Objetivo: Alternativas para o tratamento da doença periodontal necessitam ser testadas e uma opção viável parece ser o uso da terapia antimicrobiana fotodinâmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da terapia antimicrobiana fotodinâmica através das alterações no perfil microbiológico e no padrão de citocinas após o tratamento da doença periodontal induzida por ligaduras em cães. Métodos: Para tanto, foi induzida doença periodontal através da colocação de ligaduras em torno dos pré-molares mandibulares bilaterais em oito cães. Após a indução da doença os sítios foram aleatoriamente tratados através de raspagem e alisamento radicular (RAR) com instrumentos manuais, terapia antimicrobiana fotodinâmica (TAF) com a utilização de uma fonte de luz laser associada a um fotosensitizador, ou através da combinação das terapias. Para a análise da resposta dos sítios frente aos tratamentos, diferentes tempos experimentais foram utilizados (baseline, uma, três e quatro semanas) onde foram coletadas amostras de placa dentobacteriana subgengival e a contagem de 40 espécies microbianas foi determinada através da técnica de hibridização DNA-DNA. Além disso, amostras de tecidos periodontais foram removidas e a expressão gênica de diferentes citocinas (TNF-&alpha;, RANKL, OPG, MMP-1, IL-6 e IL-10) foi determinada pela técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase quantitativa em tempo real. Os dados foram analisados através dos testes de equações de estimação generalizadas (EEG) e análise da variância (ANOVA) com um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Os dados demonstraram uma redução dos níveis da maioria das espécies bacterianas monitoradas após uma semana para todos os tratamentos realizados (P < 0,001), no entanto, um aumento na contagem média de P. intermedia (P <0,01), P. nigrescens (P < 0,001) e T. forsythia (P < 0,05) foi observado para os sítios tratados por TAF e por RAR + TAF. Após quatro semanas foi observada uma possível recolonização de P. gingivalis e T. denticola, para todos os tratamentos testados (P < 0,001). A contagem média de T. forsythia manteve-se elevada durante o curso do estudo, especialmente para TAF e RAR + TAF. Adicionalmente foi observada uma notável redução da contagem média de A. actinomycetemcomitans para o grupo TAF (P < 0,001). Em relação ao perfil das citocinas avaliadas, os resultados foram similares para todos os tratamentos testados. O fator tempo foi considerado estatisticamente significante independente do tratamento realizado (P < 0,001) e não foi observada influência dos tratamentos sobre os resultados (P > 0,05). Foi observada uma redução progressiva na expressão das citocinas durante os períodos de observação, entretanto entre os períodos de três e quatro semanas não houve diferença estatisticamente significante (P > 0,05). Conclusões: De acordo com o modelo experimental utilizado neste estudo os dados sugerem que os tratamentos testados afetaram diferentemente as espécies bacterianas monitoradas e apresentaram um efeito similar na expressão das citocinas avaliadas. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on microbiological profile and cytokine pattern in dogs. Periodontal disease was induced by placing 3.0 silk ligatures around the mandibular pre-molars bilaterally during 8 weeks. The dogs were randomly treated with aPDT using a dye/laser system, scaling and root planning (SRP) or with the association of treatments (SRP+aPDT). Plaque samples were collected at baseline, 1, 3 and 4 weeks and the mean counts of 40 species were determined using DNA-DNA hybridization. Gingival biopsies were removed and the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-&alpha;), receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1), interleukin (IL) 6, IL-10 and total bacterial load by analysis of 16S rRNA gene were evaluated through RealTime PCR. The results shows that the levels of the majority of the species were reduced one week post therapy for all treatments, however, an increase in counts of Prevotella intermedia (P =0.00), Prevotella nigrescens (P =0.00) and Tannerella forsythia (P =0.00) was observed for aPDT and SRP+aPDT. After 4 weeks a regrowth of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P =0.00) and Treponema denticola (P =0.00), was observed for all treatments, also a strikingly reduction of counts on counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was observed for the aPDT (P =0.00). For the cytokine pattern the results were similar for all treatments and it was observed a reduction in the expression of cytokines and bacterial load throughout the study. Our results suggest that SRP, aPDT in a single application and SRP+aPDT affects different bacterial species and have similar effects on the expression of cytokines evaluated during the treatment of ligature-induced periodontitis.

A Ciclosporina A (CsA) é o medicamento de escolha utilizado no controle da rejeição de órgãos em pacientes transplantados. Efeitos adversos associados ao fármaco, como alterações ósseas e o aumento gengival são fatores de risco para a doença periodontal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da indução de doença periodontal no tecido ósseo, tecido epitelial e tecido conjuntivo de ratos previamente tratados com a CsA. Foram utilizados quarenta ratos Wistar, com 12 semanas de vida, divididos em quatro grupos (n=10): grupo Controle (GC); grupo Ciclosporina A (GCsA), administração de 10mg/kg de CsA durante sessenta dias a partir do início do experimento; grupo Ciclosporina A Ligadura (GCsAL), inserção da ligadura após trinta dias do início do experimento e administração de 10mg/Kg de CsA desde o início do experimento, durante sessenta dias; grupo Ligadura (GL), inserção da ligadura após trinta dias do início do experimento. Os animais foram sacrificados após sessenta dias por meio de perfusão cardíaca para a realização da análise histológica e histomorfométrica do tecido gengival e tecido ósseo, análise radiográfica do suporte ósseo periodontal e da densidade radiográfica e análise bioquímica da Fosfatase Alcalina. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA, Tukey) a 5% e ao teste não paramétrico de Kruskal- Wallis. Os valores médios para GC (60.5 2.22%) e GCsAL (58.1 2.24%) foram equivalentes entre si para o suporte ósseo periodontal e diferentes de GCsA (55.0 4.44%) e GL (54.8 3.11%) (p=0.0007). Os valores médios da densidade radiográfica não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa (p=0.1776). Em relação à fosfatase alcalina, novamente não foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0.2806). Os valores médios de células TRAP+ por grupo experimental, não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa (p=0.3995). Os valores médios para GC (0.29 0.03mm2) e GCsA (0.30 0.02mm2) foram equivalentes entre si para a área do ligamento periodontal e diferentes de GCsAL (0.43 0.17mm2) e GL (0.41 0.11mm2) (p=0.3994). Na área total do tecido gengival, os valores médios para GCsA (0.088 0.033mm2) e GL (0.101 0.034mm2) foram equivalentes entre si e diferentes de GC (0.053 0.020mm2) e GCsAL (0.146 0.047mm2) (p=0.000001). Na proporção área do conjuntivo e área total, os valores médios para GC (28.60 8.64%) foi equivalente ao GCsA (32.72 14.13%) e diferente do GCsAL (38.50 10.98%) e GL (37.70 7.49%) (p=0.0093). Em relação à proporção área do epitélio e área total, os valores médios para GC (71.39 8.64%) foi equivalente ao GCsA (67.27 14.13%) e diferente do GCsAL (61.49 10.98%) e GL (63.37 7.44%) (p=0.0142). Na proporção área do epitélio e área do conjuntivo, os valores médios para GC (2.80 1.13) foi equivalente ao GCsA (2.18 1,32) e diferente do GCsAL (1.89 1.17) e GL (1.81 0.80) (p=0.0334). Baseados nestes resultados pode-se concluir que a exposição prévia a CsA não modificou significativamente a evolução da doença periodontal induzida em ratos. / Cyclosporine A (CsA) is the drug of choice used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Side effects associated to the drug, like bone alterations and gingival overgrowth are considered risk factors to periodontal disease. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of periodontal disease on the bone tissue, epitelial tissue and connective tissue of the rats previously treated with CsA. Forty Wistar rats with 12 weeks were divided into four groups: Control Group (CG, n=10); CsA Group (CsAG, n=10), with CsA (10mg/kg) administration during 60 days since the beginning of the experiment; CsA and Ligature Group (CsALG, n=10), with ligature placement at 30 days after the beginning of the experiment with CsA administration during the whole period; and, Ligature Group (LG, n=10), with ligature placement at 30 days after the beginning of the experiment. After blood sample collection for the biochemical analysis of the Alkaline Phosphatase (PA) activity, the animals were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion at 60 days after the beginning of the experiment. The mandibles were removed for histologic and histometric analyses of the gingival and bone tissues, and radiographic analysis of the alveolar bone support and density. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA, Tuckey) at 5% and to the non-parametric test of Kruskal-Wallis. The mean percentage of alveolar bone support for the CG (60.5 2.22%) was similar to the CsALG (58.1 2.24%) and different to the CsAG (55.0 4.44%) and LG (54.8 3.11%) (p=0.0007). Bone density and PA activity were not statistically different among groups (p=0.1776, and p=0.2806, respectively). The mean values for TRAP+ cells were not statistically different among experimental groups (p=0.3995). The mean values of the periodontal ligament area for CG (0.29 0.03mm2) were similar to the CsAG (0.30 0.02mm2) and statistically different to the CsALG (0.43 0.17mm2) and to the LG (0.41 0.11mm2) (p=0.3994). With regards to the total area of the gingival tissue, the mean values for the CsAG (0.088 0.033mm2) and LG (0.101 0.034mm2) were similar between each other and statistically different to the CG (0.053 0.020mm2) and CsALG (0.146 0.047mm2) (p=0.000001). Regarding the proportion of connective tissue area to the total area, the mean value of the CG (28.60 8.64%) was similar to the CsAG (32.72 14.13%) and statistically different to the CsALG (38.50 10.98%) and to the LG (37.70 7.49%) (p=0.0093). In relation to the proportion of the epithelial tissue area to the total area, the mean value for the CG (71.39 8.64%) was similar to the CsAG (67.27 14.13%) and different to the CsALG (61.49 10.98%) and LG (63.37 7.44%) (p=0.0142). In the proportion of epithelial tissue area to the connective tissue area, the mean value for the CG (2.80 1.13) was similar to the CsAG (2.18 1.32) and different to the CsALG (1.89 1.17) and LG (1.81 0.80) (p=0.0334). Based on these results it can be concluded that previous exposure to CsA did not significantly modify the development of periodontal disease induced in rats.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a complex phenotype that occurs with an increasing prevalence of about 7-34% in humans and 10-12% in non-human primates (NHPs). This study evaluated the efficacy of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri as a treatment for self-injurious behavior (SIB) and sleep disruption in rhesus macaques. The treatment was proposed to alleviate mild self-biting, sleep disruption, and reduce chronically elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity, all hallmark features of monkeys with this condition. The probiotic preparation included two strains of L. reuteri (L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 & L. reuteri DSM 17938) containing on average 200 million colony forming units per chewable tablet. The study was conducted on 14 rhesus macaque monkeys (9 males) housed at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. To our knowledge this is the first time that a Lactobacillus strain has been used as a treatment for SIB in rhesus macaques. This study utilizes motion-activated infrared camera technology, modified enzyme-immunosorbent-assays (EIAs) techniques to measure hair cortisol concentrations, and daily behavioral observations to provide an overall assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and sleep associated implications of probiotic treatment on SIB and control non-human primates (NHPs). Administration of L reuteri modestly decreased biting behavior in monkeys with SIB (F(2,12) = 5.64, p= 0.02) and showed overall decrease in nighttime activity across all subjects but did not normalize SIB to nonSIB values. Hair cortisol values are pending. These findings and the findings of previous work further strengthen the argument for probiotics as an efficacious treatment for SIB behavior.

Insekter har länge innehaft en undanskymd plats inom litterära djurstudier, och tidigare forskning har i viss utsträckning berört skildrandets svårigheter. Den här uppsatsen vill istället rikta uppmärksamheten mot litterära insektsskildringars mer-än-antropocentriska potential. Uppsatsens primära syfte är att belysa och diskutera hur insekter, samt hur mötet och förhållandet mellan människa och insekt framställs i tre utvalda verk. En betoning ligger på att uppmärksamma form- och innehållsmässiga framställningsstrategier som kan uppfattas som mer-än-antropocentriska.  De tre analyserade verken är Maurice Maeterlincks La vie des abeilles (1901), Leena Krohns Tainaron: postia toisesta kaupungista (1985), samt Bernard Werbers Les Fourmis (1991), och tillvägagångssättet har i viss mån varit inspirerat av ytläsning (surface reading). I analysen används även begrepp och tankegångar som förekommer inom djurstudier och närliggande fält. Analysen visar bland annat vilka strategier som har använts för att undvika grov antropomorfism och överdriven distansering, samt vilka strategier som använts för att undvika att positionera insekter i stereotypa roller i förhållande till människor. Analysen visar också hur verkens mänskliga jaginstanser låter sig påverkas och omformas i mötet med insekter, samt föreslår att läsaren i sitt möte med texterna kan påverkas på ett liknande sätt. Vidare tyder analysen på att skönlitterära insektsskildringar kan vara svåra att placera in i generella modeller för berättelser om djur.

Critics of animal rights often deride the movement’s proponents for having a sentimental, juvenile misconception of what animals really are, an argument bolstered by the fact that few twenty-first-century Americans besides those engaged in the industries of animal exploitation have any prolonged contact with real animals other than their pets. Until the first decades of the twentieth century, however, American cities teemed with diverse animal residents and workers, and a rapidly increasing percentage of humans grew in their conviction that these animal neighbors should be extended considerations and rights. Shifting ideas about these animals’ roles within United States society were captured in a number of new bestselling literary genres centered around “realistic” depictions of animal characters. Because animals are often conceptualized as a “contrast class” to humanity—a fundamental “Other” by which humans establish what qualities make themselves distinct and (typically) superior—analyzing these texts and their circulation within nineteenth-century culture reveals how Americans understood authority and systems of governance, and in particular how they modeled an ideal American manhood nourished by animal bodies. What forms of exploitation and control were permissible in a man’s treatment of his animals often reflected other power dynamics within society, and so these texts also provide insight into issues of class, race, and gender. Although the historical trajectory of popular culture depictions of realistic animals shows a general increase in compassion, egalitarianism, and the extension of rights, the successful removal of much animal exploitation from visibility has allowed that exploitation to grow in spite of the increasing popular sentiment to the contrary. / English

The objective of this thesis was to determine how pregnant, lactating Holstein cows on pasture interact with shade and sprinklers when offered a choice or no-choice between methods. Authors hypothesized that cows would use shade more then sprinklers, but sprinklers would be more effective at cooling cows. Additionally, authors predicted cows using shade more would have decreased lying bouts and steps and an increase in time lying, compared to cows choosing sprinkler. Results indicate cows will use both methods when offered alone or together. However, cows will choose to be exposed or in shade at lower temperature humidity index values, but as the heat load increases, cows will shift to using sprinkler just as much as shade, and decrease overall time exposed. Overall, sprinklers were more effective at reducing vaginal temperature in heat stressed cows on pasture. Cows in shade had decreased lying bouts and steps, and increased time lying.

Evaluation of many records is the only way valid judgments can be made on abundance and status. The necessity of obtaining exact dates, localities, numbers, and special weather conditions cannot be overemphasized. For this reason, records in supplement to this list are freely solicited. The present checklist includes all species and subspecies for which specimens exist. In some instances sight records have been adequate reason for including a species on the list when no specimen existed. Sight records for species which are difficult to identify have been admitted upon careful editing. The author has followed the policy outlined by Griscom (1922) with regard to acceptance of sight records. Answers are sought to six questions about the person reporting an unusual sighting.: (1) Is he familiar with the birds of his area?; (2) Is he aware of the importance of his observation?; (3) Has he ever seen the species before?; (4) Does he know the species with which it might be confused?; (5) Does his account show that circumstances were good for a proper identification?; and (6) Did he recognize it at once, or look it up later from memory?

This is a quantitative analysis of individual and sex-related variability in selected activities of captive slow lorises (Nyctivebus coucang).

The purpose of this integrative review of the literature is to examine the effectiveness of equine assisted therapy with individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). An extensive review of the literature was conducted regarding children diagnosed with ASD who received equine therapy, equine psychotherapy, therapeutic horseback riding, or horse therapy. Inclusion criteria include articles written in the English language, articles that were peer-reviewed, and had a publication date from 2006 to present. Fourteen articles were analyzed regarding children with ASD who participated in different types of equine therapy. The majority of the studies found individuals with ASD who participated in equine therapy had improvements in behavior, social interactions, and communication with decreased stereotypical ASD behaviors. Only one article found no changes in behavior. Most of the articles had very small sample sizes that limited the generalizability of the findings. There were many different ways that the research was conducted and therefore the screening measures were completely different for all studies. Many studies did not take gender of participants into account, whether the participants were verbal or nonverbal, and other treatments the participants were receiving. Although the literature analyzed had different methodologies, the overall research suggests equine assisted therapy can be a beneficial therapy for individuals with ASD and therefore could be considered a viable treatment option. The outcomes of this integrative review supports the need for larger, randomized, controlled trials with larger samples to effectively evaluate the effects of equine therapy.

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