Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide. It is especially serious during pregnancy with serious health consequences for both the mother and her developing fetus. In humans these include fetal growth retardation, impaired cognitive development and premature birth. In rats, the pups born to iron deficient mothers are smaller, with changes in liver and heart size. As adults, the offspring develop hypertension and obesity. Why these changes occur is not clear. One possible hypothesis is that iron deficiency changes the cell membrane. I aimed to investigate this hypothesis, using an in-house iron deficient maternal rat model, designed by our group, additionally I have designed an iron deficient human liver hepatoma cell line model (HepG2). The effect of iron deficiency on maternal and neonatal erythrocytes membranes was tested. Iron deficiency significantly increased the mothers’ erythrocytes sensitivity to low osmotic pressure. In contrast, the neonates’ erythrocytes sensitivity was not affected by iron deficiency. The effect of iron deficiency on membrane protein profile was also studied in maternal and neonatal liver total membrane proteins, using proteomics analysis. Mitochondrial proteins were the most affected, especially in neonates. Whole cell patch clamp recording was used to study the effect of iron deficiency on the membranes’ electrophysiological properties. HepG2 cells had linear current-voltage relationships between -130 and +60 mV. Furthermore iron deficiency reduced the membranes’ input resistance reflected by an increase in holding current and in slope conductance. These changes were not reversed by K+ channel blockers (Ba2+ and quinine) suggesting no change in K+ channel protein expression. Interestingly and unexpectedly it increased the change in conductance, Sr2+ had a similar effect. Therefore iron deficient membranes had increased permeabilit

Se determinó el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de Anemia en 151 niños procedentes del Asentamiento Humano Monterrey I del Distrito de Ate – Vitarte, cuyas edades están entre 1 año 1 mes y 15 años, durante los meses de mayo y junio del año 2006. La anemia se evaluó a través de la hemoglobina, empleando la técnica de cianometahemoglobina, del hematocrito utilizando el método micrométrico y a través del recuento de glóbulos rojos, mediante el método de Gower. El estado nutricional se determinó por antropometría, a través del uso de sus indicadores: peso para la edad (P/E), peso para la talla (P/T) y talla para la edad (T/E). Del total de niños investigados el 49,2% corresponden al sexo masculino y el 50,8% al sexo femenino. Los resultados obtenidos fueron comparados con los patrones de Referencia del Centro Nacional de Estadística Sanitaria de los Estados Unidos de América y aprobados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Para la determinación de anemia se empleó los puntos de corte dados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La prevalencia total de anemia fue de 18,03%, encontrándose mayor porcentaje de anemia en mujeres (22.6%) que entre los varones (13,3%). Los resultados demuestran que el 25,8 % de la población presenta desnutrición crónica moderada y el 6,6 % desnutrición crónica grave, lo que nos indica un déficit en la talla con respecto a su edad, el 1,3 % presenta desnutrición aguda moderada y no se encontraron casos de desnutrición aguda grave y el 1,3 % presenta desnutrición global. De los 151 niños que presentaron desnutrición (35 %), entre el 22,0 (disminución de hemoglobina) y 23,0 % (disminución de hematocrito) presentaron un cuadro de anemia. / The nutritional state and the prevalence of anaemia in 151 children from Monterrey I, a slum located in the district of Ate-Vitarte (Lima), which ages were between one year one month and fifteen years, through a research between May and June in 2006, were determined. Anaemia was evaluated through the haemoglobin, which was evaluated using the cyanmet-haemoglobin technique, through the hematocrit using the micrometric method and through the red corpuscules count, using the Gower method. In order to determine the nutritional state, the anthropometric method was used, through the use of its indicators: weight for age (W/A), weight for height (W/H) and height for age (H/A), and. From the total of the researched children, 49.2% belongs to male sex and 50.8% to female sex. The obtained results were compared with the reference patterns of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the United States of America. For the anaemia determination, the cut points of the World Health Organization were used. The total prevalence of anaemia was 18.03%, so the percentage of anaemia in women (22.6%) was greater than in men (13.3%). The results demonstrated that 25.8 % of the population presents moderate chronic undernourishment and 6.6 %, grave chronic undernourishment, which indicates a deficit in height respect to their age, 1.3% presents moderate acute undernourishment and grave acute undernourishment cases, were not found, and 1.3 % presents global undernourishment. From the 51 children that presented undernourishment (35.0 %), between 22.0 (haemoglobin decrease) and 23.0 % (haematocrit decrease) presented anaemia.

INTRODUCCIÓN.- La alteración del perfil hematínico que conlleva a anemia como evento final, es una alteración prevalente en la población anciana sin existir justificación fisiológica que la condicione; siendo producida por una serie de elementos como: comorbilidades, limitaciones nutricionales, sociales, económicas, polifarmacia. Sería importante tener una aproximación clínico-laboratorial del perfil hematínico y valoración geriátrica de la población anciana; para conocer cuales son sus alteraciones y describir los posibles elementos a los que estarían asociados en este importante grupo poblacional. MATERIALES Y METODOS.- Se realizo valoración geriátrica integral y se tomaron muestras de laboratorio para cuantificar perfil hematínico en la población del servicio de Geriatría del HNGAI Lima – Perú. RESULTADOS.- Se evaluaron 102 pacientes 52 mujeres y 50 varones, 49% provenientes de la unidad geriátrica aguda, con una media de 79,5 años. Se encontró Hemoglobina menor de 12 g/dl (anemia) en 42 pacientes (41,11%) siendo 22 (21,57%) microcítica y 8 (7,8%) macrocítica. Se encontró ferropenia en 8 (8%) y disminución de ácido fólico en 10 (9,8%). Hubo 6 de 32 pacientes con disminución de Vitamina B12. Se encontró 38 (37.2%) pacientes independientes y 64 (63,8%) con algún grado de dependencia. Con algún grado de deterioro cognitivo 76 (74,5%) con comorbilidades importantes eran 46,42% con dificultad social moderada 68 (66%). Se encontró anemia en la población con mayor comorbilidad, menor apoyo social y menor condición económica. CONCLUSIONES: La población atendida en el servicio de Geriatría del HNGAI tiene mayor alteración del perfil hematínico, mayor cantidad de pacientes anémicos; comparado con otros grupos poblaciones y comparado con poblaciones ancianas de otro países, siendo en nuestra población relevantes la disminución de ácido fólico, déficit de Vitamina B12, la comorbilidad y limitaciones socioeconómicas. La anemia está asociada a mayor limitación funcional. La intervención de anemia en el anciano debe ser integral.

Este estudio se realizó entre el período comprendido entre Febrero a Junio del 2002. Se estudiaron 50 pacientes, (9 mujeres y 41 varones), que representaron el 18 % y 82 % respectivamente hospitalizados en los servicios de medicina del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, con Diagnósticos de Tuberculosis y Anemia con, Hemoglobina menor de 14 gr/dl para varones y menor de 13gr/dl en mujeres y en acianos varones menor de 13 gr/dl, mujeres menor de 12 gr/dl, con el propósito de tipificar y evaluar el grado de severidad de las anemias. Los estudios realizados de medula ósea fueron: 44 % de los pacientes con Anemia por Enfermedad crónica, y en el 56 % de los pacientes fueron Anemias carenciales. Del 56 % de los pacientes con Anemias carenciales el 22 % fueron ferropenicas puras , 22 % Megaloblásticas puras y un 12 % carencial mixtas. El grado de Anemia que se presentó con más frecuencia en los pacientes con Tuberculosis fueron; Las Anemias Moderadas y severas con un 44% y 42 % respectivamente, las anemias leves representaron el 14 % . Los pacientes con BK 1+ fueron un 40 %, pacientes con BK 2+ 34 % , y pacientes con BK 3+ fue de 18 % , y un 8 % de los pacientes presentaron diagnóstico de TBC extrapulmonar. / -- This study was carried out among the understood periods of February from 2002 to June of 2002, 50 patients they were studied, (9 women and 41 males) that represented 18% and 82% respectively hospitalized in the services of medicine of the National “ Dos de Mayo” Hospital, with Diagnostic of Tuberculosis and Anemia with, Hemoglobin smaller than 14 g/dl for males and smaller than 13 g/dl in women and in male cornflowers smaller than 13 g/dl, women smaller than 12 g/dl, with the classify purpose and to evaluate the grade of severity of anemia. The studies carried out of bone marrow were: 44% of the patients with was Anemia for chronic disease, and 56% lacking Anemia. Of 56% that correspond to the lacking Anemia 22% they are iron-deficiency anemia, 22% Megaloblastic and 12% was mixed. The grade of Anemia that you presents with more frequency in the patients with Tuberculosis was; The Moderate and severe Anemia with 44% and 42% respectively, the light anemia represented 14%. The patients with BK 1 + they were 38%, patient with BK 2 + 36%, and patient with BK 3 + 18%, and 8 % of the patients presented extrapulmonary loction diagnostic of TBC.

El presente estudio tuvo como Objetivo: “Determinar los conocimientos y prácticas sobre prevención de la anemia ferropénica en madres de niños de 6 a 24 meses en un Centro de Salud de Lima 2015”. Material y Método: El estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, nivel aplicativo, método descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 146 madres con niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad que acuden al consultorio de CRED. La muestra fue de 84 madres de niños de 6-24 meses. Conclusiones: Con respecto al conocimiento de las madres el 54% no conoce y el 46% conoce sobre la prevención de la anemia ferropénica; mientras que el 58% de ellas tienen prácticas inadecuadas y solo el 42% realizan prácticas adecuadas. Por ello se concluye que la mayoría de las madres que acuden al Centro de salud no conoce el tratamiento y las consecuencias de dicha enfermedad, lo que es un indicador negativo en la prevención de la anemia en niños menores de 3 años. Asimismo que la mayoría de las madres que acuden al centro de salud realizan prácticas inadecuadas para la prevención de la anemia, que consiste en no brindarles los alimentos con una consistencia, frecuencia y cantidad de acuerdo a la edad de su niño; por lo cual no cubren sus requerimientos nutricionales. Palabras claves: Prevención de anemia ferropénica, conocimientos, prácticas alimenticias. / --- The present study aims entitled Objective: "Determine the knowledge and practices on the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in mothers of children 6 to 24 months in a Health Center Lima 2015". Material and Method: The study is quantitative, application level, descriptive method of cross section. The population is made up of 146 mothers with children aged 6 to 24 months old clinic attendees CRED. The sample consisted of 84 mothers of children 6-24 months. Conclusions: With regard to knowledge of mothers do not know 54% and 46% know about the prevention of iron deficiency anemia; while 58% of them have inadequate practices and only 42% make good practices. Therefore we conclude that most of the mothers who come to the health center does not know the treatment and the consequences of the disease, which is a negative indicator in the prevention of anemia in children under 3 years. Also most of the mothers who come to the health center made unsuitable for anemia prevention practices, which is not to provide food with a consistency, frequency and amount according to the age of your child; therefore they do not meet their nutritional requirements. Key words: Prevention of iron deficiency anemia, knowledge, dietary practices.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of a degree of Master of Science (med) in population based field Epidemiology. Johannesburg, South Africa, 2006.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Epidemiology & Biostatistics. Johannesburg, February 2015 / Background Anaemia in pregnancy is a major public health and economic problem worldwide, that contributes to both maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Clinical manifestations of anaemia in pregnancy include fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, low birth weight, impaired lactation, poor maternal/infant behavioural interactions and post partum depression. Objective The aim of the study was to calculate the prevalence of anaemia in early pregnancy in a cohort of ‘low risk’ women participating in a large international multicentre prospective study (n = 5 609), to identify the modifiable risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy in this cohort, and to compare the birth outcomes between pregnancies with and without anaemia in early gestation. Methods The study is an analysis of data that were collected prospectively during the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) study. Anaemia was defined according to the World Health Organization’s definition of anaemia in pregnancy (haemoglobin < 11g/dL). Binary logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders (country, maternal age, having a marital partner, ethnic origin, years of schooling, and having paid work) was the main method of analysis. Results The hallmark findings were the low prevalence of anaemia (2.2%), that having no marital partner was an independent risk factor for having anaemia (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.78), and that there was no statistically significant effect of anaemia on adverse pregnancy outcomes (small for gestational age, pre-tem birth, mode of delivery, low birth weight, APGAR score < 7 at one and five minutes). Adverse pregnancy outcomes were however more common in those with anaemia than in those without. Conclusion The absence of a marital partner is an important non-modifiable factor that should be added to the conceptual framework of anaemia’s determinants. Although not statistically significant, clinically, a trend towards a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes was observed in women that were anaemic in early pregnancy.

La presente tesis desarrolla una evaluación de la implementación del programa de suplementación con multimicronutrientes en un ámbito rural del país desde los mismos actores sobre sus comportamientos, actitudes y razones para comprender por qué el plan de suplementación con multimicronutrientes no está contribuyendo a la reducción de la anemia nutricional en los niños menores de tres años. El objetivo general es iidentificar los factores que estarían limitando o contribuyendo en la efectividad del “Plan de Implementación con multimicronutrientes, dirigido a niñas y niños menores de tres años de la zona rural de Vinchos - Ayacucho” durante los años 2012-2013, analizando la distribución, acceso y entrega oportuna de los micronutrientes; a fin de proponer estrategias de mejora en favor de la reducción de la anemia. La investigación realizada es un estudio de tipo cualitativo que es desarrollada a través de un estudio de caso y tiene como unidad de análisis a las madres de las niñas o niños menores de tres años beneficiarios del programa. El interés es conocer aquellos aspectos de la implementación del programa con multimicronutrientes que no están siendo bien efectivizados para contrarrestar el problema de la anemia nutricional de los niños menores de 3 años en un ámbito rural. La tesis se divide en seis capítulos, el primero presenta la delimitación del problema, su justificación y objetivos; el segundo el marco teórico referencial, donde se incluyen los enfoques para comprender mejor las intervenciones de los programas sociales de cómo se deberían implementar para fortalecer la inclusión social, la no discriminación y la participación de la comunidad en condiciones de pobreza rural, antecedentes, experiencia del uso de los multimicronutrientes en el Perú y finalmente las características geográficas, socioeconómicas y demográficas del distrito de Vinchos. En el tercero se presentan los lineamientos referidos al diseño de la investigación. El cuarto capítulo presenta los datos obtenidos mediante la aplicación de las entrevistas y realizando un análisis e interpretación de los resultados. El quinto contiene las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Finalmente, el sexto capítulo presenta la propuesta de un plan de desarrollo de capacidades y estrategia de comunicación participativa para mejorar la estrategia de intervención de la suplementación con multimicronutrientes, haciéndolo eficiente en la prevención de la anemia de la población infantil. / Tesis

Anemia é doença freqüente e sua prevalência aumenta com a idade. Sua relação com demência vem sendo estudada nas últimas décadas, com resultados conflitantes. Este trabalho tem por objetivos (a) Estimar, de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência de anemia em amostra populacional de idosos do distrito do Butantã; (b) Verificar se anemia evolui como doença persistente ou recorrente nessa população e quais etiologias são as determinantes mais freqüentes dessa evolução; e (c) Avaliar se existe associação entre anemia e demência nessa amostra. Foram avaliados os 1.948 participantes do São Paulo Ageing & Health Study (braço brasileiro do 10/66 Dementia Research Group) submetidos à avaliação de demência e coleta de hemograma. Encontrou-se anemia em 203 (10,4%) indivíduos. 777 participantes (39,9%) com níveis de hemoglobina no início do estudo 13,5g/dl foram convidados a uma etapa de reavaliação, ocorrida, em mediana, 25,9 meses (intervalo interquartil: 25,1-30,9 meses) após a entrada no estudo. Essa etapa consistiu em uma entrevista estruturada, exame clínico e realização de exames laboratoriais para determinar a presença e causa de anemia. Foram realizados hemograma completo, contagem de reticulócitos, índice de segmentação neutrofílica, dosagens séricas de ácido fólico, vitamina B12, proteína C-reativa, uréia, creatinina, ferro, capacidade total de ligação de ferro, ferritina e saturação de transferrina. Para análise, os participantes dessa fase foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) participantes com anemia no início do estudo (n=203) e (2) participantes com hemoglobina 13,5 g/dl, porém sem anemia no início do estudo (n=574). No grupo 1, 145 (71,4%) participantes completaram o seguimento. 40 (27,6%) estavam vivos e sem anemia; 57 (39,3%) tinham anemia persistente/recorrente e 48 (33,1%) faleceram antes da reavaliação, principalmente por causas cardiovasculares ou neoplásicas. As causas mais freqüentes de anemia persistente/recorrente foram doença renal (62%), inflamação crônica (35%), megaloblástica (18%), ferropriva (11%), outras (5%) e inexplicada (12%). No grupo 2, 341 (59,4%) completaram o seguimento. Anemia foi incidente em 34 (10,0%) indivíduos. As causas mais comuns foram doença renal (35%), inflamação crônica (29%), ferropriva (15%), megaloblástica (12%), outras (6%) e inexplicadas (26%). Demência foi diagnosticada em 99 (5,1%) dos 1.948 participantes com hemograma válido. A análise univariada mostrou relação positiva entre anemia e demência (razão de chances=2,0; intervalo de 95% de confiança=1,17-3,41). Entretanto, após ajuste para idade essa diferença evanesceu (razão de chances=1,33; intervalo de 95% de confiança=0,76-2,33). Não houve mudança do resultado após ajuste para variáveis conhecidas. Não se encontrou tampouco associação entre anemia e os subtipos de demência doença de Alzheimer, demência vascular e outros tipos de demência. / Anemia is a frequent disease and its prevalence increases with ageing. Relationship between anemia and dementia has been studied in the past decades, with conflicting results. This study has the following objectives: (a) To estimate, according to World Health Organization criteria, anemia prevalence in an elderly community sample in the borough of Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil; (b) To verify if anemia evolves as a persistent or recurrent disease in this population and which causes most frequently determine this evolution; and (c) To evaluate if there is an association between anemia and dementia in this population sample. 1,948 participants from the São Paulo Ageing and Health Study (Brazilian arm of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group), who had undergone a cognitive evaluation and total blood cell count at study baseline were evaluated. Anemia was found in 203 (10.4%) individuals. 777 participants (39.9%), with baseline hemoglobin levels 13.5 g/dl were invited to a reevaluation step, that occurred at a median time of 25.9 months (interquartile range: 25.1-30.9 months) after study entrance. This step consisted of a structured interview, clinical exam and blood sample collection to determine the presence and cause of anemia. Total blood cell and reticulocyte counts were performed. Serum determinations included folic acid, vitamin B12, C-reactive protein, urea, creatinine, iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity and transferrin saturation. For analysis purposes, these individuals were divided in two groups: (1) participants with anemia at study baseline (n=203) and (2) participants with hemoglobin levels 13.5 g/dl, but without anemia at study baseline (n=574). In group 1, 145 (71.4%) subjects completed follow-up. 40 (27.6%) were alive and without anemia; 57 (39.3%) had persistent/recurrent anemia and 48 (33.1%) died before reevaluation, mostly from cardiovascular disease or cancer. Most frequent causes of persistent/recurrent anemia were renal disease (62%), chronic inflammation (35%), megaloblastic (18%), iron-deficiency (11%), other (5%) and unexplained (12%). In group 2, 341 (59.4%) individuals completed follow-up. Anemia was incident in 34 (10.0%) of them. Most frequent causes were chronic inflammation (29%), renal disease (35%), iron-deficiency (15%), megaloblastic (12%), other (6%) and unexplained (26%). Dementia was diagnosed in 99 (5.1%) of 1,948 participants with a valid blood cell count. Univariate analysis found a positive relationship between anemia and dementia (odds ratio=2.0; 95% confidence index=1.17-3.41). However, after age- adjustment this difference vanished (odds ratio=1.33, 95% confidence index=0.76-2.33). No change occurred after adjustment for other known variables. No association between anemia and dementia subtypes Alzheimers disease, vascular dementia or other dementia was found either.

No description available.