Permanent production and use of organic chemicals for many purposes has resulted in their introduction and accumulation in the environment. Depending on their physicochemical properties they can be transported by different ways from the source to very remote regions of the planet. Many organic chemicals are used in agriculture as pesticides for cultures protection or nutrient. Residues of these chemicals can always be found in fields, and under the effect of precipitations they leach and pass in streams and rivers. Pharmaceuticals and personal health care products and other house holding chemicals are continuously introduced in the environment through municipal wastewaters. These substances exhibit, in most of the cases, perturbation effects towards the living organisms, moreover the effect of many of them is not known yet. Despite their concentration in water is low, the exposure of organisms for long periods can lead to negative consequences, but these effects cannot be measured instantly. In order to reduce or avoid the pollution of water with chemicals many water treatment methods has been developed like adsorption of pollutants on adsorbents, membrane filtration, microbiological treatment, chemical oxidation with oxidizing agents and advanced oxidation processes. Most of the methods used in waste water treatment plants (WWTP) do not completely destroy the organic contaminants or they only separate the contaminants from water. Then they have to be deposed somewhere else remaining always a potential source of contamination. Advanced oxidation processes and in particular electrochemical advanced oxidation processes are methods developed later and are proven as more effective as they can completely oxidize the organic matter in water. The subject of this thesis is the use of electro-Fenton, an electrochemical advanced oxidation process for efficient destruction of organic pollutants in aqueous medium. In this method, organic pollutants are eliminated by H hydroxyl radicals (high oxidation power species) which are produced in situ through the Fenton's reagent (H2O2 + Fe2+) itself generated in the solution electrochemically and continuously. In this process, the electrode material is of fundamental importance in order to have an efficient process, so we have studied at large extent the influence of both cathode and anode material in this work. Firstly a systematic study on the oxidation capacity of the process of amoxicillin (AMX) as model pollutant with several anodes materials: BDD, Pt, DSA, PbO2 Carbon felt, Graphite and Carbon fibre was realised. In all cases a stainless steel electrode was used as cathode. The degradation of AMX was followed by HPLC analysis whereas the mineralization efficiency ot the process was measured by total organic carbon analyser (TOC). This revealed that BDD was the most efficient anode for AMX oxidation and DSA was the weakest one. Carbon felt showed a characteristic behaviour; it was very efficient on AMX oxidation but it could not transform AMX to CO2 and H2O. Afterwards four anodes were tested for their influence on electro-Fenton process efficiency namely Pt, BDD, DSA and Carbon felt, the cathode was always carbon felt. Sulfamethazine (SMT) was used as model pollutant. Apparent rate constants have given only moderate values of mineralization for currents lower than 100 mA. Here again the BDD anode was distinguished for its excellent mineralization capacity owing to the additional hydroxyl radicals and other oxidizing species introduced in the system. When electro-Fenton applied good degradation and mineralization results were obtained even with the DSA anode (...)

L'usage intensif de pesticides dans l'agriculture engendre une contamination sans précédent des eaux de surface et des nappes phréatiques. Les traitements classiques appliqués aux eaux usées contenant des produits organiques polluants sont basés sur la biodégradation ou sur des méthodes physiques de transfert de masse (décantation, filtration, adsorption des polluants sur du charbon actif) ou des procédés chimique tels que l'oxydation à l'ozone ou au chlore. Cependant, ces procédés demeurent inefficaces dans le cas de traitement des eaux contaminées par les polluants organiques persistants (POPs). Les procédés d'oxydation avancés sont mis en œuvre pour dégrader ou même minéraliser ces polluants. Ce travail a donc pour objectif de déterminer un protocole expérimental pour détruire efficacement les pesticides, produits chimiques largement utilisés dans l'agriculture au Maroc, tels que le monochloro-benzène, le 1,2-dichlorobenzène, l'acide 2,4,5-trichlorophénoxy-acétique, et l'imazalil en utilisant les procédés d'oxydation avancée électro-Fenton et oxydation anodique avec différentes anodes telles que BDD, Pt et DSA. Ainsi, nous avons trouvé que le taux de minéralisation par procédé électro-Fenton avec l'anode BDD était de 92%, 95%, 92% et 97%pour le monochloro-benzène, le 1,2-dichlorobenzène, l'acide 2,4,5-trichlorophénoxy-acétique, et l'imazalil, respectivement, après 4 h de traitement. Ces résultats confirment l'efficacité des procédés d'oxydation avancés électrochimiques dans le traitement des eaux polluées par des pesticides / The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture generates, nowadays, an unprecedented contamination of surface water and groundwater. Conventional treatments applied to waste water containing organic pollutants are based on biological treatments méthods or physical mass transfer methods (decantation, filtration, adsorption of the pollutants on activated carbon), chemical oxidation with ozone, chlorine, etc. However, these methods remain ineffective for the treatment of water polluted by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Advanced oxidation processes are implemented to degrade and mineralize these pollutants. This PhD thesis work aims to establish an experimental protocol to degrade and mineralize pesticides, chemicals widely used in agriculture in Morocco, such as monochlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid , and imazalil using the electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes with DD Pt or DSA anodes. Thus, the rate of mineralization was 92%, 95%, 92% and 97% for the monochloro-benzene, the 1,2-dichlorobenzene, the 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid , and the imazalil, respectively, after 4 h treatment by electro-Fenton process. These results confirm the effectiveness of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for treating water polluted by pesticides

A oxidação anódica local utilizando o Microscópio de Força Atômica (AFM - Atomic Force Microscopy) foi investigada aplicando-se uma tensão negativa entre sonda de nitreto de silício e superfícies de Si. Todas as amostras foram limpas em uma solução de 1 NH4OH (30%): 1H2O2 (38%): 4H2O(DI) a 80ºC conhecida na literatura como SC1 (Standard Cleaning 1) ou, alternativamente, uma imersão em solução diluída de ácido hidrofluorídrico seguido de SC1 ou fervura em álcool isopropílico. As nano-oxidações consistiram de padrões quadrados localizados de óxido com área de 0,25 µm² e foram obtidos através do crescimento de linhas paralelas com espaço e comprimento interlinear constante (<2 nm) e várias varreduras dos quadrados em uma mesma área. Das análises de AFM, foram obtidos perfis transversais e 3D, os quais foram empregados na obtenção da espessura do óxido como função da tensão aplicada, número de varreduras e intervalo de tempo após a limpeza SC1. Foi observado que a espessura aumenta com a tensão negativa aplicada e com o número de varreduras. Também foram realizadas simulações para levantar as distribuições de tensão e de campo elétrico no sistema sonda-ar-silício ou sonda-ar-óxido-silício(substrato). Observou-se uma oxidação local assistida por um alto campo elétrico capaz de induzir difusão iônica local finita na extremidade da sonda. Foi simulado também o efeito das diferentes terminações de sonda do AFM, circular ou pontiaguda, no campo elétrico e na queda de tensão. Foram também realizadas oxidações com sondas recobertas com ouro em superfícies de Si precedidas de imersão simples em solução de ácido hidrofluorídrico seguido ou não do procedimento de limpeza SC1. Por fim, análises de absorção por infravermelho (FTIR) foram realizadas em superfícies de Si oxidadas por AFM para analisar a estrutura dos óxidos anódicos obtidos. A oxidação anódica utilizando sondas de nitreto de silício ocorre apenas após pré-limpeza terminada com SC1, sendo catalisada pelos altos campos elétricos (_ 106 V/cm), tendo como elementos reagentes, as espécies H2O adsorvidas e o óxido nativo hidrolisado na superfície após a etapa de limpeza SC1. / Local anodic oxidation of silicon using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was investigated by applying a negative voltage between silicon nitride tip and Si surfaces. All samples were cleaned with an ammonium-based solution known in literature as standard cleaning 1 (SC1) or a dip in a diluted hydrofluoric acid solution followed by SC1 or, also, boiling in isopropyl alcohol. Localized squares patterns of oxide, 0.25 µm² in area, were formed by growing parallel lines with constant interlinear spacing and length and several scans in the same area. From AFM analysis with non-biased tip, it was obtained 3D and section profiles, which were used to obtain the oxide thickness as a function of the applied voltage, number of scans and interval of time after SC1 cleaning. It was noteworthy that thickness increases with the applied negative voltage and with the number of scans. Simulations were performed in order to model voltage and electric field distributions of the system tip-air-silicon or tip-air-oxide-silicon(substrate) indicating a local oxidation assisted by high electrical field and local ionic diffusion of species. It was simulated the effect of tip termination, circular or sharpen, on the electric field and voltage distributions. In addition, oxidations were performed using Au coated tips onto Si surfaces previously dipped in diluted hydrofluoric acid solution followed or not by SC1 cleaning process. Finally, infrared absorption analysis (FTIR) were performed in order to analise the structure of the obtained anodic oxides. The anodic oxidation using silicon nitride tips has occurred only after SC1 precleaning step, being catalized by high electric field (_ 106 V/cm), having as reagents, the adsorbed water species and hydrolized native oxide on the surface after the SC1 cleaning step.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Henrique Gonsalves.pdf: 4373254 bytes, checksum: f02417e8e185f6b65f2673e04f0855f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bioactive layers produced on titanium to induce osseointegration may not be mechanically stable and/or attend to the requirement for the bone-matching elastic modulus. The previous surface modification by ion nitriding can eventually improve adhesion and mechanical properties of such bioactive coatings. Titanium samples were DC plasma nitrided in low conditions of temperature (400 ºC and 600 ºC) and time (1 h and 3 h). Afterwards, Ca-P containing titania coatings were produced by anodic oxidation under the current density 150 m1-A/cm2 in the galvanostatic mode. The surfaces were studied by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, instrumented indentation and nanoscratch tests. Effects of roughness and substrate on mechanical properties were corrected by means of analytical methods. The treatments at 600 ºC produced a stratified surface containing -TiN, -Ti2N and N-solid solution Ti(N), whereas the 673 K samples presented Ti(N) and evidence of nitride precipitates at a very shallow depth, as suggested by micro-Raman (depth of analysis ≤ 25 nm). The asperity degree and distribution increased with the treatment temperature and time. The most significant changes in the near surface hardness (5 to 15 GPa) and elastic modulus (170 to 200 GPa) profiles in respect to the pristine Ti were observed for 873 K treatments. However, the 673 K – 3 h sample presented scratch hardness twice as high as the substrate value, even if the ductile-like tribological response was preserved. Titania layers produced by anodic oxidation presented crystallographic phase anatase concomitantly with nitride compounds. The layers presented reduced brittleness under normal loading if grown on the previously nitrided surfaces, whereas elastic modulus profiles (75-90 GPa) were kept lower than bulk Ti and close to bone values (10-40 GPa). Because of the improved load bearing capacity,layers grown on Ti PN at 400ºC-3h presented critical load in scratch tests three times higher (~400 mN) than the control one (135 mN). We conclude hat Ti surfaces can be tailored by plasma nitriding to improve their load bearing capacity for deposition of bioactive layers. / Os processos de modificação de superfície em Ti que visam induzir a osseointegração nesse material podem resultar em camadas ou filmes que não apresentam boa adesão (são mecanicamente instáveis), e/ou não atendem o requisito de apresentar módulo de elasticidade da ordem dos valores encontrados para os ossos. Neste trabalho amostras de titânio foram nitretadas e em seguida submetidas ao crescimento de filmes bioativos anódicos. A nitretação foi realizada em temperaturas de 600 °C e 400 °C, com tempos de tratamento entre 1 h e 3 h. As camadas de TiO2 com presença de Ca e P foram produzidas por oxidação anódica em modo galvanoestático, utilizando-se densidade de corrente de 150 mA/cm². As amostras foram analisadas por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia de força atômica (MFA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia micro-Raman, espectroscopia de infra-vermelho, espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS), indentação instrumentada e ensaios de nanorrisco. A análise por difração de raios X e espectroscopia de micro-Raman indicaram a presença de nitretos em todas as amostras, na estequiometria δ-TiN, e também de nitrogênio em solução sólida. Nas amostras tratadas à 600 °C também houve a presença de nitretos ε-Ti2N. Para nitretação a 600 °C produziu mudanças significativas na dureza (5 para 15 GPa) e no módulo de elasticidade (170 para 200 GPa); a condição 400 ºC – 3 h apresentou resistência ao risco duas vezes maior que o substrato de Ti, porém sem alterações no módulo de elasticidade. Na oxidação anódica, posterior à nitretação, observou-se a presença de óxidos de titânio (anatásio) em coexistência com os nitretos previamente depositados, além de quantidades menores de fosfato de cálcio. Observou-se que existe uma relação inversa entre a espessura das camadas e a eficiência do processo prévio de nitretação das superfícies. As camadas bioativas crescidas não apresentaram trincas durante os ensaios de nanoindentação, revelando-se mais resistentes. O módulo de elasticidade das camadas crescidas em quaisquer das superfícies nitretadas (75-90 GPa) é comparável aos valores dos ossos humanos (10-40 GPa), o que é favorável à biocompatibilidade mecânica das superfícies tratadas. A carga crítica para remoção da camada em ensaios de nanorisco se elevou de 135 mN (amostra apenas oxidada) para ~400 mN (nitretada 400 ºC – 3 h e oxidada). Concluiu-se que a nitretação prévia forneceu uma melhor sustentação às camadas bioativas crescidas por oxidação anódica, melhorando a sua adesão ao substrato.

Orientador: Miguel Angel Ramirez Gil / Resumo: O titânio e as suas ligas são utilizados em aplicações biomédicas devido às suas excelentes propriedades, tais como resistência mecânica e biocompatibilidade. As técnicas de modificação de superfície são utilizadas nestas ligas para alterar as propriedades de superfície, aumentar a osseointegração e evitar falhas em implantes. Além destas técnicas, a incorporação de nanopartículas na superfície do implante têm sido grande aliada dos biomateriais, em especial às do óxido de ferro, devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas, sua biocompatibilidade e biodegradabilidade. O objetivo dessa dissertação foi propor método de incorporação de óxido de ferro na superfície nanoporosa da liga experimental Ti10Mo8Nb modificada por oxidação anódica, visando aplicações biomédicas. Os lingotes da liga experimental Ti10Mo8Nb foram obtidos a partir da fusão dos metais puros em forno a arco voltaico. A anodização foi realizada para obtenção das nanoestruturas de TiO2 (tensão de 20 V por 3 h), resultando em diâmetro interno dos nanoporos igual a aproximadamente 24 nm. A síntese do óxido de ferro foi realizada usando o método dos precursores poliméricos, sendo avaliado o comportamento reológico (viscosidade de 22,65 mPa.s) e a temperatura de cristalização para formação de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro. A partir da difratometria de raios X e da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, a temperatura de calcinação mais adequada para a formação da fase pura de hematita foi 600°C. A incorporação do óxid... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Titanium and its alloys are used in biomedical applications because of their excellent properties, such as mechanical resistance and biocompatibility. Surface modification techniques are used to alter the surface properties, increase osseointegration and avoid implant failure. Beside these techniques, nanoparticles incorporation on implant surface are great biomaterials allies, specially iron oxides, due to their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. The objective of this dissertation was to propose a method of iron oxide incorporation on the surface of experimental alloy Ti10Mo8Nb modified by anodization. The ingots of experimental alloy Ti10Mo8Nb were obtained from melting pure metals in an arc furnace. Anodization process was performed to obtain the TiO2 nanostructures, with internal diameter 24 nm. Iron oxide synthesis was carried out using the method of the polymeric precursors, assessing rheological behavior (22,65 mPa.s viscosity) and crystallization temperature ideal to produce iron oxide nanoparticles. Results from X Ray Diffratogram and Scanning Electron Microscopy presented that the most adequated annealing temperature to pure phase hematite was 600°C. Iron oxide incorporation on alloy surface was performed by immersion and spin coating, and in the second method the deposition was uniform and widespread. Spin coating was performed with 3 and 5 layers of iron oxide deposition, implying that with 5 layers is most appropriate because it do... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Among the materials that can be treated in order to impart superhydrophobic properties are many originally hydrophilic metals. For this, they must undergo a sequential treatment, including roughening and hydrophobic coating. This contribution presents various preparation routes along with various characterization methods, such as dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and spectroscopic techniques (FT–IRRAS, XPS, EIS). Micro-rough surfaces of pure and alloyed aluminum were generated most easily by using a modifie Sulfuric Acid Anodization under Intensifie conditions (SAAi). This produces a micro-mountain-like oxide morphology with peak-to-valley heights of 2 μm and sub-μm roughness components. Additionally, micro-embossed and micro-blasted surfaces were investigated. These micro-roughened initial states were chemically modifie with a solution of a hydrophobic compound, such as the reactive f uoroalkylsilane PFATES, the reactive alkyl group containing polymer POMA, or the polymer Teflo ® AF. Alternatively, the chemical modificatio was made by a Hot Filament Chemical Vapor Deposition (HFCVD) of a PTFE layer. The latter can form a considerably higher thickness than the wet-deposited coatings, without detrimental leveling effects being observed in comparison with the original micro-rough surface. The inherent and controllable morphology of the PTFE layers represents an important feature. The impacts of a standardized artificia weathering (WTH) on the wetting behavior and the surface-chemical properties were studied and discussed in terms of possible damage mechanisms. A very high stability of the superhydrophobicity was observed for the f uorinated wet-deposited PFATES and Teflo ® AF coatings as well as for some of the PTFE layer variants, all on SAAi-pretreated substrates. Very good results were also obtained for specimens produced by appropriate mechanical roughening and PTFE coating.

L'usage intensif de pesticides dans l'agriculture engendre une contamination sans précédent des eaux de surface et des nappes phréatiques. Les traitements classiques appliqués aux eaux usées contenant des produits organiques polluants sont basés sur la biodégradation ou sur des méthodes physiques de transfert de masse (décantation, filtration, adsorption des polluants sur du charbon actif) ou des procédés chimique tels que l'oxydation à l'ozone ou au chlore. Cependant, ces procédés demeurent inefficaces dans le cas de traitement des eaux contaminées par les polluants organiques persistants (POPs). Les procédés d'oxydation avancés sont mis en œuvre pour dégrader ou même minéraliser ces polluants. Ce travail a donc pour objectif de déterminer un protocole expérimental pour détruire efficacement les pesticides, produits chimiques largement utilisés dans l'agriculture au Maroc, tels que le monochloro-benzène, le 1,2-dichlorobenzène, l'acide 2,4,5-trichlorophénoxy-acétique, et l'imazalil en utilisant les procédés d'oxydation avancée électro-Fenton et oxydation anodique avec différentes anodes telles que BDD, Pt et DSA. Ainsi, nous avons trouvé que le taux de minéralisation par procédé électro-Fenton avec l'anode BDD était de 92%, 95%, 92% et 97%pour le monochloro-benzène, le 1,2-dichlorobenzène, l'acide 2,4,5-trichlorophénoxy-acétique, et l'imazalil, respectivement, après 4 h de traitement. Ces résultats confirment l'efficacité des procédés d'oxydation avancés électrochimiques dans le traitement des eaux polluées par des pesticides / The intensive use of pesticides in agriculture generates, nowadays, an unprecedented contamination of surface water and groundwater. Conventional treatments applied to waste water containing organic pollutants are based on biological treatments méthods or physical mass transfer methods (decantation, filtration, adsorption of the pollutants on activated carbon), chemical oxidation with ozone, chlorine, etc. However, these methods remain ineffective for the treatment of water polluted by persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Advanced oxidation processes are implemented to degrade and mineralize these pollutants. This PhD thesis work aims to establish an experimental protocol to degrade and mineralize pesticides, chemicals widely used in agriculture in Morocco, such as monochlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-acetic acid , and imazalil using the electro-Fenton and anodic oxidation processes with DD Pt or DSA anodes. Thus, the rate of mineralization was 92%, 95%, 92% and 97% for the monochloro-benzene, the 1,2-dichlorobenzene, the 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid , and the imazalil, respectively, after 4 h treatment by electro-Fenton process. These results confirm the effectiveness of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for treating water polluted by pesticides

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelNC_DISSERT.pdf: 3182728 bytes, checksum: 8bfe4bb2137c514846453d3aeb267c09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / It seeks to find an alternative to the current tantalum electrolytic capacitors in the market due to its high cost. Niobium is a potential substitute, since both belong to the same group of the periodic table and because of this have many similar physical and chemical properties. Niobium has several technologically important applications, and Brazil has the largest reserves, around 96%. There are including niobium in reserves of tantalite and columbite in Rio Grande do Norte. These electrolytic capacitors have high capacitance specifies, ie they can store high energy in small volumes compared to other types of capacitors. This is the main attraction of this type of capacitor because is growing demand in the production of capacitors with capacitance specifies increasingly high, this because of the miniaturization of various devices such as GPS devices, televisions, computers, phones and many others. The production route of the capacitor was made by powder metallurgy. The initial niobium powder supplied by EEL-USP was first characterized by XRD, SEM, XRF and laser particle size, to then be sieved into three particle size, 200, 400 e 635mesh. The powders were then compacted and sintered at 1350, 1450 and 1550?C using two sintering time 30 and 60min. Sintering is one of the most important parts of the process as it affects properties as porosity and surface cleaning of the samples, which greatly affected the quality of the capacitor. The sintered samples then underwent a process of anodic oxidation, which created a thin film of niobium pent?xido over the whole porous surface of the sample, this film is the dielectric capacitor. The oxidation process variables influence the performance of the film and therefore the capacitor. The samples were characterized by electrical measurements of capacitance, loss factor, ESR, relative density, porosity and surface area. After the characterizations was made an annealing in air ate 260?C for 60min. After this treatment were made again the electrical measurements. The particle size of powders and sintering affected the porosity and in turn the specific area of the samples. The larger de area of the capacitor, greater is the capacitance. The powder showed the highest capacitance was with the smallest particle size. Higher temperatures and times of sintering caused samples with smaller surface area, but on the other hand the cleaning surface impurities was higher for this cases. So a balance must be made between the gain that is achieved with the cleaning of impurities and the loss with the decreased in specific area. The best results were obtained for the temperature of 1450?C/60min. The influence of annealing on the loss factor and ESR did not follow a well-defined pattern, because their values increased in some cases and decreased in others. The most interesting results due to heat treatment were with respect to capacitance, which showed an increase for all samples after treatment / Procura-se encontrar uma alternativa para os atuais capacitores eletrol?ticos de t?ntalo existentes no mercado, devido ao seu alto custo. O ni?bio ? um substituto em potencial, pois ambos pertencem ao mesmo grupo da tabela peri?dica e devido a isso t?m v?rias propriedades f?sicas e qu?micas semelhantes. O ni?bio apresenta diversas aplica??es tecnologicamente importantes e o Brasil possui as maiores reservas mundiais, em torno de 96%. Existe inclusive ni?bio contido em reservas de tantalita e columbita no Rio Grande do Norte. Esses capacitores eletrol?ticos possuem alta capacit?ncia especifica, ou seja, podem armazenar altas energias em volumes pequenos comparados a outros tipos de capacitores. Esse ? o principal atrativo desse tipo de capacitores, pois existe uma crescente demanda na produ??o de capacitores com capacit?ncia especifica cada vez mais alta, isso devido ? miniaturiza??o de diversos aparelhos como GPSs, televisores, computadores, celulares e muitos outros. A rota de produ??o do capacitor foi feita atrav?s da metalurgia do p?. O p? de ni?bio inicial fornecido pela EEL-USP foi primeiramente caracterizado atrav?s de DRX, MEV, granulometria a laser e FRX, para ent?o ser peneirado em tr?s granulometrias, 200, 400 e 635mesh. Os p?s foram ent?o compactados e sinterizados em 1350, 1450 e 1550?C usando dois patamares, 30 e 60min. A sinteriza??o ? uma das partes mais importantes do processo, pois afeta propriedades como porosidade e limpeza superficial das amostras, que afetaram grandemente a qualidade do capacitor. As amostras sinterizadas sofreram ent?o um processo de oxida??o an?dica, que criou um filme fino de pent?xido de ni?bio sobre toda a superf?cie porosa da amostra, este filme ? o diel?trico do capacitor. As vari?veis do processo de oxida??o influenciaram no desempenho do filme e conseq?entemente do capacitor. As amostras foram caracterizadas atrav?s de medidas el?tricas de capacit?ncia, fator de perdas, ESR, densidade relativa, porosidade e ?rea superficial. Ap?s as caracteriza??es foi feito um tratamento t?rmico de recozimento em atmosfera de ar a 260?C por 60min. Ap?s esse tratamento foram feitas novamente as medidas el?tricas. A granulometria do p? e a sinteriza??o afetaram a porosidade e por sua vez a ?rea especifica das amostras. Quanto maior a ?rea do capacitor, maior sua capacit?ncia. O p? que apresentou capacit?ncia mais alta foi o com menor granulometria. Temperaturas e tempos de sinteriza??o maiores causaram amostras com ?rea superficial menores, por?m, por outro lado a limpeza superficial de impurezas foi maior para esses casos, de maneira que deve ser feito um balanceamento entre o ganho que se obt?m com a limpeza das impurezas e a perda com a diminui??o da ?rea especifica. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a temperatura de 1450?C/60min. A influ?ncia do tratamento t?rmico de recozimento no fator de perdas e na ESR n?o seguiu um padr?o bem definido, pois seus valores aumentaram em alguns casos e diminu?ram em outros. Os resultados mais interessantes devido ao tratamento t?rmico foram com rela??o ? capacit?ncia, que apresentou um aumento para todas as amostras ap?s o tratamento

Orientadores: Gilberto Medeiros Ribeiro, Mônica Alonso Cotta / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FernandezSiles_PabloRoberto_D.pdf: 92147655 bytes, checksum: 90f1bd2777802f404d54c2932a48220c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Os mecanismos de confinamento e transporte em escala nanométrica continuam a ser um desafio em Física do Estado Sólido, uma vez que tanto a dimensionalidade quanto o tamanho dos dispositivos continuam a ser reduzidos. Desta forma, o estudo e entendimento do transporte em materiais amorfos e nano-cristalinos, que apresentam acoplamento de processos de transporte eletrônico e iônico é de grande relevância atualmente. Neste sentido, aplicações tecnológicas que incluem desde o desenvolvimento de sensores (TiO2) até a fabricação de novos dispositivos de memórias com características não voláteis ¿ dispositivos memoristores ¿ podem ser citadas. Esta tese consiste no estudo de propriedades de transporte em nanoestruturas semicondutoras. Dois tipos de estruturas são investigados: i) pontos quânticos autoformados de InAs sobre substratos de GaAs, e ii) dispositivos memoristores produzidos por meio de litografia por oxidação anódica local (LAO), considerando estruturas do tipo Ti-TiO2-Ti. Técnicas de Espectroscopia de Capacitância, considerando fatores de tipo estrutural (barreira de tunelamento) e experimental (temperatura, frequência e voltagem), podem ser utilizadas para a determinação dos mecanismos de transporte, densidades de estados, concentração de impurezas etc, no caso do sistema III-V InAs/GaAs. No caso do TiO2, crescido por meio de Sputtering DC, processos de caracterização permitem apontar características ópticas, por meio de Elipsometria, características estruturais, por Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM) e Difração de Raio-X (XRD), e a composição química, por Espectroscopia de Fotoelétrons por Raio-X (XPS) e Retro-Espalhamento Rutherford (RBS). Finalmente, a litografia por oxidação anódica local pormeio de AFM permite desenhar as estruturas do tipo metal-óxido-metal, que apresentam características elétricas de chaveamento entre estados de alta e baixa condutividade, dependentes da frequência ¿ sinais típicos do comportamento memoristivo. O estudo dos pontos quânticos permite calibrar os mecanismos de transporte por meio de Espectroscopia de Capacitância. Já os dispositivos memoristores, conformados por estruturas planares, e fabricados neste trabalho por meio de litografia por oxidação local, permitem identificar importantes características elétricas retificadoras que apresentam um comportamento elétrico não volátil. Estas características memoristivas são promissoras, pois possibilitam avançar no entendimento e fabricação de um novo tipo de dispositivos com o potencial de se tornar uma nova geração de dispositivos de memória não voláteis / Abstract: As the dimension and size of electronic devices continue to be reduced, confinement and transport mechanisms at nanometric scale remains nowadays as a great challenge in Solid State Physics. Thus, the study and understanding of transport processes in amorphous and nanocrystalline materials ¿ characterized by the coupling of electronic and ionic behavior ¿ becomes highly relevant currently. Technological applications comprise for example the development of sensors (TiO2) and the fabrication of new memory devices with non volatile characteristics ¿ memristor devices. This thesis is intended to study transport properties in semiconducting nanostructures. Two different kinds of structures are investigated: i) self-assembled InAs quantum dots grown on GaAs substrates and ii) memristor devices produced by means AFM Local Anodic Oxidation Lithography (LAO), considering planar Ti-TiO2-Ti structures. Considering structural (tunneling barrier) as well as experimental factors (temperature, frequency and gate bias), Capacitance Spectroscopy is implemented here. This technique supplies information for the determination of transport mechanisms, density os states, concentration of impurities etc, considering the III-V system (InAs/GaAs). In the case of the TiO2 thin films are prepared by means of Sputtering DC. A characterization process permits to point out optical properties, by means of Elipsometry, structural properties, by means of Atomic Force Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction, and chemical characteristics, by means of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). Finally, an AFM Local Anodic Oxidation lithography technique permits to design metal-oxide-metal structures. These structures are characterized by frequency-dependent conductive switching states ¿ typical signature of memristive behavior. Quantum dots studies permit to perform a calibration of transport mechanisms by means of Capacitance Spectroscopy. On the other hand, the planar memristor devices fabricated in this work by means of Local Anodic Oxidation present important rectifying electrical characteristics with non volatile behavior. This memristor approach permits to put forward in the understanding and fabrication of a new family of devices with the potential to become a new generation of non volatile memory devices / Doutorado / Física da Matéria Condensada / Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Margarita Ballester F. Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T11:08:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kawakami_Kenji_D.pdf: 19175620 bytes, checksum: b6a661ea70e2abc1018ffcac8a295caa (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: In this work is developped a procedure for evaluation of oxides films properties. Through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, by obtaining from Bode diagrams a capacitance and dissipation coefficient. It is proposed a mathematical model for the metal-oxide-eletrolute system description based on na equivalent circuit. The oxide films properties are evaluated by fitting procedure. The technique . is applied to Ti-6AI-7Nb anodized alloys, used as a substitute for Ti-6AI-4Valloy, in surgical aplications. The results show the possibility of film properties evaluation from direct analysis of Bode diagrams / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica