Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-08T20:03:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DALVA DAMIANA ESTEVAM DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEG) 2017.pdf: 8357707 bytes, checksum: a9ec4576952d53738a67d21cc74133e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-08T20:03:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DALVA DAMIANA ESTEVAM DA SILVA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEG) 2017.pdf: 8357707 bytes, checksum: a9ec4576952d53738a67d21cc74133e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / O município de Princesa Isabel localiza-se no Estado da Paraíba, na Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano e Microrregião da Serra do Teixeira. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a degradação ambiental e o uso das terras do município de Princesa Isabel-PB, com vistas a contribuir para o entendimento de questões sociais, econômicas e ambientais. A metodologia baseou-se na utilização de técnicas de geoprocessamento e processamento digital de imagens de satélite, com a análise temporal de imagens orbitais TM/Landsat-5 e TM/Landsat-8 para os anos de 1985 e 2015, buscando compreender a dinâmica da degradação ambiental no município neste período. Além disso, foram aplicados questionários para verificar as vulnerabilidades e a percepção ambiental dos moradores do entorno da bacia hidráulica do açude Jatobá II. Os resultados evidenciam que a degradação diminuiu, os principais fatores para essa ocorrência foram a seca recorrente na região que fez com que as pessoas migrassem para a zona urbana e a busca de emprego e melhores condições vida. Entretanto, no entorno da bacia são desenvolvidas atividades antrópicas, cujas técnicas são tradicionais com desmatamento em áreas declivosas e queimadas, agravando o assoreamento no açude Jatobá II, comprometendo o volume hídrico. Os índices de vulnerabilidade encontrados mostram uma situação de fragilidade da população frente a desastres. A vulnerabilidade socioeconômica apresentou índice muito alto de 50,0%, a vulnerabilidade tecnológica indicou índice considerado alto de 40,0% e a vulnerabilidade ambiental ou a seca encontrada foi considerada alta com 36,8%. Esses valores resultam da falta de informação, da pobreza e da inexistência de políticas públicas na área da bacia. Os estudos relacionados a essa temática são importantes, para a identificação de áreas com degradação ambiental, bem como, auxiliam no planejamento e desenvolvimento de ações voltadas à mitigação e preservação dos recursos naturais. / The municipality of Princesa Isabel is located in the State of Paraíba, in the Meso-region of Sertão Paraibano and Micro-region of Serra do Teixeira. The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental degradation and land use in the municipality of Princesa Isabel-PB, in order to contribute to the understanding of social, economic and environmental issues. The methodology was based on the use of geoprocessing and digital processing of satellite images, with the temporal analysis of TM/Landsat-5 and TM/Landsat-8 orbital images of the years 1985 and 2015, in order to understand the dynamics of degradation in the municipality in this period. In addition, questionnaires were applied in order to verify the vulnerabilities and environmental perception of the residents that surrounds the hydraulic basin. The results indicate that the degradation decreased. The main factors for this occurrence were the recurrent drought in this region which caused people migration to urban area for a better life conditions and employment. However, around the area that surrounds the basin, anthropic activities are developed, whose techniques are traditional with deforestation in burned and declining areas, aggravating the siltation in the Jatobá II dam, compromising the water volume. The vulnerability indexes indicates a fragile situation of the population facing disasters. The socioeconomic vulnerability showed a very high index of 50,0%, the technological vulnerability indicated a high index of 40,0% and the environmental vulnerability or drought found, was considered high with 36,8%. These values are results of the lack of information, poverty and lack of public policies in the basin’s area. Studies related to this theme are important for identification of areas with environmental degradation, as well as, help in the planning and development of actions on mitigation and preservation of natural resources.

The study of macroecology not only identifies patterns in the distribution and abundance of species at large spatial and temporal scales, it also gives insight into the processes underlying those patterns. The contribution of this work is not limited to helping develop the field of ecology per se, but also provides important insights into the understanding of large scale processes like climate change, the spread of introduced species, pest control and how increasing pressure from anthropogenic activities threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services. During the first decade following its formal inception, most of the progress in macroecology was made through studies of animal species, and research into plant species continues to lag far behind. This thesis contributes to the study of the macroecology of plant species by examining some selected macroecological patterns that have been studied only for animal species and by including an important issue that might have significant effects on diverse macroecological patterns, namely anthropogenic activities. The second and third chapters of the thesis address the generalised individuals-area relationship (GIAR) and the patch individuals-area relationship (PIAR), two macroecological relationships not previously explored for plant species. I show for the first time the existence of negative GIARs at the intraspecific and interspecific levels in plant species, similar to those documented for animal species. Unlike animal species, I did not find a broadly consistent intraspecific PIAR in plant species; more than half of the tested species showed negative PIARs. The resource concentration hypothesis may help explain those positive PIARs that were observed. The fourth chapter considers the effect of past human activities on current patterns of plant species richness at a landscape scale. Using a detailed database on the historical anthropogenic activities for Cornwall, U.K., I examine the relationship between species richness and the area covered by each historical land-use at two different spatial resolutions (10km x 10km and 2km x 2km). I find that at the 10km x10km scale human activities carried out since the 17th and 19th centuries explain an important proportion of the variation in current plant species richness. In contrast, a model at 2km x 2km scale with upland woods and the total land area of a grid cell explain only 5% of the variation. The fifth and sixth chapters focus on how artificial light at night (ALAN), which has increasingly come to attention as a significant anthropogenic pressure on species, is interacting with the distributions of plant species. In the fourth chapter, I consider the plant family Cactaceae to determine the proportion of the global distribution ranges of species that is being influenced by ALAN, and how this changes with the size of these distribution ranges and over a 21-year period (1992 to 2012). I found that >80% of cacti species are experiencing ALAN somewhere in their distribution range, and that there is a significant upward trend in ALAN in the ranges of the vast majority of species. For the sixth chapter, I consider similar issues for the threatened plant species of Britain, exploiting new remote sensing imagery of nighttime lighting at a very fine spatial resolution (c.340x340m2). Only 8% of Britain is free of artificial light at night and in consequence a high number of threatened plant species have a high proportion of their range under some influence of ALAN.

Darbe nagrinėta Šalčios upė, jos tyrimui buvo pasirinkti 24 vandens mėginių ėmimo taškai, kuriuose nustatytos tokių biogeninių medžiagų koncentracijos: amonio azoto, nitratų azoto, nitritų azoto, pH ir bendrojo fosforo. Pagal gautus duomenis iš hidrometeorologijos tarnybos nustatyta debito priklausomybė nuo klimato veiksnių. Atsižvelgiant į fizines-geografines sąlygas ir įvertinus maksimalius metinius kritulius bei vienos liūties kritulius, nustatytas susidarančio nuotėkio pobūdis. Išanalizavus gautus natūrinių tyrimų rezultatus, nustatyti veiksniai, lemiantys didžiausią upės vandens taršą. Pagal gautus duomenis nustatyta upės ekologinė būklė. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, tyrimo objektas ir metodika, tyrimų rezultatai, išvados, literatūra. Darbo apimtis: 69 p. teksto be priedų, 34 iliustracijos, 9 lentelės, 65 literatūros šaltiniai. / The scientific literature related to the issue and research methodology is discribed in this master work. In the work was analyzed Šalčia’s River, there were selected 24 sampling points where was detected concentrations of these nutrients: ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, pH, and total phosphorus. According to the data obtained from the Hydrometeorological Service there were determined flow dependence on climatic factors. In view of the physical-geographical conditions and the evaluation of the maximum annual rainfall and the rainfall of a storm there were generated runoff patterns. The analysis of the results obtained during the experimental helped to determine the factors leading to maximum river water pollution. According to the data obtained there was found ecological status of the river. The work consists of six parts: introduction, literature review, research and methodology, results, conclusions and references. Work size: 69 p. text, 34 figures, 9 tables, 65 references.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-08T14:49:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 andressadasilvareis.pdf: 5781298 bytes, checksum: bf00dd44d481610ae8449b6433afb56b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:06:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 andressadasilvareis.pdf: 5781298 bytes, checksum: bf00dd44d481610ae8449b6433afb56b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:06:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andressadasilvareis.pdf: 5781298 bytes, checksum: bf00dd44d481610ae8449b6433afb56b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / Inúmeros impactos antrópicos vêm afetando os ecossistemas aquáticos e identificar respostas da biota aquática a esses impactos persiste em um grande desafio aos ecólogos. Com o objetivo de determinar essas respostas sobre diferentes níveis de organização biológica e suas interfaces, são abordadas a ecologia trófica dos peixes e a estrutura e dinâmica das teias tróficas em 20 riachos de 3ª ordem de quatro bacias da região de Mata Atlântica (RJ), em gradiente de impactos relacionados ao uso de solo da microbacia e às medidas estruturais e limnológicas locais. Foram realizadas análises do conteúdo estomacal e de isótopos estáveis de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) dos peixes e seus recursos alimentares (macroinvertebrados e recursos basais). O gradiente de alguns impactos tanto em escala local (% de cobertura de dossel) quanto de microbacia (uso de solo e input de nutrientes) afetaram a integridade estrutural e funcional das comunidades aquáticas (Capítulos 1, 3 e 4). Foram identificadas variações da proporção de guildas tróficas de peixes e conexões com seus recursos (Capítulo 1), com o aumento das guildas dos Detritívoros e Detritívoros-insetívoros em riachos com alta concentração de nitrogênio total, alta turbidez e baixa temperatura. A métrica H2 (Especialização da teia) foi relacionada a riachos com maior porcentagem de dossel, indicando maior partilha de recursos entre as espécies de peixes (Capítulo 1). Os valores de δ13C do perifíton foram maiores em riachos com menor cobertura vegetal, ao passo que os de δ15N se relacionaram ao conjunto de impactos em escala local e regional (Capítulo 2). Já as alterações isotópicas na biota foram reflexo, em parte, da mudança dos valores do perifíton (Capítulo 2), principal fonte de carbono basal para os consumidores aquáticos (Capítulo 3), e, em parte, da variação da dieta dentro das guildas (Capítulos 3 e 4), influenciando a posição trófica de algumas espécies e guildas de peixes na teia alimentar (Capítulo 4), como os Insetívoros e Detritívoros, e as espécies Gymnotus pantherinus e Astyanax spp. As influências dos gradientes de impactos sobre os vários compartimentos foram sintetizadas em diagramas conceituais (Capítulo 3), demonstrando as variações dos valores isotópicos de todos os consumidores (insetos e peixes), e as mudanças da proporção de insetos consumidos por todas as guildas tróficas de peixes frente aos impactos. Os resultados demonstram que o gradiente de impactos, tanto em escala local quanto regional, atuam em conjunto na determinação da estrutura e dinâmica trófica das comunidades aquáticas, nem sempre sendo possível isolar seus efeitos sobre os diversos parâmetros analisados. Ao mesmo tempo em que demonstrou alguns efeitos idiossincráticos, o presente trabalho permitiu identificar padrões de resposta das comunidades aquáticas em relação a alguns dos principais impactos sofridos por sistemas lóticos em ambientes tropicais. / Numerous anthropic impacts have been affecting aquatic ecosystems. Identifying responses of aquatic biota to these impacts remains a major challenge for ecologists. In order to determine these responses on different levels of biological organization and their interfaces, the trophic ecology of the fish and the food web structure and dynamics were analyzed in 20 streams (3rd order) of four watersheds in the Mata Atlântica (RJ). These streams are arranged in a gradient of impacts related to the watershed land use and the local structural and limnological features. Stomach contents and stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of fish and their food resources (macroinvertebrates and basal resources) were analyzed. The gradients of some impacts on the local scale (% canopy cover) and the microbasin (land use and nutrient input) affected the structural and functional integrity of aquatic communities (Chapters 1, 3 and 4). Variations in the proportion of fish trophic guilds and connections with their resources were identified (Chapter 1), with the increase of the guilds of Detritivores and Detritivorousinsectivores in high concentration of total nitrogen, high turbidity and low temperature. The metric H2 (Food web specialization) was related to streams with higher canopy cover, indicating a high resource partitioning among the fish species (Chapter 1). Values of periphyton δ13C were higher in streams with lower canopy cover, while δ15N values were related to the set of impacts at the local and the regional scale (Chapter 2). Isotopic variation in the biota were in part a reflection of the variation of the periphyton (Chapter 2), which is the main source of basal carbon for aquatic consumers (Chapter 3), and in part of the variation of diet within the guilds (Chapters 3 and 4), influencing the trophic position of some fish species and guilds (Chapter 4), such as Insectivores and Detritivores, and the species Gymnotus pantherinus and Astyanax spp.. Influences of the impact gradients upon the biota compartments were summarized in conceptual diagrams (Chapter 3), showing the variations of the isotopic values of all the consumers (insects and fish), and the changes in the proportion of insects consumed by all the fish trophic guilds. The results show that the impact gradients, both local and regional, determine the structure and trophic dynamics of aquatic communities, and it is not always possible to isolate their effects. At the same time that it demonstrated some idiosyncratic effects, the present work allowed to identify patterns of response of aquatic communities related of the main impacts suffered by lotic systems in tropical environments.

Onze espèces de mammifères marins vivent toute l’année en Arctique et dépendent de ce milieu marin si particulier. Ces espèces endémiques et uniques au monde se déplacent à grande échelle en traversant plusieurs zones maritimes des huit États côtiers et la haute mer. Toutefois, leurs conditions de vie sont menacées par les effets des changements climatiques et l’accroissement des activités humaines dans la région. Bien qu’il existe des règles juridiques de protection au niveau national, le phénomène de « déplacement » affaiblit leur efficacité. En effet, les mammifères marins ne connaissent pas les délimitations maritimes et sont donc assujettis à des protections variables et potentiellement incohérentes. Il est ainsi nécessaire de trouver une stratégie pour harmoniser les règles nationales et développer de nouvelles normes pour leur protection. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de découvrir si le droit international assure une protection adéquate aux mammifères marins qui se déplacent en Arctique. Cette étude identifie et analyse les forces et les faiblesses de plusieurs instruments juridiquement contraignants et de soft law au contenu général et spécifique. Bien qu’il n’existe aucun texte qui traite des mammifères marins en Arctique purement et simplement, ces instruments juridiques protègent certaines espèces de mammifères marins et certaines parties de la région Arctique. Pourtant, les onze mammifères marins connaissent les mêmes enjeux et forment un tout interdépendant. Les conclusions indiquent d’adopter une approche intégrée et d’opter pour une meilleure collaboration entre les États côtiers qui sont les mieux placés pour protéger ces espèces qui se déplacent en Arctique. / Eleven species of marine mammals live year-around in the Arctic and are dependent on its distinctive marine environment. These unique endemic species, which travel long distances, traverse the different maritime zones of the eight coastal States and cross into the high seas. However, their living conditions and habitats are under threat because of climate change and the expansion of human activity in the region. Although the coastal States have all adopted national legislation and regulations for the protection of marine mammals, the fact of their large scale “movement” weakens the efficacy of those laws. Indeed, marine mammals are the subject of various and potentially inconsistent domestic protections. For this reason, it is necessary to develop strategies to harmonise national measures and to devise new norms of protection. The objective of this thesis is to discover whether international law offers adequate protection to marine mammals that roam across the Arctic region. This study identifies and analyses the strengths and the weaknesses of a number of legally binding and soft law instruments of both a general and specialised nature. Many of the legal instruments target specific Arctic marine mammals or distinct areas of the Arctic region for protection. Yet, the eleven species at the heart of this enquiry are all experiencing the same difficulties and constitute an interconnected whole. The findings herein indicate the need for an integrative approach and for increased cooperation among the Arctic coastal States who are in a unique position to protect these species that roam throughout the Arctic.