Pesquisas em Onomástica ciência linguística que se dedica ao estudo dos nomes próprios (particularmente, neste caso, em Antroponímia: estudo dos nomes de pessoas) podem revelar diversos aspectos sobre certo povo ou cultura. Em face disso, este trabalho se concentra na análise, a partir de um dado recorte, do quadro antroponímico brasileiro referente à última década do século XIX, todo século XX e início do século XXI, a fim de compreender qual a atuação e importância dos nomes neológicos de pessoas. Para tanto, esta pesquisa se vale das contribuições da Etimologia e da Morfologia, além do esteio teórico da Linguística Cognitiva. Em específico, a análise se volta para os antropônimos neológicos que utilizam formativos germânicos em suas construções, visto que o fator histórico da ocupação da Península Ibérica pelos considerados povos germânicos influenciou no léxico antroponímico do Brasil, tal qual o vemos ainda hoje. O corpus analisado se refere aos arquivos da Ordem Terceira do Carmo, localizada no Centro Histórico da cidade de Salvador/BA. Tais arquivos se constituem de 10 tomos do Livro dos Termos dos Irmãos, dos quais analisaremos os quatro últimos por conta do período histórico. Verificou-se a presença de antropônimos neológicos por meio do critério de não constarem em alguns dos principais dicionários onomásticos em língua portuguesa: Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa - Tomo II, de Antenor Nascentes (1952), no Dicionário etimológico de nomes e sobrenomes, de Mansur Guérios (1981), e no Dicionário onomástico etimológico da língua portuguesa, de José Pedro Machado (2003). Dentre alguns resultados encontrados, é possível observar a nítida relação entre o aumento dos nomes neológicos e a abolição da escravatura e a retirada do registro civil das mãos da Igreja Católica, visto que tais acontecimentos oferecem certa liberdade para aqueles indivíduos que apenas podiam optar por nomes tradicionais, muitas vezes estritamente relacionados à tradição cristã, além do incremento da tendência de criar nomes neológicos para os indivíduos, de modo que, com o avançar dos anos, o número de ocorrências cresceu. Ainda, dentre os resultados, também se observa a recorrente utilização de estruturas composicionais bitemáticas, assim como a que se acredita ter sido herdada dos antropônimos germânicos, demonstrando, de fato, a influência de tal modelo morfolexical. / Researches in Onomastics - linguistic science dedicated to the study of proper names (particularly in this case, in Anthroponymy, the study of anthroponyms) - can reveal several aspects about a certain people or culture. Considering this, this work focuses on the analysis, from a specific scope, of the Brazilian anthroponymic system referring to the last decade of the nineteenth century, the entire twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, in order to understand the performance and importance of anthroponyms. To make it possible, this research bases itself on the contributions of Etymology and Morphology, as well as on the theoretical study of Cognitive Linguistics. Specifically, the analysis turns to the neological anthroponyms that use Germanic formatives in their constructions, due to the historical factor of the occupation of the Iberian Peninsula by the considered \"Germanic peoples\" influenced on the anthroponimic Brazilian system, as we still see it today. The corpus analyzed refers to the archives of the Ordem Terceira do Carmo, located in the Centro Histórico of the city of Salvador / BA. These archives are constituted by 10 volumes of the Livro dos Termos dos Irmãos of which we will analyze the last four by the historical period. The presence of neological anthroponyms was verified by the criterion of absence in some of the main Portuguese-language onomastic dictionaries: Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa - Tomo II, by Antenor Nascentes (1952), Dicionário etimológico de nomes e sobrenomes, by Mansur Guérios (1981), and Dicionário onomástico etimológico da língua portuguesa, by José Pedro Machado (2003), and also the Bible (because the biblical names have a traditional character). Among the results found, it is possible to observe the clear relationship between the increase of neological names and the abolition of slavery and the withdrawal of the civil registry from the hands of the Catholic Church, since such events offer some freedom for those individuals who could only choose names traditional traditions, often closely related to the Christian tradition, besides the increase of th trend to create neological names for individuals, so that, how the years progress, the number of occurrences raised. Among the results, the recurrent use of bitematic compositional structures is also observed, as well as the one that is believed to have been inherited from the German anthroponyms, demonstrating, in fact, the influence of such a morpholexical model.

L’existence de textes rédigés à la fois en caractères grecs et phéniciens, provenant du pourtour de la Méditerranée, notamment pendant la deuxième moitié du Ier millénaire av. J.-C., a fait naître l’hypothèse d’un bilinguisme gréco-phénicien.En nous appuyant sur un corpus épigraphique exhaustif, qui dépasse même les limites d’un recueil des textes rédigés en deux langues, nous avons exploré les conditions de mise en contact et d’interaction qui ont généré diverses formes de multiculturalisme, dont témoignent les inscriptions. En partant de la microstructure des énoncés, des mots, de la phonologie et de la morphologie des textes, sans négliger l’étude matérielle des supports, qui contiennent et intègrent les textes, cette thèse analyse les conditions, modalités et effets de la cohabitation entre le phénicien et le grec, entre les Phéniciens et les Grecs. La réalité du bilinguisme gréco-phénicien s’est ainsi révélée plus complexe qu’on n’imaginait, si bien que ce label a montré ses limites et son inaptitude à cerner, caractériser et comprendre des phénomènes variés et modulés, qu’une approche dynamique, tenant compte des cas particuliers, permet de mieux saisir. D’un bout à l’autre de la Méditerranée, Grecs et Phéniciens ont échangé en termes de pratiques langagières, onomastiques et rituelles. L’étude des anthroponymes, ainsi que de la médiation opérée par les divinités, spécialement visible dans les dédicaces bilingues, qui, par le truchement du mécanisme de l’interpretatio, associent un dieu d’un panthéon et un dieu de l’autre, se sont avérées des portes d’accès privilégiées pour l’enquête sur les contacts entre ces deux peuples, en nous introduisant dans les mailles profondes des réseaux de leurs relations. / The existence of texts written both in Greek and Phoenician characters, coming from all around the Mediterranean, and particularly during the second half of first millennium B.C., gave birth to the hypothesis of a Greek-Phoenician bilingualism.Working on an exhaustive epigraphic corpus, which goes even beyond the limits of a collection of texts written in the two languages, this research explores the many contexts which lead to contacts and interactions generating several forms of multiculturalism, as witnessed by inscriptions. Going through the microstructure of utterance, phonetics and texts morphology, and taking into account supports material analysis, which completes texts comprehension, this thesis analyzes conditions, modalities and effects of the cohabitation between Greeks and Phoenicians, and between Greek and Phoenician languages and writing systems. The Greek-Phoenician bilingualism appears to be more complex than we could imagine, so much that this label has showed its limits and its inaptitude to pinpoint, characterize and understand phenomena that are manifold and modulated, which a dynamic approach, taking into account specific case-studies, allows us to better seize.From each side of the Mediterranean Sea, Greeks and Phoenicians exchanged in terms of language practices, onomastic and rituals. The study of anthroponyms, as well as of divinities mediation (that we can observe especially in bilingual inscriptions), which matches a god from the pantheon to a god of the other, through the mechanism of interpretatio, have provided a privileged access to the contacts between these two people and to the deep links of their relationships networks.

Le Cambodge ancien (VIe – XIVe siècle) est riche en inscriptions, composées principalement en sanskrit, en vieux khmer et en deux langues (sanskrit et khmer). L’impact du vocabulaire sanskrit dans l’enrichissement linguistique du khmer n’avait pas encore étudié jusque-là en détail. Le présent travail propose d’examiner les inscriptions khmères et sanskrites comme un ensemble. Il traite des sujets et des domaines dans lesquels les éléments sanskrits apparaissent dans les inscriptions khmères ; à savoir : les donations, la datation, les bénédictions-malédictions, les noms propres, l’orthographe, le vocabulaire de l’administration royale, les fonctions des serviteurs dans les temples, la prosodie, la dérivation, les objets offerts aux dieux et les objets cultuels. Les emprunts sanskrits dans chaque domaine présentent différentes caractéristiques dans leur interaction avec les mots khmers ; certains d’entre eux ont des connotations locales, d’autres deviennent des modèles de « calques » du sanskrit vers le khmer. Si les premières inscriptions semblent favoriser le sanskrit (dans certains cas, sous des formes prākritisées), celles du Xe siècle sont en khmer et se distinguent par l’abondance de nouveaux emprunts au sanskrit. Le Xe siècle est aussi marqué par l’apparition de textes qui contiennent des passages équivalents dans leurs versions sanskrite et khmère ; et en XIIe et XIVe siècle nous trouvons deux inscriptions comprenant des passages équivalents en khmer et en pāli. Ces passages montrent que les textes sanskrits jouent non seulement le rôle « rhétorique » qui était réservé au sanskrit mais aussi le rôle « documentatif » considéré comme propre aux textes khmers. / Ancient Cambodia (6th – 14th century A.D.) is relatively rich in inscriptions, composed mainly in Sanskrit, in Old Khmer and in both languages (Sanskrit and Khmer). The impact of Sanskrit on the linguistic enrichment of the Khmer language has not been studied in detail. The present study proposes to examine the Sanskrit and Khmer parts together. It deals with the domains where Sanskrit elements appear densely clustered in the Khmer inscriptions, such as descriptions of donations, formulations of dating, boons and curses, proper names, orthography, royal administration, accounts of the functions of servants in temples and of objects offered to gods and cult objects. It also touches on areas where there appears to have been less palpable influence, such as prosody and morphological derivation. The Sanskrit loanwords in each domain show different features of interaction with Khmer terms: some of them acquire local connotations; some may be “calques” from Sanskrit into Khmer. (Calques of Khmer expressions in Sanskrit are also considered.) If the early inscriptions seem to favour Sanskrit (in some cases, in Prākritised forms), those from the 10th century A.D. onwards are increasingly in a form of Khmer characterized by an abundance of new Sanskrit loanwords. The 10th century is also marked by the appearance of some texts containing “equivalent” passages in their Khmer and Sanskrit portions; later on, in the 12th and the 14th century we find two inscriptions with equivalent passages in Khmer and Pāli. These passages prove that Sanskrit texts play not only the “rhetorical” role for which they are famous, but also the “documentative” role associated with the Khmer texts.

La présente thèse entend rendre compte d’un parcours de recherche entrepris il y a près de trente ans. Ces recherches ont connu divers développements pour lesquels une ligne conductrice peut cependant être dégagée : elles ont toutes trait à l’histoire des élites médiévales.Un premier axe concerne les enquêtes sur la société féodale de l’Orient latin. L’édition d’un texte généalogique, Les Lignages d’Outremer, a été le point de départ d’une série de publications sur ces familles, complétées par celle d’un récit de pèlerinage aux Lieux saints.Le second axe a pour objet la sigillographie. Le présent travail expose d’abord les travaux réalisés sur la sigillographie des reines et des enfants de France au Moyen Âge. L’autre volet de cette thématique a trait à la sigillographie des rois et empereurs des périodes mérovingienne et carolingienne, étude entreprise grâce à l’examen des 250 diplômes royaux conservés aux Archives nationales. À l’origine de ces publications, il y a une étonnante découverte, celle de la présence de cheveux humains dans les sceaux, pour laquelle nous tentons de trouver une explication, dans les diverses parties de ce travail et en particulier dans le mémoire De Anolo, joint au dossier.Enfin, un troisième axe est consacré à la pratique professionnelle que j’ai pu développer en tant que conservateur d’Archives. Les travaux proposés ici sont alors le témoignage des missions que j’ai pu exercer : au-delà de la publication d’instruments de recherche, une large place est faite aux problématiques de conservation préventive. / This thesis presents the results of research conducted over the past thirty years on the history of medieval elites.  The thesis focuses on two major topics. The first is the society of the Latin East. Publication of a genealogical text, Les lignages d’Outremer, has been followed by a series of studies of the noble families of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and an edition of an account of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The second area is royal sigillography. Studies of the seals of medieval French queens and their children constitute one facet of this research, whereas examination of the seals found on 250 diplomas in the Archives nationales has facilitated exploration of the seals of Merovingian and Carolingian kings and emperors. The discovery of human hair in the seals has prompted the search for possible explanations of this phenomenon, which are proposed and discussed in different parts of the dossier, particularly in an appendix, "De anolo." An additional, supplementary part of my work has focused on the conservation of seals and the development of methods to prevent their deterioration.