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The purpose of this study is to investigate how students in need of support in their language- reading and writing learning describe motivation. The intentions are to investigate how students in need of support in their language-reading and writing learning describe motivation and how students in need of support in their language-reading and writing learning describe motivational education. This is a qualitative study based on 6 interviews. The student interviews are conducted on students between 10-12 years and the selection criteria are primarily that all informants are in need of support in their language-reading and writing learning. The result shows that the informants' descriptions of motivation and motivational education were pupil-oriented, meaning that the informants gave concrete examples of what motivated them, here and now. Furthermore, the conclusion that the social relations of the informants are of great importance in motivational work, which means that the students' social relations play a major role in the work of raising the students' inner motivation. This is in line with the theoretical starting point of this study, the sociocultural perspective, which means that the social context and language is one of our most important tools for developing our thinking and creating new knowledge. In the results the informants said that communication, support or scaffolding, from the teacher is crucial for motivation, which is also one of the school's main tasks. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur elever i behov av stöd i sitt språk- läs- och skrivinlärande beskriver motivation. Intentionen med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur några elever i behov av stöd i sitt språk- läs- och skrivlärande beskriver motivation samt motivationshöjande undervisning. Detta är en kvalitativ studie som baserar sig på 6 st elevintervjuer. Elevintervjuerna är genomförda på elever mellan 10–12 år och urvalskriteriet är att alla informanter är i behov av stöd i sin språk- läs- och skrivutveckling. I resultatet framkommer informanternas beskrivningar av sin egen motivation och motivationshöjande undervisning vara elevnära, vilket innebär att informanterna gav konkreta exempel på vad som var motivationshöjande för just dem, där och då. Vidare framkom det i resultatet att informanternas sociala relationer är av stor vikt i det motivationshöjande arbetet, vilket innebär att elever i behov av stöd i sitt språk- läs- och skrivlärande anser att sociala relationer spelar en stor roll kring arbetet med att höja elevernas inre motivation. Detta stämmer väl överens med den teoretiska utgångspunkt som denna studie tar sitt avstamp ifrån, nämligen det sociokulturella perspektivet, vilket innebär att de sociala sammanhangen och språket är ett våra viktigaste redskap för att utveckla vårt tänkande och skapa nya kunskaper. Att man som lärare bör kommunicera med sina elever framkom i resultatet då informanterna menade att stöttning, eller scaffolding, från läraren är avgörande för att motivation ska skapas i undervisningen och därmed nå lärande hos elever i behov av stöd i sitt språk- läs- och skrivlärande, vilket även är ett av skolans huvuduppdrag.

Problemlösning har ett stort utrymme i den svenska gymnasieskolan. Det är en del i alla matematikens gymnasiekurser och finns till för att lära elever lösa matematiska problem och ge dem insikt i viktiga matematiska koncept. Hur går detta till i praktiken? Syftet med studien är att undersöka: (1) hur lärare implementerar problemlösning i sin undervisning. (2) Om de upplever några problem i undervisningen om problemlösning. (3) Hur upplever eleverna undervisningen kring problemlösning. För att besvara detta har metoden innefattat intervjuer med lärare och elever samt deltagande observationer. Resultatet indikerar på att lärare tycker problemlösning är en av de viktigare delarna i matematiken men att undervisning lätt blir problematisk i flera aspekter. Till exempel tar problemlösning mycket tid att genomföra och eleverna har svag tilltro till sin egen förmåga vilket försvårar undervisningen. / Problem solving is given much attention in the Swedish upper secondary school. It is integrated in all syllabi for mathematics to teach students how to solve mathematical problems, and to give them insight into important mathematical concepts. How is this done in practice? The aim of this study is to examine: (1) how teachers implement problem solving in their teaching; (2) If teachers experience any challenges in their teaching of problem solving; (3) How students experience the teaching regarding problem solving. To answer this, the method has been to interview teachers and students, and observe lessons. The result indicate that teacher find problem solving as one of the most crucial aspects of mathematics but that the teaching easily faces a multitude of challenges, e.g., students’ lack of confidence in their own ability and that problem solving is time consuming.

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Positioned within the research program and subject area of Innovation and Design, this research focuses on the relationship between tools and joint inquiry. Joint inquiry – the collaborative exploration and definition of problems and possible solutions – plays an important part in Participatory Design processes. Tools, usually involving the making or using of artefacts in workshops, are developed and used to support joint inquiry between different actors. The aim of this research is to contribute to the deliberate design and systematic evaluation of tools for joint inquiry. This work addresses the literature gap comprising a lack of systematic evaluations in Participatory Design research and a need to evaluate designed activities and environments in relation to emerging designer-participant collaborations. This research is a starting point towards developing a systematic approach for designing tools for joint inquiry and introduces two frameworks for this purpose. The first is the Communities of Inquiry framework, from the field of computer-mediated communication in distance education, which is used to identify indicators in joint inquiry. The second framework is a categorisation used to distinguish different aspects of a tool. Combining the two frameworks aids the understanding of the relationships between tools and indicators for joint inquiry. A Research through Design and Research for Design approach is used to study conversations between people and in interaction with tools. Nine design experiments are described, all of which involve the design and testing of tools to support the initiation of joint inquiry. The tools were primarily created and tested within an academic context with design students and researchers, with a focus on the topic of co-production – that is, close collaboration between academia and external actors. One tool was created and used within a museum with youth and researchers. The results from the design experiments show that the tools supported the Communities of Inquiry indicators in the following ways: eliciting metaphors stimulated humour and encouraged contributions, renegotiating artefacts provoked brainstorming, commensality promoted phatic communication and humour, the relationship between material properties and metaphors prompted problem recognition, and formats directed towards personal experiences led to self-disclosure and emotional expression. The tools were a hinderance to the Communities of Inquiry framework when there was dominant participation and when the tools were considered to be inappropriate for certain work contexts. Future research will continue to develop means of systematically evaluating and designing tools that support communicative practices in Participatory Design processes.

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