L'objectif de ce travail est de progresser dans la compréhension du mécanisme de la réaction d'échange pour les phases Hydroxydes Doubles Lamellaires (HDL). Ainsi, les propriétés d'échange des phases Zn2Cr et Zn2Al ont été examinées pour différents anions inorganiques (Cl-, F-, CO32-,SO42-, Fe(CN)63- et organiques (tartrate, succinate, adipate, styréne-4-sulfonate). Ces échanges ont été suivis par diffraction des rayons X en dispersion d'énergie (EDXRD : Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffraction) utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron. Cette technique compatible avec une étude structurale en solution in situ en cours de réaction, nous a permis de montrer l'existence de deux chemins d'échange : une conversion directe lors de l'échange d'anions inorganiques par des anions inorganiques et un processus en deux étapes avec la formation d'un composé intermédiaire dit "de stade 2" i.e. obtenu par l'échange d'un interfeuillet sur deux, dans le cas de l'échange d'anions inorganiques par des anions organiques. Ce phénomène d'intercalation par stade serait une particularité de l'échange inorganique-organique. Une corrélation peut également être établie avec la différence d'affinité des anions pour les phases HDL, qui semble indiquer que l'échange procède par stade lorsqu'il est défavorable

The group 14 Zintl clusters [E₉]⁴⁻ (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) have been reacted with organometallic reagents in solution in the presence of alkali metal cation sequestering agents. The synthesis, characterisation and reactivity studies of the resultant complexes are reported herein. These negatively charged clusters reductively cleave one of the M–C bonds in the group 12 homoleptic organometallic reagents MR₂ (M = Zn, Cd; R = Ph, mes, ⁱPr) to yield η⁴-coordinated functionalised clusters closo-[E₉MR]³⁻. They can also activate both of the M–C bonds in Cd(mes)₂ to form metal-bridged dimers [Ge₉CdGe₉]⁶⁻ and [Pb₉CdCdPb₉]⁶⁻. Investigating the reactivity of the functionalised cluster [E₉CdPh]³⁻ (E = Sn, Pb) towards HSn(ⁿBu)₃ results in the synthesis of the novel closo-clusters [E₉CdSn(ⁿBu)₃]³⁻. The reaction of K₄Ge₉ with the heteroleptic organometallic reagent Fe(COT)(CO)₃ yields the metalated cluster anion [Ge₈Fe(CO)₃]³⁻, in which the nuclearity of the Zintl anion is altered upon coordination of the [Fe(CO)₃] moiety. Two side products have also been isolated as [K(2,2,2-crypt)]⁺ salts of [Fe(η³-C₈H₈)(CO)₃]⁻ and [Fe₂(η³, η′³-C<sub<16</sub<H₁₆)(CO)₆]²⁻. In the presence of highly reduced Zintl anions, all the M–C bonds in homoleptic mid-row transition metal organometallic reagents can also be cleaved. These ‘naked’ metal atoms have templated the formation of the endohedral clusters [Fe@Ge₁₀]³⁻, [Fe@Sn₁₀]³⁻ and [Mn@Pb₁₂]³⁻. These clusters adopt very different geometries and the electronic origin of their structures has been investigated in-depth by DFT calculations. Structural characterisation of some side products is also reported for: [E₉(mes)]³⁻ (E = Ge, Sn) and [Ge₉Mn(mes)]³⁻.

Em tempos nos quais a sociedade se volta a reflexões sobre questões climáticas e energéticas, células a combustível surgem como uma alternativa promissora no âmbito das políticas que visam o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse sentido, há ainda desafios a serem superados nas esferas fundamental e aplicada. Entender o papel das espécies presentes no eletrólito de suporte é fundamental em tal descrição. Especificamente no caso de ânions dissolvidos no eletrólito, o papel mais comumente atribuído é o de inibir o processo eletrocatalítico de interesse, por meio do bloqueio de sítios superficiais. No entanto, atribui-se recentemente ao ânion BF4- um efeito diverso; o aumento dos valores de corrente de eletro-oxidação em baixos potenciais. Apresenta-se na presente dissertação, um estudo sistemático deste processo, empregando a técnica da nanobalança eletroquímica a cristal de quartzo (NECQ), em conjunto com técnicas eletroquímicas tradicionais. Tal estudo revelou a ocorrência de diferenças notáveis nos perfis voltamassométricos do sistema eletroquímico quando da adição de pequenas quantidades do reagente HBF4. Tais diferenças têm caráter bastante especial, uma vez que nos perfis voltamétricos não são observadas diferenças marcantes nos valores de corrente entre o sistema eletroquímico com a adição de pequenas quantidades do reagente HBF4 e o sistema eletroquímico sem a adição desse reagente. À partir dos métodos utilizados e das evidências experimentais observadas, é possível inferir que o comportamento peculiar até então atribuído ao HBF4 na verdade resulta de uma contaminação com o semimetal arsênio, apesar de o rótulo do fabricante não informar sobre a possibilidade da ocorrência de traços do semimetal. / In times where the society turns its reflections on climate and energy questions, fuel cells appear as a promising alternative for the policies aimed at sustainable development. In this sense, there are still challenges to overcome in fundamental and applied levels. Understand the role of species in the supporting electrolyte is crucial in such a description. Specifically in the case of anions dissolved in the electrolyte, the most commonly assigned role is to inhibit the electrocatalytic process of interest, through blockade of surface sites. However, to the anion BF4- is recently attributed a diverse effect, the increase of the current values of electro-oxidation at low potentials. It is presented in this dissertation, a systematic study of this process, using the technique of the electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalança (EQCN), combined with traditional electrochemical techniques. This study revealed the occurrence of remarkable differences in the voltamassometric profiles of the electrochemical system when adding small amounts of reagent HBF4. Such differences are special features, since in the voltammetric profiles marked differences are not observed in current values between the electrochemical system with or without the addition of small amounts of reagent HBF4. On the basis of methods utilized and the experimental evidence observed, it is possible to infer that the peculiar behavior previously attributed to HBF4 actually results from a semimetal contamination with arsenic, although the manufacturer\'s label gives no information about the occurrence of traces of the semimetal.

A baixa eficiência da adubação fosfatada em solos altamente intemperizados é devido, entre outros fatores, à adsorção do fósforo (P) à superfície das argilas silicatadas do tipo 1:1 e, principalmente, dos (hidr)óxidos de Fe e de Al. Manejos do solo que induzem a solubilização de formas de P indisponíveis para as plantas têm sido intensamente estudados nos últimos anos. Uma tentativa de aumentar a concentração de P disponível na solução do solo para sua absorção pelas plantas é a mobilização de P por ânions de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar (AOBMM). Ânions derivados de AOBMM exsudados pelas raízes de plantas ou excretados por microrganismos são associados com algumas condições de rizosfera como deficiência de P e fitotoxidez de Al e interagem com o solo de forma a aumentar a biodisponibilidade de P. Dependendo dos atributos do solo, do grau de dissociação, das propriedades e do número de grupos carboxílicos dos ânions orgânicos, o P pode ser mobilizado do solo principalmente devido à dissolução complexométrica de minerais e à adsorção competitiva dos grupos funcionais carboxílicos e fosfato nos sítios de superfície coloidais. A capacidade dos ânions citrato, malato e oxalato em mobilizar P de amostras de um Neossolo Quartzarênico típico (RQ) e de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVwf) foi avaliada por meio de um estudo de lixiviação de ânions em colunas. Devido a não detecção de P nos efluentes das colunas com LVwf, foi realizado outro estudo em colunas, no qual somente citrato foi lixiviado, mas num volume maior, e as alterações das formas de P nas amostras desse solo induzidas pela lixiviação de citrato foram identificadas por espectroscopia de absorção de raios-X na borda K do fósforo (X-ray absorption near edge structure -XANES - spectroscopy). A capacidade dos ânions de AOBMM em solubilizar P foi mais dependente do teor de P disponível e de outros atributos do solo que do número de grupos funcionais carboxílicos dos ânions orgânicos. Somente o oxalato mobilizou P do RQ, enquanto todos os ânions de AOBMM foram capazes de mobilizar P do LVwf. Quando baixos volumes de solução contendo ânions de AOBMM foram lixiviados no solo, além do aumento do pH, a mobilização de P foi acompanhada pela mobilização de Al no RQ (pH água = 5), e pela mobilização de Ca no LVwf (pH água = 5.6), o que indica solubilização de P pela complexação de Al, Ca, ou Fe, de fosfatos insolúveis, ou pela inibição da precipitação de P com esses metais. Ao lixiviar um volume maior de citrato no LVwf, o P também não foi detectado nos efluentes das colunas, mas houve lixiviação intensa de Al e Fe, bem como mudanças nas proporções de formas de P no solo caracterizadas pelos espectros XANES. Embora tenhamos encontrado indícios da ação dos principais mecanismos de solubilização de P (dissolução complexométrica de minerais e troca de ligantes entre grupos funcionais carboxílicos e P adsorvido ao solo), os ânions de AOBMM mostraram pouco potencial de efetivamente aumentar a biodisponibilidade de P. / Phosphate fertilization of acidic, highly weathered soils is inefficient because of the adsorption of phosphorus (P) to 1:1 silicate clays and, especially, to Fe and Al oxides. Different soil management practices to induce solubilization of unavailable forms of P to plants nutrition have been intensively studied in recent years. The mobilization of P with anions of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) increases the concentration of available P in the soil solution for plant uptake. Anions derived from LMWOA exudates from plants root or excreted by microbes are associated with some rhizosphere conditions, as deficiency of P and Al phytotoxicity, and they interact with the soil in order to increase P availability. Depending on the soil attributes, and degree of dissociation, properties, and number of carboxyl groups from organic anions, P can be mobilized from soil mainly because of complexometric dissolution of soil minerals and ligand exchange of functional carboxyl groups and P adsorbed in soil surface sites. The capacity of citrate, malate and oxalate anions to mobilize P from a Typic Quartzipsamment (RQ) and an Anionic Acrudox (LVwf) was evaluated in a column leaching study. Because no P was detectable in columns effluents from LVwf, another column leaching study was performed, but only citrate was leached with a greater volume of solution, and citrate-induced changes at P forms in the soil were identified by P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure - XANES - spectroscopy. The capacity of LMWOA anions to solubilize P was more dependent of P status and other soil attributes, than number of carboxyl groups of organic anions. Only oxalate mobilized P from RQ, and all LMWOA anions were able to mobilize P from LVwf. Increasing of P mobilization and soil pH were followed by increases of Al mobilization from RQ (pH water = 5), and Ca mobilization from LVwf (pH water = 5.6) at lower volumes of LMWOA anions leaching. Phosphorus was solubilized by complexation of Al, Ca or Fe from insoluble phosphate minerals, or by inhibition of Al, Ca or Fe phosphate precipitation. After leaching a greater volume of citrate through LVwf, P was still undetectable in effluents from columns, but there was an intensively leaching of Al and Fe, as well as changes in proportions of adsorbed P characterized in soil XANES spectra. Although we have found evidences about the action of main mechanisms of P solubilization (complexometric dissolution, and ligand exchange of carboxylic functional groups for adsorbed P on soil minerals) by LMWOA anions, they had a little potential to really increase P availability.

Expanded bed chromatography using ion-exchange media is a powerful first step in purification processes. Expanded bed chromatography can be used to extract components from complex and viscous solution. This can be achieved because of the void created between adsorbent particles where as in packed bed chromatography, the adsorbent is too compact and dense for a complex feed stock to flow through. Expanded bed chromatography was used to purify bovine serum albumin (BSA) from chicken egg white (CEW). The high viscosity of CEW presents a unique challenge for efficient large-scale protein purification. This project aimed to optimize and evaluate a separation method that is believed to be particularly suitable for high viscosity solutions: expanded-bed ion exchange chromatography. The BSA was admixed into the CEW and the solution was pumped through the column for purification. The media used in the column was Streamline DEAE which is an anion-exchanger. The yield obtained was 85% and the purity was 57%. A mathematical model to understand and predict the behavior of expanded bed chromatography was developed to provide an estimation of the breakthrough curves obtained for BSA. A small sized porous dense adsorbent was also synthesized to enhance the purification process. This zirconia-based adsorbent allows use of higher flow velocities that is a key factor when working with viscous fluids such as chicken egg white.

A baixa eficiência da adubação fosfatada em solos altamente intemperizados é devido, entre outros fatores, à adsorção do fósforo (P) à superfície das argilas silicatadas do tipo 1:1 e, principalmente, dos (hidr)óxidos de Fe e de Al. Manejos do solo que induzem a solubilização de formas de P indisponíveis para as plantas têm sido intensamente estudados nos últimos anos. Uma tentativa de aumentar a concentração de P disponível na solução do solo para sua absorção pelas plantas é a mobilização de P por ânions de ácidos orgânicos de baixa massa molar (AOBMM). Ânions derivados de AOBMM exsudados pelas raízes de plantas ou excretados por microrganismos são associados com algumas condições de rizosfera como deficiência de P e fitotoxidez de Al e interagem com o solo de forma a aumentar a biodisponibilidade de P. Dependendo dos atributos do solo, do grau de dissociação, das propriedades e do número de grupos carboxílicos dos ânions orgânicos, o P pode ser mobilizado do solo principalmente devido à dissolução complexométrica de minerais e à adsorção competitiva dos grupos funcionais carboxílicos e fosfato nos sítios de superfície coloidais. A capacidade dos ânions citrato, malato e oxalato em mobilizar P de amostras de um Neossolo Quartzarênico típico (RQ) e de um Latossolo Vermelho ácrico (LVwf) foi avaliada por meio de um estudo de lixiviação de ânions em colunas. Devido a não detecção de P nos efluentes das colunas com LVwf, foi realizado outro estudo em colunas, no qual somente citrato foi lixiviado, mas num volume maior, e as alterações das formas de P nas amostras desse solo induzidas pela lixiviação de citrato foram identificadas por espectroscopia de absorção de raios-X na borda K do fósforo (X-ray absorption near edge structure -XANES - spectroscopy). A capacidade dos ânions de AOBMM em solubilizar P foi mais dependente do teor de P disponível e de outros atributos do solo que do número de grupos funcionais carboxílicos dos ânions orgânicos. Somente o oxalato mobilizou P do RQ, enquanto todos os ânions de AOBMM foram capazes de mobilizar P do LVwf. Quando baixos volumes de solução contendo ânions de AOBMM foram lixiviados no solo, além do aumento do pH, a mobilização de P foi acompanhada pela mobilização de Al no RQ (pH água = 5), e pela mobilização de Ca no LVwf (pH água = 5.6), o que indica solubilização de P pela complexação de Al, Ca, ou Fe, de fosfatos insolúveis, ou pela inibição da precipitação de P com esses metais. Ao lixiviar um volume maior de citrato no LVwf, o P também não foi detectado nos efluentes das colunas, mas houve lixiviação intensa de Al e Fe, bem como mudanças nas proporções de formas de P no solo caracterizadas pelos espectros XANES. Embora tenhamos encontrado indícios da ação dos principais mecanismos de solubilização de P (dissolução complexométrica de minerais e troca de ligantes entre grupos funcionais carboxílicos e P adsorvido ao solo), os ânions de AOBMM mostraram pouco potencial de efetivamente aumentar a biodisponibilidade de P. / Phosphate fertilization of acidic, highly weathered soils is inefficient because of the adsorption of phosphorus (P) to 1:1 silicate clays and, especially, to Fe and Al oxides. Different soil management practices to induce solubilization of unavailable forms of P to plants nutrition have been intensively studied in recent years. The mobilization of P with anions of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) increases the concentration of available P in the soil solution for plant uptake. Anions derived from LMWOA exudates from plants root or excreted by microbes are associated with some rhizosphere conditions, as deficiency of P and Al phytotoxicity, and they interact with the soil in order to increase P availability. Depending on the soil attributes, and degree of dissociation, properties, and number of carboxyl groups from organic anions, P can be mobilized from soil mainly because of complexometric dissolution of soil minerals and ligand exchange of functional carboxyl groups and P adsorbed in soil surface sites. The capacity of citrate, malate and oxalate anions to mobilize P from a Typic Quartzipsamment (RQ) and an Anionic Acrudox (LVwf) was evaluated in a column leaching study. Because no P was detectable in columns effluents from LVwf, another column leaching study was performed, but only citrate was leached with a greater volume of solution, and citrate-induced changes at P forms in the soil were identified by P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure - XANES - spectroscopy. The capacity of LMWOA anions to solubilize P was more dependent of P status and other soil attributes, than number of carboxyl groups of organic anions. Only oxalate mobilized P from RQ, and all LMWOA anions were able to mobilize P from LVwf. Increasing of P mobilization and soil pH were followed by increases of Al mobilization from RQ (pH water = 5), and Ca mobilization from LVwf (pH water = 5.6) at lower volumes of LMWOA anions leaching. Phosphorus was solubilized by complexation of Al, Ca or Fe from insoluble phosphate minerals, or by inhibition of Al, Ca or Fe phosphate precipitation. After leaching a greater volume of citrate through LVwf, P was still undetectable in effluents from columns, but there was an intensively leaching of Al and Fe, as well as changes in proportions of adsorbed P characterized in soil XANES spectra. Although we have found evidences about the action of main mechanisms of P solubilization (complexometric dissolution, and ligand exchange of carboxylic functional groups for adsorbed P on soil minerals) by LMWOA anions, they had a little potential to really increase P availability.

Sodium saturated Utah bentonite was equilibrated in several concentrations of various sodium salt solutions. The effect of anions on the amount of sodium adsorbed was determined. The effect of anions on the electrophoretic mobility of the clay Has also studied. The results are reported herein.

Les investigations menées après attentat par les services de police technique et scientifique ont pour but d'identifier la composition de la charge explosive employée, mais la tâche peut se révéler particulièrement difficile d'un point de vue analytique. En effet, les résidus de charge explosive sont le plus souvent présents à l'état de traces dans des matrices variées et complexes, d'où la nécessité de disposer de protocoles analytiques performants et rapides. Ces travaux ont donc tout d'abord consisté à développer trois méthodes par électrophorèse capillaire pour l'analyse (i) d'anions inorganiques avec un électrolyte de forte force ionique à base de chromate, puis (ii) de cations inorganiques avec une capillaire modifié par une double couche et un électrolyte à base de guanidine, et enfin (iii) d'anions et de cations inorganiques simultanément qui sont spécifiques à l'analyse des résidus récoltés après explosion d'un mélange acide-aluminium. La seconde partie de ce travail a été dédiée à l'analyse par électrophorèse capillaire de carbohydrates, composés pouvant entrer dans la composition de charges explosives artisanales. Un électrolyte de séparation très alcalin, à base de soude, a permis de séparer, mais aussi de détecter les carbohydrates via une réaction photochimique se déroulant lors du passage des analytes dans la fenêtre du détecteur, l'espèce détectée étant selon nos hypothèses sous la forme de malonaldéhyde ou d'un composé voisin. Une séparation en moins de 20 min de neuf carbohydrates a été finalement optimisée à l'aide d'une approche multivariée et d'une analyse de désirabilité. Cette méthode a été validée et appliquée notamment à des analyses d'échantillons récoltés après une simulation d'attaque suicide. Enfin, le développement d'une méthode d'analyse de l'eau oxygénée, grâce à sa complexation avec les ions borate, a été réalisé. Ce composé entre dans la composition d'explosifs à base de peroxyde et son analyse ouvre des perspectives intéressantes pour l'analyse des explosifs à base de peroxydes par électrophorèse capillaire. Toutes les méthodes, ainsi développées, ont été validées et appliquées avec succès à des échantillons réels. L'électrophorèse capillaire apparaît alors comme une technique de grand intérêt, complémentaire de la chromatographie ionique ou de la chromatographie sur couche mince.

No description available.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and devastating malignant tumors in Taiwan. Due to an imbalanced between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and detoxification, oxidative stress, has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis. Superoxide dismutases (SODS) play a key role in the detoxification of superoxide radicals and thus protect cells from damage induced by free radicals. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD or SOD2) is a member of the superoxide dismutase family located in mitochondria. SOD2 transforms toxic superoxide, a byproduct of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, into hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. Though reduced SOD2 protein level and activities have been reported in hepatoma tissues, it remains unclear how SOD2 expression affected the tumorigenic processes of hepatoma cells. Expression analysis of an array of human HCC cell lines revealed that SOD2 were down-regulated in poorly differentiated SK-Hep-1 hepatoma cells. Moreover, SOD2 is downregulated in 68.8% of resected HCC samples (97 out of 141 cases). Adenovirus-mediated SOD2 gene delivery increased the cellular SOD2 protein level and H2O2 production, but reduced the superoxide anion level in SK-Hep-1 cells. Furthermore, SOD2 restoration significantly reduced the proliferation, motility, and colony formation of SK-Hep-1 cells. In vivo animal model, the finding of SOD2 overexpression inhibited the proliferation of Sk-Hep-1 hepatoma cells while reduced the tumor growth in mice. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SOD2 gene transfer inhibited the growth of hepatoma cells through induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. This was associated with declined cdc2/cdk1 and cyclin B1 expression and upregulation p21Cip1 by SOD2 gene delivery. However, SOD2 overexpression had no effect on the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9.In conclusion, SOD2 overexpression suppresses the tumorigenicity of hepatoma cells and may hold promise for HCC treatment.