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Waiting lines is something people experience every day but many  people still hate them especially at grocery stores. For many years, the manual barcode reader has been optimal solution to deal with waiting lines at grocery stores. But, recently, Amazon and Hypercity have  shown that it could be more effective to use mobile self – checkout services to remove waiting lines. In Sweden, the idea of having a mobile self – checkout service has not yet reached out to the larger part of the market. There is, therefore, possible to benefit from introducing a mobile self – checkout service before the competitions start to move. The purpose of this study has, therefore, been to design a mobile  self – checkout service for grocery stores which fulfills the user  experiences better than available self - checkout services. The research has been conducted through a case study, this has been done to  understand the depth of the customers’ user experiences. The result has shown that people don’t like to spend too much time learning a new system and want to be competent at carrying out tasks without too much effort. The result concludes that users have high requirements for efficiency, this is because they want to perform their intended tasks without having to waste much time. The users desire to carry out their tasks with as few steps as possible. If possible, the users want tasks to be completed similar to Amazons 1 – Click technique which allows  customers to make online purchases with a single click.

BRP+ är ett ramverk som utvecklats för att mäta svensk regional utveckling utifrån ett livskvalitets- och hållbarhetsperspektiv. BRP+ omfattar ett antal temaområden som i sin tur omfattar olika aspekter och indikatorer. Den första genomförda mätningen med ramverket som grund presenterades 2018. För att studera förändring av regional utveckling över tid använder man ett jämförelseår fem år tillbaka i tiden. Detta examenarbete är en beslutsanalytisk granskning av aggregeringen av aspekter och indikatorer i BRP+, med särskilt fokus på vad en ökning eller en minskning inom en indikator motsvarar i förhållande till en ökning eller en minskning inom en annan indikator samt vilka konsekvenser ett byte av jämförelseår får för resultatet. Granskningen har avgränsats till temaområdet Medborgarengagemang och demokratisk delaktighet. Resultatet visar att konstruktionen av BRP+ medför att valet av jämförelseår får stor betydelse för hur skillnader i ett avseende värderas i förhållande till skillnader i ett annat avseende, vilket i sin tur leder till en viss problematik gällande rangordningsomkastning (eng. rank reversal) och får som konsekvens att den vägledning BRP+ kan ge beslutsfattare är begränsad. / BRP+ is a framework created to measure Swedish regional development from a quality of life and sustainability perspective. BRP + is compiled of several thematic areas which respectively include numerous aspects and indicators. To study how the regions have developed over time BRP+ uses an index year five years back in time as reference point. The first BRP+ composite index was released in 2018. This thesis is a decision-analytic review of the aggregation of aspects and indicators in BRP+. Focus lies on how the increase or decrease within one indicator corresponds to the increase or decrease within another indicator and the consequences of changing the reference year used when assessing development over time. This review has been limited to study the thematic area of Civic Engagement and Democratic Participation. The results show that the construction of BRP+ in conjunction with a change of reference year for assessing development over time has an impact on how the increase or decrease within one indicator is valued in relation to the increase or decrease within another indicator and leads to a rank reversal issue. Therefore, decision-makers may find a somewhat limited support from BRP+.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine how an information visualisation about what happens in the human body of type 1 diabetics for children can look like. Initially, theory about information visualisation, principles of information design, image rethorics and different theories around what makes a good information image was studied. Following, four pre studies were conducted to support the reason for the main study to be conducted, develop criteria for how an information visualisation should and must be, examine in what context children are used to see pictures and to get confirmation on what metaphors and explanations are used to explain diabetes type 1. The results from the pre studies were brought into a design process as foundation for the further work. The design process began with brainstorming, sketching and a valuation of the produced concepts. The two concepts which performed best during the valuation were designed and brought into another valuation fase with the target group of this thesis where one of the design solutions performed better. The conclusion of this thesis is that an information visualisation about what happens in the human body of type 1 diabetics for children can be a joyful children's book, where the pages are designed with help of design principles for information design. The images on the pages should be large enough for the children to understand what is illustrated. 15cm x 15cm has proven to be a reasonable size for the pages. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur en informationsvisualisering om vad som händer i kroppen vid diabetes typ 1 för barn kan se ut. Inledningsvis studerades teori gällande informationsvisualisering, principer inom informationsdesign, bildretorik och olika teorier kring vad som är en bra informationsbild. Sedan följde fyra stycken förstudier för att underbygga anledningen till varför denna studie skulle genomföras, ta fram kriterier för hur en informationsvisualisering måste vara, undersöka i vilka sammanhang barn brukar se bilder och få bekräftelse på vilka liknelser ochförklaringsmodeller som används för att förklara diabetes typ 1. Resultaten av förstudierna togs med in i en designprocess som underlag för det vidare arbetet. Designprocessen inleddes med brainstorming, skissering och värdering av de framtagna koncepten. De två koncept som presterade bäst under värderingen formgavs och togs vidare in i en värderingsfas med studiens målgrupp, där en designlösning presterade bättre. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att en informationsvisualisering om vad som händer i kroppen vid diabetes typ 1 för barn kan vara en lustfylld barnbok där sidorna är utformade med hjälp av designprinciper för informationsdesign. Bilderna på sidorna bör vara så pass stora att barnen kan förstå vad det är på bilderna. 15cm x 15cm har visat sig vara en bra storlek på sidor.

Due to current consumption and production patterns of products, pressure on already constrained natural resources, an increasing global population, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and reduced access to clean water globally, studying manufacturing companies’ inclusion of sustainability aspects in their product development becomes important. The aim of this thesis is to expand current knowledge on the inclusion of sustainability aspects in product development at manufacturing companies. More specifically, the expansion of current knowledge covers how manufacturing companies include sustainability aspects in product development, the challenges manufacturing companies may face when including sustainability aspects in product development, and the reasons for these challenges. To fulfil this aim, a literature study and a multiple case study were conducted at two international, listed, manufacturing companies in Sweden. Empirical data was collected using semi-structured interviews with two employees at each company and by analyzing the companies’ latest sustainability report. Empirical results include two context-dependent descriptions of how manufacturing companies include sustainability aspects in product development, 21 challenges the companies face, and 14 reasons for those challenges. Conclusions include: (1) the role of conventional methods when including sustainability aspects in product development has been largely ignored in prior research; (2) a company’s product owner influences the inclusion of sustainability aspects in product development, and in product requirements in particular; (3) the following three challenges are proposed incorporated in a comprehensive framework of challenges that has been developed in prior research: Making suppliers fulfil the sustainability requirements that are placed on them. Transforming sustainability aspects, or general goals, into measurable requirements that contribute to reduced environmental impact from products while at the same time contributing to competitive profit. Identifying how to reach economic goals more efficiently with a more sustainable initiative or solution than other initiatives.

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Epidemic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) due to its rapid spread and deep influence has been a unique phenomenon in the near history. The virus has been existing all over the world, the spread of infection is both dynamic and complex. Epidemics are a geographical phenomenon with a certain extent. Most of the factors that can be linked to the epidemic are also geographically dependent. Considering that, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can be an important tool in studying the phenomenon.The pilot study spatially predicted HIV level and investigated to what extent this is possible and how the process may look like. The focus of the study was on the technical part, to evaluate the method. The pilot study mainly used the GIS-tool Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), which is based on regression analysis. The regression type that was used was multiple linear regression that uses a dependent variable and several explanatory variables. The method assumes that the dependent variable can be explained by several variables that have a linear relationship to the dependent variable.The study area of the pilot study is Tanzania, a country located in eastern Africa. Tanzania has large socio-economic gaps and varying levels of HIV between regions. HIV data used in the pilot study comes from the Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) and the data for other variables comes from The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. The HIV model is explained on the basis of four factors: undernourished children, circumcised men, and people with only primary education and households that own agricultural land.The first step in the implementation was data preparation, the next step was to conduct a global analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. Followed by a geographic analysis with the GWR tool. The last step was to implement predictions using the created model. Four control regions in Tanzania were predicted, the model was also tested in five other African countries. The OLS analysis generates an Adjust R-Squared value of 0,436 which is a measure of the model's explanatory value of HIV. The same value for the GWR analysis was 0,502. The transition to GWR provided an improvement. Two out of four control regions in Tanzania provide accurate results. The same model also predicts relatively well in other African countries. The pilot study's results are limited by low data resolution and limited identification of HIV factors. With higher data resolution and better assurance of HIV factors, more accurate and detailed HIV predictions can be achieved. The pilot study's conclusion is that HIV predictions that obtain credible results are possible with the help of GIS-based analysis tools. As a suggestion for improvement, more high-resolution data is recommended, preferably as points. This would give the analysis better conditions for more accurate and detailed predictions. / Epidemin Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) är ett unikt fenomen i historisk närtid. Med avseende på dess snabba spridning och djupa påverkan. Den finns representerad i världens samtliga länder, smittspridningen är både dynamisk och komplex. Epidemier är ett geografiskt fenomen med en viss utbredning. Flertalet av de faktorer som kan kopplas till epidemin är även de geografiskt beroende. Därför kan Geografiskt Informations System (GIS) vara ett viktigt verktyg i studier av fenomenet.Förstudien ska spatialt prediktera HIV-nivå samt utreda i hur stor utsträckning detta är möjligt och hur processen kan se ut. Tyngdpunkten i studien kommer att ligga på den tekniska delen, att utvärdera metod. Förstudien använder främst GIS-verktyget Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) som är baserade på regressionsanalys. Regressionstypen är multipel linjär regression som använder sig av en beroende variabel och flera förklarande variabler. Metoden antar att den beroende variabeln behöver förklaras med flera variabler som har en linjär relation till den beroende variabeln.Förstudiens studieområde är Tanzania, ett land beläget i östra Afrika. Tanzania har stora socioekonomiska klyftor och varierande HIV-nivåer mellan regionerna. HIV-data som används i förstudien kommer från Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) och data för övriga variabler kommer från The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program. HIV-modellen förklaras utifrån fyra faktorer: undernärda barn, omskurna män, personer med enbart grundskoleutbildning samt hushåll som äger jordbruksmark.Första steget i genomförandet var dataförberedelser, nästa steg var att utföra en global analys med metoden Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Därefter genomfördes en geografisk analys med verktyget GWR. Sista steget var att genomföra prediktioner med den skapade modellen. Fyra kontroll-regioner i Tanzania predikterades, modellen testades även på fem andra afrikanska länder. OLS-analysen genererar ett Adjust R-Squared-värdet på 0,436 som är ett mått på modellens förklarings-värde av HIV. Samma värde för GWR-analysen landade på 0,502, övergången till GWR gav en förbättring. Två av fyra kontrollregioner i Tanzania ger träffsäkra resultat. Samma modell predikterar även relativt bra i andra afrikanska länder. Förstudiens resultat begränsas av låg dataupplösning samt begränsad identifiering av HIV-faktorer. Med högre dataupplösning och bättre säkerhetsställande av HIV-faktorer kan mer träffsäkra och detaljerade HIV-prediktioner uppnås.Förstudiens slutsats är att det är möjligt i viss utsträckning att erhålla trovärdiga HIV-prediktioner med GIS-baserade analyseringsverktyg. Som förbättringsförslag rekommenderas mer högupplöst data, helts i punktform. Det skulle ge analysen bättre förutsättningar för mer träffsäkra och detaljerade prediktioner.

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Innovators lacking a well-developed business model will fail to either deliver, or capture, value from their innovations (Teece, 2010). Today’s virtual world is rapidly expanding and the Internet has enabled new ways of conducting business by facilitating electronic commerce (e-commerce) between business and consumer. Actors in the grocery industry have therefore changed their business models by developing new Internet grocery solutions Contributions to business model literature have increased significantly in recent years, but the majority have had a rather static view of the business model innovation process, disregarding that business model innovation is subject to change and should therefore be treated as a dynamic concept. Little efforts have been invested in describing the actual process by which business model innovations have been achieved. This study contributes to business model literature by exploring the process of business model innovation in three descriptive cases in two different organizational contexts in the Internet grocery industry in Sweden. With the 4I-framework by Frankenberger et al. (2013) as a foundation and the four dimensions of a business model (Who, What, How and Why) as a lens to perceive the business model the main findings of study is that as the dynamics of business model innovation in these two organizational context differs from each other, they are also different from how the 4Iframework describes the business model innovation process.

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