Syftet med denna text är att belysa problematik i de narrativa rollerna ‘antagonist’ och‘protagonist’. Detta görs genom karaktärsanalys av Rumpelstiltskin och Killian Jones frånABC:s Once Upon a Time. Utifrån Immanuel Kants teorier om gott och ont studeras niohändelseförlopp för att se om antagonister är onda, goda eller tvetydiga. Abraham Maslowsteori om mänskliga behov och Paul Ekmans forskning om emotioner används för att stödjaanalysen. Detta visar att den traditionella synen på antagonister och protagonister inte fungerarutifrån Kants moralfilosofi. Därför bör klassificeringen av karaktärer som antagonister ochprotagonister utmanas då varken den ena eller den andra är helt ond eller god.

Bacteriocins are antimicrobial protein produced by certain Gram positive and negative bacteria as a defense mechanism against closely related bacteria competing for the same nutrient or in the same niche. The competition for the same nutrient is supported by the fact that bacteriocins have narrow range of effect and only likely to be effective against closely related bacteria for the same scares resources hence a bacteriocin produced by a Gram positive bacteria will be active against a Gram positive pathogens and a bacteriocin produced by a Gram negative bacteria will be active against Gram negative pathogens. This is due to the difference in cell wall composition, they are either bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic Bacteriocins have been used for thousands of years for food preservation unknowingly to man, they are considered advantageous not only to the producing bacteria, but it's now been used by the food industry as a tool to control both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria in food, in a natural manner which is acceptable to the consumer. With a lot of research been carried out on bacteriocins produced by Gram positive bacteria, antagonist to Gram positive food borne pathogens, little is known about bacteriocins produced by Gram negative bacteria which would be active against Gram negative food borne pathogens that predominate in produce. The objective of my research therefore is to screen for antimicrobial antagonist to Gram negative food borne pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis) from produce, to determine an appropriate screening method, to carry out a preliminary characterization of antagonist discovered and also to determine antimicrobial spectrum of antagonist found. Lettuce was screened for antimicrobial antagonist against Gram negative pathogen (Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis) which were used as indicator strains With over 5000 colonies screen, 1 colony (Serratia plymuthica) was discovered to be antagonistic against these indicator strain. Further screening of cell free extract using the spot test method showed that extract from Serratia plymuthica grown alone in TSBYE showed antagonist activity against indicator strain with a little clearing on the spot of extract dropped. But extract of a co-culture of Serratia plymuthica and either Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Enteritidis showed a more obvious clearing around spotted zone, which further indicates antagonism against indicator strains. Preliminary heat test indicates antagonist compound to be heat stable at 60oC for 30mins, 100oC for 30minutes and 60mins and 121oC for 20minites, and antagonist compound possessed antagonist activity against other strains of Escherichia coli when tested.

Påverkar protagonistens bakgrund hur spelare gör sina moraliska val i spel? Den här studienundersöker vad spelare tycker och tänker när de får spela ut både en ond och en god protagonists perspektiv i ett narrativ med moraliska val. Studien går igenom tidigare undersökningar och teorier som är relaterade till ämnet moral i digitala spel. De tidigare undersökningarna visade på att spelare ofta väljer att gå efter sin moraliska kompass och att spelare kan basera sina val på vad de får för konsekvenser i spelet. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur moraliska val i ett digitalt spel/berättelse med en ond protagonist respektive en god protagonist upplevs, är valen baserade på karaktärens bakgrund och påstådda moral eller baserar spelaren valen på sin egen moral hämtad från verkliga livet? Samt om spelare spelar som ond moraliskt för att protagonisten är skriven som ond. Denna problemformulering testades genom en artefakt som skapades i programmet Twine. Resultatet blev att majoriteten av deltagarna utgick från sin moraliska kompass medan en del av deltagarna valde att spela strategiskt men stor del av respondenterna verkade utgå ifrån om protagonisten var skriven som ond eller god. Framtida arbeten kan genomföra samma undersökning i en större skala men finjusterad, och skulle kunna undersöka närmre vad som skiljer de som påverkas av protagonistens bakgrund och de som väljer att använda sig av sin moraliska kompass åt. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p>

The aim of this study was to examine the depiction of female versus male antagonists. A semiotic qualitative analysis was used to execute this with a gender perspective in order to analyze the societal structures that may be reflected in the characters in the form of stereotypical gender roles. And the reason behind this.   Villains have mainly existed to drive the hero's narrative forward, until now. Recently they have excelled to become a big part of modern cinema. Despite the fact that villains are taking up more space in Hollywood, we hardly see an increase of studies in this area. This study focuses on the two antagonists Amy Dunne (Gone Girl, Fincher, 2014) and The Joker (The Dark Knight, Nolan, 2008). We have selected these characters from a gender perspective because we presume that they both are complex characters in the sense of gender roles and stereotypes. They have identities that challenge the traditional view of what is masculine and feminine, at the same time as they both have normative traits. One of the reasons we chose antagonists is because they are the character that drives the narrative forward.   Our main findings are that both characters mainly show masculine traits and show similar specific traits. They also show femininity, something that often relates to the sympathy of the character. We found a correlation between Amy’s masculine traits and her evil actions. This was not as prominent with The Joker. We see some traits that differ. Amy uses her sexuality as a weapon against men. Amy is also portrayed as weak in several scenes, while The Joker always remains in control.

I takt med att säkerhetsläget blir allt mer spänt i vår omvärld har hoten mot Sverige ökat. Det i form av bland annat ett ökat underrättelsehot, spridning av desinformation samt våldsbejakande extremism. Omständigheterna ställer därmed krav på ledares förmåga att uppfatta samt omhänderta eventuella risker. Studien har därför syftat till att undersöka beslutsfattande bland svensk försvarsmaktsanställd personal samt dess riskuppfattning av antagonistiska hot. Undersökningen har med hjälp av en kvantitativ metod med deduktiv ansats funnit att faktorerna kön, ålder samt att besitta en ledarroll har en påverkan på uppfattningen av antagonistiska hot. Därtill påträffas ett samband mellan beslutsfattande och riskperception samt det faktum att militära ledare tenderar att präglas av kontroll och tveksamhet i sitt beslutsfattande.

The role of endogenous dopamine, utilizing a dopamine antagonist (fluphenazine; FLU), in modulation of gonadotropin, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion during the early postpartum period and various stages of the estrous cycle was investigated in Holstein cows. Experiment 1 was conducted in anovulatory early postpartum cows. Fluphenazine caused a decrease (P < .05) in mean serum LH concentration and LH pulse frequency. Likewise, FLU caused a (P < .05) decrease in mean GH concentration. These results suggest that endogenous dopamine, at least in part, is responsible for regulation of LH and GH secretion in anovulatory Holstein cows. Experiment 2 was conducted in cyclic lactating Holstein cows during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Mean serum LH and FSH concentrations, pulse frequencies, and peak amplitudes did not change in response to FLU. FLU did not affect mean serum GH concentration. These results suggest that a dopamine-mediated mechanism for modulation of gonadotropin and GH secretion is absent or perhaps overridden by high progesterone concentration during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows. Experiment 3 was conducted during the early follicular phase of the estrous cycle in Holstein cows. During the follicular phase, FLU caused a decrease (P < .05) in mean serum LH concentration and LH pulse frequency. However, FLU had no effect on mean serum FSH concentration or pulse frequency. Further, FLU increased (P < .05) GH concentrations during the follicular phase. Experiment 4 was conducted during the early metestrus phase of the estrous cycle. During the metestrus phase, FLU tended to decrease (P < .1) mean LH concentration and suppressed (P < .05) LH pulse frequency but had no effect on FSH secretion. Fluphenazine caused a transient increase (P < .05) in mean serum GH concentration. The results of the third and fourth experiments suggest that, during the early follicular and metestrus phases of the estrous cycle, when progesterone concentration is low, modulation of LH and GH secretion, at least in part, is modulated by endogenous dopamine. However, a dopamine mediated mechanism for FSH secretion is absent during both phases of the estrous cycle in lactating Holstein cows. In all experiments FLU increased (P < .01) PRL secretion indicating that endogenous dopamine suppresses PRL secretion in cattle regardless of ovarian status. It is concluded that: 1) endogenous dopamine plays a stimulatory role in LH secretion during the anovulatory postpartum period and during the estrous cycle only when serum progesterone is low. 2) FLU decreased GH secretion in anovulatory postpartum Holstein cows but it increased GH secretion during the follicular and metestrus phases of the estrous cycle. However FLU had no effect on GH secretion during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Thus it appears that, modulation of GH secretion is dependent upon reproductive status and ovarian hormones secretion. / Ph. D.

Metastasis is a major cause of death in cancer patients but currently there are no drugs available for its treatment. Hence there is an urgent clinical need for identifying and developing anti-metastatic drugs. The activation of CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) plays an important role in lymph node metastasis in a variety of cancers. Indeed, in patients with tumours which are positive for CCR7 and/or CXCR4 expression, prognosis and survival are poorer than those whose tumours are negative for these receptors. CCR7 and/or CXCR4 activation, in addition to being involved in inducing invasive phenotypes in cancer cells, promotes tumour cell growth and survival. Our group has previously identified a series of sulfonamides as CCR7 antagonists. This project aims to extend on those studies and to develop a dual CCR7 and CXCR4 antagonist to reduce metastasis in cancer. Novel potent biaryl sulfonamide CCR7 antagonists were synthesised and assessed by calcium flux assay. Several potential dual CCR7 and CXCR4 biaryl sulfonamide antagonists have been synthesised, these are hybrid compounds incorporating features from CCR7 antagonists of this project, and from known sulfonamide CXCR4 antagonists. The most potent of such compound was able to inhibit CCR7 activation in calcium flux assay (95% inhibition at 1 µM), however, the relative potency of these compounds as CXCR4 antagonists was low. Molecular docking was used to investigate the binding mode of the synthesised compounds in CCR7 and CXCR4. The generated docking poses were able to rationalise some of the calcium flux assay results.

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