large variety of wild cat species, most of which under the threat of extinction. Reproduction in captivity is an essential tool for the conservation of these species, and it is directly linked to animal welfare. This project aimed the study of the behavior of the ocelot (a small-sized American wild cat; Leopardus pardalis under captivity, looking for potential abnormal behavior indicative of sub-optimal environmental conditions, and the testing of two environmental enrichment procedures (physical and alimentary) in search of a better understanding of this species\' needs in captivity and of better management techniques. For that, we analyzed behavioral (scan sampling) and endocrinal data (fecal corticosterone metabolites) from 12 adult captive individuais in the facilities of the Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). The analysis of data for the whole sample did not support the hypothesis predicting an influence of the environment enrichment procedures on the animals\' welfare, but pointed to seasonal influences on behavior, and to a possible harmful effect of the removal/interruption of the treatment on the welfare. The individual data analysis also pointed, in some cases, to a harmful effect of treatment removal, as well as to some positive results of the application of the environmental enrichment procedures, such as the reduction on the frequencies of abnormal behavior, a rise in non-agonist social behavior, and a reduction in the concentration levels of corticosteroid metabolites. We also found a positive correlation between concentration levels of corticosterone metabolites and abnormal behavior. Finally, given the practical relevance of this line of research and the lack of studies on small cats under captivity, we formulate some methodological suggestions for future research.
630

Comportamento em cativeiro e teste da eficácia de técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental (físico e alimentar) para jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) / Captivity behavior and evaluation of two environmental enrichment procedures for ocelots (Leopardus pardalis)

Claudia Yumi Hashimoto 25 April 2008 (has links)
O Brasil possui grande diversidade de felinos selvagens e a maioria destes animais encontra-se ameaçada de extinção. A reprodução em cativeiro é ferramenta essencial para a conservação de espécies como felinos e, em geral, está diretamente relacionada ao bem-estar animal. O presente projeto objetivou o estudo do comportamento em cativeiro da jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis), enfocando possíveis comportamentos anormais indicativos de condições ambientais sub-ótimas, e o teste de dois protocolos de enriquecimento ambiental (físico e alimentar), visando um melhor entendimento das necessidades desta espécie em cativeiro e a proposição de técnicas de manejo mais adequadas. Para tanto analisamos parâmetros comportamentais (método de varredura) e endócrinos (metabólitos fecais de corticosterona) de 12 indivíduos adultos e cativos na Associação Mata Ciliar, Jundiaí/SP. Com a análise conjunta dos dados de todos os indivíduos não foi possível sustentar a hipótese de influência do tratamento sobre o bem-estar, mas os resultados apontam para influências sazonais sob o comportamento dos animais (temperatura e fotoperíodo) e para um possível efeito danoso da remoção/interrupção do tratamento sobre o bem-estar. A análise individual também apontou, em alguns casos, para este efeito maléfico da remoção do tratamento e para resultados positivos quando se aplicam técnicas de enriquecimento ambiental, como redução da freqüência de comportamentos anormais, aumento do comportamento social não-agonista e redução da concentração de metabólitos de glicocorticóides. Foi encontrada ainda correlação positiva entre a concentração de metabólitos de corticosterona e comportamentos anormais. Dada a importância prática desta linha de pesquisa e a escassez de trabalhos com pequenos felinos brasileiros em cativeiro, apresentamos ainda algumas sugestões metodológicas para futuros experimentos. / Brazil exhibits a large variety of wild cat species, most of which under the threat of extinction. Reproduction in captivity is an essential tool for the conservation of these species, and it is directly linked to animal welfare. This project aimed the study of the behavior of the ocelot (a small-sized American wild cat; Leopardus pardalis under captivity, looking for potential abnormal behavior indicative of sub-optimal environmental conditions, and the testing of two environmental enrichment procedures (physical and alimentary) in search of a better understanding of this species\' needs in captivity and of better management techniques. For that, we analyzed behavioral (scan sampling) and endocrinal data (fecal corticosterone metabolites) from 12 adult captive individuais in the facilities of the Associação Mata Ciliar (Jundiaí, SP, Brazil). The analysis of data for the whole sample did not support the hypothesis predicting an influence of the environment enrichment procedures on the animals\' welfare, but pointed to seasonal influences on behavior, and to a possible harmful effect of the removal/interruption of the treatment on the welfare. The individual data analysis also pointed, in some cases, to a harmful effect of treatment removal, as well as to some positive results of the application of the environmental enrichment procedures, such as the reduction on the frequencies of abnormal behavior, a rise in non-agonist social behavior, and a reduction in the concentration levels of corticosteroid metabolites. We also found a positive correlation between concentration levels of corticosterone metabolites and abnormal behavior. Finally, given the practical relevance of this line of research and the lack of studies on small cats under captivity, we formulate some methodological suggestions for future research.

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