Kollektivtrafiken har en viktig roll att fylla i strävan mot ett hållbart samhälle. Kol-lektivtrafiken har många intressenter och genom att kollektivtrafiken ska inriktas mot att uppfylla olika mål, som i många fall går stick i stäv med varandra, så krävs att besluten om hur en rutt ska trafikeras föregås av olika avvägningar. Det här arbetet applicerar analytiska angreppssätt för beslutsfattande på en förändring som genomfördes i stadstrafiken i Ronneby hösten 2018. Syftet med arbetet är att applicera swing weighting och even swap på beslutsproblemet att förändra stadsbusstrafiken i Ronneby. Vidare är syftet att jämföra utfallen från de två angreppssätten med varandra och med det verkliga valet och undersöka om det finns skillnader mellan dem. Studien har bedrivits som en fallstudie och metodiken för undersökningarna har bland annat varit workshoppar och gruppintervjuer. I workshopparna har deltagarna från trafikhuvudmannen fått jämföra tre alternativ mot varandra med swing weighting och even swap samt fått ge kommentarer på hur de upplevde de analytiska angreppssätten. Resultaten från workshopparna visade att både swing weighting och even swap ger samma rekommendationer för vilket alternativ som är det bästa samt ger samma preferensordning mellan alternativen. Det alternativ som rekommenderades av de analytiska angreppssätten var även det som valdes vid den verkliga beslutssituationen. Bland deltagarna vid workshopparna uppfattades swing weighting som ett bättre och enklare analytiskt angreppssätt än even swap och deltagarna uppfattade även att analytiska angreppssätt kunde vara komplement vid förarbeten vid kollektivtrafikutveckling.

Chemicals are integral to almost all sectors of society, bringing many benefits, but the sound management throughout their lifecycle is essential in order to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. The object of this study, the Authorisation regime in EU’s REACH-regulation, is one regulatory instrument to control chemicals. It is important that decision-making is consistent, transparent and open to ensure legitimacy. This is particularly true for the control of chemicals because it is a contested policy area, where policy effectiveness does not have an objective standard of measurement. With reference to this, the aspects studied were the form and application of rules and procedures for making decisions. Overall findings are that the decision-making includes published procedures and justifications for made decisions. The studied individual decision problems are open with mandatory public consultations, allowing input and participation from interested parties. Justification for choosing decision support tools with consequent effects on outcomes is less transparent. This also applies to operationalisation of some critical concepts. There is no definite or value-free method that can be applied to measure to what extent the objectives are met in all of the various decisions in the REACH Authorisation regime. This could potentially lead to decisions based on individual’s subjective judgments. The influence of individual value-based judgments on the outcome is mitigated by having groups of persons as decision-makers, rather than individuals, and by transparency. Certain decisions include value judgments on the acceptability of risk either made by expert judgment embedded in standards and protocols or included in a formal type of assessment. The underlying assumptions regarding values are not evident in these cases. The methodology for the decision-making has developed over time, with a decision support tool introduced for prioritisation. This algorithm-based tool supports decision-making, but actual prioritisations were often based on aspects not considered in the tool. This is likely to continue to be the case, even if (as foreseen) relevant and structured information on substances becomes more readily available. The first phase in the REACH authorisation decision procedures, clarifying and defining issues, is probably the single most important phase. It can also be demanding in time and resources. The regime includes sequential decisions, where the decision-maker’s information requirements includes increasing number of aspects from the first to the last decision. Since not all substances go through the entire sequence, this is efficient in terms of use of resources to elicit information.

No description available.

No description available.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka fyra till femåringars tidigare kunskaper om, samt hur de tar till sig kunskap om ett tekniskt system- i en strukturerad aktivitet. Studien är genomförd med kvalitativa intervjuer, aktivitet samt en deltagande observation vid en efterföljande lek, där barnen fick möjlighet att utforska pantsystemet. I studien deltog sammanlagt åtta barn i fyra till fem års ålder, där barnen först fick svara på en för-intervju så att forskarna kunde ta reda på barnens förkunskaper. Sedan blev barnen introducerade för en aktivitet med material där pantsystemet blev presenterad för dem. Efter aktiviteten blev det efterföljande lek som genomfördes med en deltagande observation där barnen fick undersöka pantsystemet, därefter blev det efterintervju för att ta reda på vad barnen har tagit till sig av kunskap. Resultatet i studien visar att barnen har förmåga att ta till sig kunskaper om det tekniska systemet om pantning genom sitt görande och svar på frågorna.

Kungälvs kommun har beslutat att minska andelen köpta boendeplatser för att göra kostnadsminskningar inom ramen för Lagen om stöd och särskild service till vissa funktionshindrade. För att göra detta behöver kommunen göra omlokaliseringar av individer till hemkommunen, individer som idag har LSS-boende i en annan kom-mun och eller hos en privat aktör.Syftet med uppsatsen är att redogöra för en kommuns skyldigheter, rättigheter och presentera verktyg för fortsatt arbete. Lagar och prejudicerande domar analyseras för att på så sätt belysa en kommuns handlingsutrymme vid omlokaliseringar. En workshop hålls med projektgruppen för att identifiera de aspekter som är av intresse för Kungälvs kommun i frågan.Resultatet visar på att en kommun har ett visst handlingsutrymme i hur insatsen bo-ende genomförs, samtidigt som det klart framgår av prejudicerande domar att hand-lingsutrymmet inte är obegränsat. Goda levnadsvillkor för individen väger tungt och sådana måste tillförsäkras när en kommun ska göra en omlokalisering.I uppsatsen presenteras ett begreppssystem som kan underlätta hanteringen av den typ av intresseavvägningar som kan behöva göras, och ett förslag ges på hur problem som rör omlokaliseringar skulle kunna hanteras. / The municipality of Kungälv has decided to reduce the proportion of purchased ac-commodation to reduce the cost within the Swedish act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments [Lagen om stöd och service till vissa funktionshindrade] (LSS). To do this, the municipality needs to relocate in-dividuals that has accommodation in another municipality and/or hosted by a private organization to an accommodation hosted in and by Kungälv municipality.The purpose of the thesis is to describe a municipality's duties, rights and show avail-able tools for continued work. Laws and precedent judgments are analyzed in order to clarify a municipality's room for maneuver when relocating individuals. A work-shop within the project group is held to identify the aspects that are of interest to the municipality of Kungälv in the field.The result shows that a municipality has some leeway regarding the implementation of the accommodation location, but at the same time it is clear according to prece-dent judgements that the room for maneuver is not unlimited. Good living condi-tions for the individual weigh heavily, and this must be ensured before the munici-pality makes the relocation.The thesis presents a concept system that can facilitate the management of the type of balancing of interests that may need to be done, and a suggestion is given on how problems related to relocations could be handled.

The purpose of this investigation was to explore how decision situations with varying degrees of perceived risk affect people’s attitudes to human and artificial intelligence (AI) decision-making support. While previous studies have focused on the trust, fairness, reliability and fear of artificial intelligence, robots and algorithms in relation to decision support, the risk inherent in the decision situation has been largely ignored. An online survey with a mixed approach was conducted to investigate artificial intelligence and human decision support in risky situations. Two scenarios were presented to the survey participants. In the scenario where the perceived situational risk was low, selecting a restaurant, people expressed a positive attitude towards relying on and accepting recommendations provided by an AI. In contrast, in the perceived high-risk scenario, purchasing a home, people expressed an equal reluctance to rely on or accept both AI and human recommendations. The limitations of this investigation are primarily related to the challenges of creating a common understanding of concepts such as AI and a relatively homogenous survey group. The implication of this study is that AI may currently be best applied to situations characterized by perceived low risk if the intention is to convince people to rely on and accept AI recommendations, and in the future if AI becomes autonomous, to accept decisions.

This report analyzes the consequences of the proposed changes to the revenue framework presented in the report Ei R2017:07. The analysis is made for Mellersta Skånes Kraft, a small electricity grid company located in the countryside of Skåne county. The analysis presents investment proposals for future regulatory periods. Energimarknadsinspektionen controls electricity grid owners revenues by setting a revenue framework they are obligated to follow. The revenue framework is divided into regulatory periods that extends over four years, before each regulatory period the regulatory framework is reviewed. This can entail burdensome administrative work, especially for small electricity grid companies as they do not always have the time or resources to fully evaluate the consequences of the changes that are about to come. The analysis is based on Ei's proposal to change their determination of depreciation times, determination of WACC and their age determination of specific parts of the power grid. In the result, the revenue frame is presented for two investment options as well as for the existing electricity grid in selected areas in the MSK grid. The result shows that the revenue framework will fall considerably between the current and future regulatory period, much due to the companies’ WACC is expected to decrease and the proposal to abolish the 38-year rule.

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Waiting lines is something people experience every day but many  people still hate them especially at grocery stores. For many years, the manual barcode reader has been optimal solution to deal with waiting lines at grocery stores. But, recently, Amazon and Hypercity have  shown that it could be more effective to use mobile self – checkout services to remove waiting lines. In Sweden, the idea of having a mobile self – checkout service has not yet reached out to the larger part of the market. There is, therefore, possible to benefit from introducing a mobile self – checkout service before the competitions start to move. The purpose of this study has, therefore, been to design a mobile  self – checkout service for grocery stores which fulfills the user  experiences better than available self - checkout services. The research has been conducted through a case study, this has been done to  understand the depth of the customers’ user experiences. The result has shown that people don’t like to spend too much time learning a new system and want to be competent at carrying out tasks without too much effort. The result concludes that users have high requirements for efficiency, this is because they want to perform their intended tasks without having to waste much time. The users desire to carry out their tasks with as few steps as possible. If possible, the users want tasks to be completed similar to Amazons 1 – Click technique which allows  customers to make online purchases with a single click.