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O presente trabalho realiza a investigação de interações hiperfinas em amostras de silício monocristalino através da técnica de Correlação Angular γ-γ Perturbada (CAP), baseada em interações hiperfinas. Para a realização das medidas, utilizou-se núcleos de prova radioativos de 111In -> 111Cd que decaem através da cascata gama 177-245keV com nível intermediário de 245keV (I = 5+/2 , Q = 0.83b, T1/2 = 84.5ns). As amostras foram confeccionadas utilizando vários métodos de inserção de núcleos de prova, possibilitando maior compreensão acerca dos impactos gerados por cada um destes métodos nas medidas CAP. As técnicas de implantação iônica, difusão e evaporação foram cuidadosamente investigadas ressaltando-se suas particularidades. Realizou-se então, um estudo acerca das concentrações de defeitos intrínsecos em função de vários processos de tratamento térmico. Finalmente, foi feita uma análise comparativa para os vários métodos de inserção dos núcleos de prova. Realizou-se, também, medidas CAP em silício monocristalino dopado com fósforo através do processo NTD. A altíssima uniformidade de dopagem associada a este método aliada à inexistência de medidas para este tipo de material ressaltam a relevância dos resultados obtidos. Estes resultados são então comparados com os resultados da literatura para amostras dopadas através de métodos convencionais apresentando-se as respectivas conclusões. / In the present work, a microscopic investigation of hyperfine interactions in single crystal silicon samples was carried out by means of Perturbed Angular γ-γ Correlation technique (PAC), which is based in hyperfine interactions. In order to achieve these measurements, it was used 111In ->111Cd radioactive probe nuclei, which decay through the well known γ cascade 177-245keV with an intermediate level of 245keV (I = 5+/2 , Q = 0.83b , T1/2 = 84.5ns). The samples were prepared using diferent probe nuclei insertion methods, making possible to increase our understanding on the impact generated by each of these techniques in PAC measurements. Ion implantation, difusion and evaporation were carefully investigated giving emphasis on its characteristics and particularities. Then, it was made a study about the concentration of intrinsic defects as function of several annealing processes. Finally, a comparative analysis was made for all these probe nuclei insertion methods. This work also accomplished PAC measurements in single crystal silicon doped with phosphorus by means of NTD method, carried out in a research nuclear reactor. The extremely high doping uniformity allied to the non-existence of previous measurements in these materials emphasize the importance of the results obtained. These results are then compared with literature results for samples doped by conventional methods presenting the respective conclusions.

Neste trabalho, procurei construir um ajuste fenomenológico que descrevesse o comportamento das oscilações acústicas de bárions (BAO) no espectro de potência da temperatura de brilho da linha de 21cm do átomo de hidrogênio neutro, na aproximação de Limber. O ajuste obtido demonstrou ser capaz de descrever o comportamento oscilatório do BAO nas faixas de redshift analisados, que foram de 0.127 à 0.479. Quando combinado com dados de supernova, restrições nos parâmetros cosmológicos tiveram resultados mais precisos. Contudo, restrições incluindo a medida do valor local da constante de Hubble piora os dados, devido a grandes divergências nos valores da constante de Hubble. / In this work, I searched for a phenomenological fit that describes the behavior of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) in the angular power spectrum of brightness temperature of the 21cm line from the neutral hydrogen atom, under Limbers approximation. The fit obtained has shown to be capable of describe the oscillatory behaviour of the BAO in the redshift bands analyzed, that lies in the range from 0.127 to 0.479. When combined with supernova data, the constraints in the cosmological parameters produced more precise results. However, constraints including measuring the local value of the Hubble. constant worsen the data, due to great divergences in the values of the Hubble constant.

O desempenho metrológico de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) está relacionado com a sua capacidade de medir peças com a precisão requerida ou desejada. No entanto, como todo instrumento de medição, essas máquinas possuem erros que afetam as medições gerando o que se convencionou chamar de erros volumétricos. Tais erros podem ser obtidos através de modelos matemáticos que descrevem como os erros individuais de todos os componentes da MM3C se combinam por todo o volume de trabalho. Atualmente, no modelamento dos erros, adota-se a independência entre os erros individuais, entretanto, se analisada a geometria estrutural da máquina, verifica-se que existe dependência entre os erros de retilineidade e os erros angulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é expressar o erro angular em função do erro de retilineidade, possibilitando assim minimizar o número de calibrações necessárias e, consequentemente, o tempo de máquina parada requerido para o levantamento do seu comportamento metrológico. Para que se pudesse atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados os erros de retilineidade e os angulares de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas da marca Brown & Sharp do tipo Ponte Móvel. Com esses dados e o conhecimento da geometria da máquina, os erros angulares foram equacionados, calculados e comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente. / The metrological performance of a Three Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is related to the capacity of measuring workpieces with a required precision. As every measurement instrument, these machines undergo the effects of internal and external factors that affect the measurement, generating what has been denominated as volumetric errors. Such errors can be obtained through a mathematical model that simulates how the individual errors of the CMM are combined and propagated to any point within the machine working volume. Usually, the independence among the individual errors is adopted when the machine error model is built. However, if the machine geometry is analyzed, the dependence between the straightness error and the angular error can be noted. The objective of this work is to express the angular error as a function of the straightness error. The formulation proposed in this work to express this correlation minimizes the number of calibrations necessary to evaluate the machine behavior. A Brown & Sharp Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine was used for the experimental evaluation. With this data set and knowing the machine geometry, a mathematical expression relating straightness and angular error was obtained. The calculated error values were then compared with the errors experimentally measured.

Idag är det vanligt på större IT-företag att konstellationen i de agila teamen ändras i och med projektens kompetensbehov. Förutom de egna anställda, hyrs ofta konsulter in med spetskompetens inom olika områden. För att effektivisera projektplanering, kompetensutveckling och för att hitta kompetenser i andra team på företaget, behövdes ett verktyg för att hantera kompetenserna på företaget. Denna rapport bygger på ett uppdrag förmedlat av Transportstyrelsen. Transportstyrelsens IT-enhet växer och ett stort antal konsulter är ständigt på plats. Uppdraget gick ut på att ta fram en prototyp till en webbaserad plattform för att hantera de olika teamens kompetenser. Projektet resulterade i en webbapplikation med ett användargränssnitt byggt i Angular med data lagrad i en code first-baserad SQL-server. Kommunikationen mellan Angular och SQL-servern görs över ett Web-Api. / Today, it is common for large IT companies that the constellation of the agile teams changes based on the projects skills requirements. In addition to their own employees, consultants are often hired with excellence in different areas. In order to streamline project planning, skills development and finding skills in other teams in the company, a tool was required to manage the skills in the company.   This report is based on a mission conveyed by the Swedish transport Agency. The Transport Agency's IT unit is growing and a large number of consultants are constantly present. The mission was to produce a prototype of a web-based platform to handle teams various skills.   The project resulted in a web application with a user interface built in Angular with data stored in a code first-based SQL server. Communication between Angular and the SQL Server is done over a Web Api.

A tomada de decisão diz respeito a um componente essencial para o desempenho de inúmeras habilidades motoras, principalmente aquelas que envolvem julgamentos e escolhas. Duas correntes teóricas se destacam nesse âmbito: uma, com foco nos níveis de experiência e conhecimento dos indivíduos e, outra, na percepção de variáveis físicas que refletem a coordenação interpessoal. No presente estudo ambas foram consideradas conjuntamente. Investigou-se como indivíduos de diferentes níveis de experiência, conhecimento e habilidade decidiam sobre o passe de bola com base em relações interpessoais angulares. Ângulo foi escolhido como variável coletiva em razão de capturar as relações interpessoais em situações de passes e interceptação de passes. Foram filmados dois jogos de futsal com jogadores experientes e inexperientes entre 13 e 14 anos de idade. As relações interpessoais angulares foram compostas por: ângulo A, interação de vetores ligando o portador da bola com seu marcador e seu companheiro de time; e, ângulo B, interação de vetores ligando o portador da bola com seu companheiro de time e o marcador dele. Essas relações angulares também foram consideradas em relação à taxa de mudança com base em velocidade e variabilidade. Todas as medidas foram calculadas com base nos deslocamentos dos jogadores adquiridos por meio do software TACTO, em relação às coordenadas x e y, numa frequência de 25 Hz. Os dados foram analisados através do teste U de Mann-Whitney, considerando-se o nível de significância de p<=0,05. Os resultados obtidos referentes aos níveis de experiência e de conhecimento não revelaram diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis angulares. Já com relação ao nível de habilidade, diferenças significativas foram encontradas somente para a velocidade angular (B). No que diz respeito à efetividade do passe, os resultados revelaram que independente dos níveis de experiência, conhecimento e habilidade, os passes efetivos foram realizados com base no ângulo (B). Os resultados permitem concluir que os jogadores, independente dos níveis de experiência e de conhecimento, utilizaram as mesmas relações interpessoais angulares para realização do passe, e que o ângulo (B) foi aquele que influenciou na eficiência do passe / The decision-making is an essential component for the performance of a number of motor skills, meanly for those that involve judgments and choices. Two theoretical perspectives highlight in this context: one focusing on the levels of experience and knowledge of individuals, and another, on the perception of physical variables that reflect the interaction between individuals and their environments. In the present study both of them were considered together. We investigated how individuals with different levels of experience, knowledge and skill decided on the pass of the ball based on angular interpersonal interactions. The angle was chosen as collective variable due it be able to capture the interpersonal relationships in situations of passing and intercepting of passing. Two futsal games were filmed with experienced and inexperienced players between 13 and 14 years old. The angular interpersonal relationships were: angle A, passing vector angle to the ball carriernearest defender\'s vector; and angle B, vector angle to the ball carrier-teammate\'s nearest defender\'s vector. These angular relationships were also considered in relation to their rate of change based on velocity and variability. All measures were calculated based on the displacements of the players relative to the x and y coordinates, which were acquired through the TACTO software in a frequency of 25 Hz. The data have been analysed by the U teste of Mann-Whitney considering the level of significance p<=0.05. The results obtained related to the levels of experience and knowledge haven´t revealed significant differences in none of the angular variables. But considering the level of skill, significant differences have been found only towards the angular velocity (B). Regarding the effectiveness of the pass the results showed that despite the levels of experience, knowledge and skill, the effective pass been carried out based on angle (B). The results allow concluding that players, regardless of level of experience and knowledge, used the same angular interpersonal relationships for performing the pass. In addition, that the efficiency of passing was influenced by the angle (B)

Det finns många ramverk för att optimera utveckling av en webbapplikation. Angular, React och Vue är tre av de största JavaScript baserade front-end ramverken för utveckling av webbapplikationer. Eftersom de är bland de populäraste JavaScript ramverken vill den här studien bidrar den här studien att utvidga kunskapen om JavaScript ramverk. Detta för att göra det lättare att välja ett Java-Script ramverk som passar för utvecklarens behov. Syftet med denna studie är att med hjälp av tre olika webbapplikationer skapade i Vue, Angular och React, gjordes en jämförelse för att mäta prestandan av bilder och video. Med denna jämförelse går det att se vilket ramverk som presterar bäst och underlättar valet av ramverk.En litteraturstudie gjordes för att införskaffa kunskap om hur de olika ramverken implementeras och hur tidigare studier inom detta område gått tillväga. Tre webbapplikationer skapades i Vue, React och Angular. Dessa applikationer hölls så lika som möjligt för att minimera faktorer. De testades sedan genom att göra tre separata test med verktyget Lighthouse där 20, 40, 100 och 200 bilder och videos testades i dessa mängder. Resultatet ställdes upp i tabeller och analyserades mellan de olika ramverken. Resultatet var att Angular fick sammanfattad poäng på 737, Vue hade 745 och React hade 747. Slutsatsen visar att React prestera bäst på rendering av videos. Vue presterade bäst på bilder. Angular var det sämst presterande ramverket på majoriteten av kriterierna. React presterade bäst om alla resultat läggs ihop. Vid webbapplikationer som hanterar bilder rekommenderas Vue att användas i övriga fall rekommen-deras React. / There are many ramverk for optimizing the development of a web application. Angular, React and Vue are three of the largest JavaS-cript based front-end ramverk for webpage development. As these are among the most popular JavaScript ramverk, this study wants to help expand your knowledge of JavaScript ramverk. This is to make it easier to choose a JavaScript framework that suits the devel-oper's needs. The purpose of this study is to use three different web applications created in Vue, Angular and React. A comparison was made to measure the performance of images and video. With this comparison, it is possible to see which framework performs best and facilitates the choice of framework.A literature study was conducted to acquire knowledge of how the various ramverk are implemented and how previous studies in this area have proceeded. Three web applications were created in Vue, React and Angular. These applications were kept as equal as possible to minimize factors. They were then tested by doing three separate tests with the tool Lighthouse where 20, 40, 100 and 200 images and videos were tested in these quantities. The results were presented in tables and analysed between the different ramverk. The result was that Angular got a total score of 737, Vue had 745 and React had 747. The conclusion is that React performs best in rendering videos. Vue performed best on pictures. Angular was the worst performing framework on the majority of the criteria. React performed best if all results are added together. For web applications that handle images, Vue is recommended to be used in other cases, React is recommended.

Affärssystem som inte har tydliga användargränssnitt tenderar att göra användarvänligheten sämre, vilket i sin tur kan leda till att delar av systemet inte nyttjas effektivt. Det kan därför vara lämpligt att ha en specifik och tydlig processbeskrivning för utveckling av system med hänsyn till användarvänlighet. I detta projekt undersöktes möjligheten att ta fram en processbeskrivning för IT-projekt vid framtagning av ett nytt gränssnitt i ett system. Mer konkret så är frågan som ska besvaras i denna rapport följande: ”Hur ska en utvecklingsmetod eller utvecklingsprocess för IT-system se ut för att tillvarata vetenskapliga, teoretiska och tekniska aspekter på Människa-Dator Interaktion (MDI)?” En fallstudie i detta projekt har utförts på företaget GMP-Systems AB. För att komma fram till ett resultat, och för att få svar på frågeställningen, så har en litteraturstudie på aspekter inom MDI utförts. Dessutom har en analys huruvida teknisk implementation av detta kan åstadkommas med hjälp av ramverk. Vidare har intervjuer genomförts, samt tester där användaren har fått interagera med systemet. Resultatet av feedbacken har sedan analyserats. Detta för att senare kunna bygga prototyper till systemet. I resultatdelen levereras en utvecklingsmetod och en processbeskrivning som är kopplad till den litteraturstudie och de erfarenheter som erhållits från projektets fallstudie. Till företaget GMP-Systems levereras en prototyp, en use-case model[1] med user-stories[2] samt ett sekvensdiagram[3]. [1] Use-Case Model är en beskrivning på åtgärder och handlingar som en användare kan utföra, och definierar interaktionen mellan rollerna i ett system för att utföra ett mål.[2] User-stories är ett verktyg inom systemutveckling för att kunna ta fram en beskrivning av önskad funktionalitet som ofta utgår utifrån ett användarperspektiv.[3] Ett sekvensdiagram visar metodanrop mellan objekt i en tidsbegränsad situation och vilken ordning. / Business systems lacking a clear interface and subsequently a diminished usability, can lead to limited usage or no usage of parts of the system. It may therefore be critical to have a process outlined for the development of such system and its interface to ensure that all parts of the system are used.   The objective of this case study was to investigate whether it is possible to develop a process description for IT projects at the initial stages of the development phase of a new interface in a system. More specifically, the question investigated in this report follows:  “How should a development method or development process for IT systems look to seize scientific, theoretical and technical aspects of Human Computer Interaction (HCI)?” A case study of the project was carried out at the company GMP-Systems AB. A literature-study on aspects of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) was carried out to arrive at a result and answer the question. Further, an analysis was conducted to consider whether the technical implementation of such process can be accomplished by adopting frameworks. In addition, interviews were conducted with users that have interacted with the system, and an analysis was carried out on the feedback provided to develop prototypes for the system. A development method and process description linked to the literature and the experience gained from the projects case study is outlined in the result section. To the client, GMP-Systems, a prototype, a use-case model[1] with user-stories[2] and a sequential diagram[3] will be delivered.  Keywords: HCI, evaluation method, Angular JS, Knockout JS, React, Moqups, process description, development method. [1] Use-Case model is a description of actions that a user can perform and defines the interaction between the roles of a system to accomplish a goal[2] User stories are a tool in system development to provide a description of the desired functionality, often from an end user perspective.[3] A sequential diagram shows how objects operate with one another and in what order.

To address key challenges for both quantum communication and quantum computing applications in a simultaneous manner, we propose to employ the photon angular momentum approach by invoking the well-known fact that photons carry both the spin angular momentum (SAM) and the orbital angular momentum (OAM). SAM is associated with polarization, while OAM is associated with azimuthal phase dependence of the complex electric field. Given that OAM eigenstates are mutually orthogonal, in principle, an arbitrary number of bits per single photon can be transmitted. The ability to generate/analyze states with different photon angular momentum, by using either holographic or interferometric methods, allows the realization of quantum states in multidimensional Hilbert space. Because OAM states provide an infinite basis state, while SAM states are 2-D only, the OAM can also be used to increase the security for quantum key distribution (QKD) applications and improve computational power for quantum computing applications. The goal of this paper is to describe photon angular momentum based deterministic universal quantum qudit gates, namely, {generalized-X, generalized-Z, generalized-CNOT} qudit gates, and different quantum modules of importance for various applications, including (fault-tolerant) quantum computing, teleportation, QKD, and quantum error correction. For instance, the basic quantum modules for quantum teleportation applications include the generalized-Bell-state generation module and the QFT-module. The basic quantum module for quantum error correction and fault-tolerant computing is the nonbinary syndrome calculator module. The basic module for entanglement assisted QKD is either the generalized-Bell-state generation module or the Weyl-operator-module. The possibility of implementing all these modules in integrated optics is discussed as well. Finally, we provide security analysis of entanglement assisted multidimensional QKD protocols, employing the proposed qudit modules, by taking into account the imperfect generation of OAM modes.