This dissertation examines the homeland-diaspora nexus with a focus on how homeland conflict affects diaspora targeting and insecurity in Israel.

As a reaction to the demand for women’s suffrage and equal rights in the late-1800s, American antifeminism emerged. In the article by Janet Saltzman Chafetz and Anthony Gary Dworkin, “In the Face of Threat: Organized Antifeminism in Comparative Perspective,” the authors concluded that the growth of a countermovement is contingent upon the success and size of the movement it opposes.1 This conclusion is applied to the actions, counter-actions and subsequent growth of both antifeminism and feminism. However, as feminism succeeds with small advancements in equality, antifeminism escalates its oppositional strength by creating accusations against women, using labels based on gender stereotypes and initiatives that incite divisive discourse in the pursuit of equal rights for all human beings. Graphic design is a catalyst for both antifeminism and feminism visual language. To find inspiration for my exhibition, I examined one-hundred years of design used by both movements. Based by my research, the exhibition, “5th Wave: The Fault of Women,” navigates through the growth and history of antifeminism and visually examines antifeminist labels and initiatives and the culmination of these techniques used during the fifth wave of antifeminism. The exhibition, “5th Wave: The Fault of Women,” exposes and challenges the efforts of the fifth wave of antifeminism in an effort to evoke an understanding of the importance of feminism’s fight for equality and the betterment of all human beings. Using research and design to expose antifeminism’s growing labels and initiative, feminism can combat the techniques used to punish those who challenge patriarchy and heteronormativity. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Collection of poems.

The Mexican War served as a social battleground for issues such as professionalism, racism, and anti-Catholicism for American regular and volunteer junior officers. Their reaction to these issues influenced and changed the nature of debates to destroy the regular army and close the military academy at West Point. Many in Congress and the United States held a deep-seated fear of the regular army that dated back to the colonial era. They feared that a standing army would become a tool of tyranny and destroy a republican government. Instead, many Americans preferred a volunteer system. They argued that volunteers were virtuous citizens who responded to danger and returned to civilian life when the danger was over. The Mexican War demonstrated that these ideals were not reality, though. Because of this, many in the United States realized that the regular army could safely exist within a republican government, and that the volunteers were not the virtuous patriots many thought. Both regular and volunteer officers reacted with bigotry toward their Catholic opponents in Mexico. Anti-Catholicism impacted the service experience of the junior officers in Mexico. As members of a mostly protestant nation, they pillaged and stole from the many Catholic churches that lay in their path. As members of what they viewed as a superior religion, many officers felt that the Catholic church and faith was a fair target during the Mexican War. Race impacted the service of the junior officers in Mexico. American officers created a racial hierarchy in Mexico that ranked the Mexican populace in various stages of whiteness. The highest social order consisted of those they viewed as white. The lower classes they viewed as a mix of African and Native American. Both regular and volunteers responded in the same manner to these issues.

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Les huiles essentielles sont des complexes naturels de molécules volatiles et odorantes, synthétisées par les plantes aromatiques. Elles possèdent des propriétés anti-infectieuses, antioxydantes, anticancéreuses.... Le présent travail a concerné l’étude des propriétés anti-oxydantes, anti-inflammatoires, anti-prolifératives et anti-migratoires des huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov., Cymbopogon citratus [DC] Stapf, Ocimum basilicum Linnæus, Ocimum americanum Linnæus, Hyptis spicigera Lamarck, Lippia multiflora Moldenk, Ageratum conyzoides Linnæus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt et Zingiber officinale Roscoe du Burkina Faso sur des lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC-3 du cancer de la prostate et SF-767 et SF-763 de glioblastome. Les huiles essentielles ont été extraites par hydrodistillation à l’aide d’un appareil type Clevenger adapté et analysées par GC/MS et GC/FID. L’activité antioxydante a été évaluée par les méthodes DPPH et ABTS, et l’activité anti-inflammatoire par l’inhibition de la lipoxygénase. L’activité antiproliférative a été réalisée par le test MTT sur des lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC- 3 du cancer de la prostate et des SF-767 et SF-763 du glioblastome. L’action des huiles essentielles sur la résistance à l’anoikis par la méthode Soft agar, leur action sur la migration cellulaire par le test de Scratch et leur action sur le cycle cellulaire par l’analyse des protéines par Western Blot. Les constituants majoritaires sont principalement : α-terpineol (59,78%) pour O. basilicum ; 1, 8-cineol (31,22%) pour O. americanum ; β-caryophyllene (21%) et α-pinene (20,11%) pour H. spicigera ; p-cymene (25,27%) pour L. multiflora ; precocene (82,10%) pour A. conyzoides ; eucalyptol (59,55%) pour E. camaldulensis ; arcurcumene (16,67%) et camphène (12,70%) pour Z. officinale ; géranial ou citral A (48,18%) et néral ou Citral B (34,37%) pour C. citratus ; limonène (19,33%) et mentha-1(7),8-dien-2-ol cis (17,34%) pour C. giganteus. Toutes les huiles ont présenté une activité antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire. C. citratus a présenté la meilleure capacité à piéger les radicaux DPPH . (%I= 67,58%) et L. multiflora la plus forte capacité à réduire les radicaux ABTS + (1,02 μmolET/g). Z. officinale a présenté la meilleure inhibition de la lipoxygénase (100% d’inhibition à 8mg/ml et 50,9% à 0,4 mg/ml). Seules les huiles essentielles de C. giganteus, C. citratus, O. basilicum, Z. officinale, L. multiflora et A. conyzoides ont présenté des propriétés antiprolifératives. C. citratus a présenté la meilleure activité antiproliférative aussi bien sur les lignées cellulaires LNCaP (IC 50 = 6,36 μg/ml) et PC-3 (IC 50 = 32,1μg/ml) du cancer de la prostate que sur celles SF-767 (IC 50 = 45,13μg/ml) et SF-763 (IC 50 = 172,05μg/ml) du glioblastome. Statistiquement, l’activité du citral sur les cellules LNCaP du cancer de la prostate est égale à celle de C. citratus et correspond au tiers de celle présentée par le cisplatine, un anticancéreux de référence utilisé dans la chimiothérapie. C. citratus et le citral induisent l’anoikis et empêchent la migration cellulaire tout comme le cisplatine. C. citratus et le citral entraînent également la répression de Rb, l’activation de p21 et de P27 du cycle. Les résultats de ces travaux montrent que les huiles essentielles de certaines plantes médicinales aromatiques du Burkina Faso ont un potentiel anti-tumoral sur les lignées cellulaires LNCaP et PC-3 du cancer de la prostate, et les lignées cellulaires SF-767 et SF-763 de glioblastome. / Essential oils are natural complex of volatile and odorous molecules, synthesized by aromatic plants. They have anti-infective, antioxidant, anticancer properties... The present work concerned the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer propertiesof essential oils of Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov., Cymbopogon citratus [DC] Stapf, Ocimum basilicum Linnæus, Ocimum americanum Linnæus, Hyptis spicigera Lamarck, Lippia multiflora Moldenk, Ageratum conyzoides Linnæus, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt and Zingiber officinale Roscoe of Burkina Faso. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus adapted and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS methods, and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of lipoxygenase. The antiproliferative activity was performed by the MTT assay on LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines of prostate cancer and SF-767 and SF-763 cell lines of glioblastoma. The action of essential oils on the resistance to anoikis through by soft agar method, their effect on cell migration by Scratch test and their action on the cell cycle by protein analysis by Western Blot. The major constituents are mainly: α-terpineol (59.78%) for O. basilicum ; 1, 8-cineol (31.22%) for O. americanum ; β-caryophyllene (21%) and α-pinene (20.11%) for H. spicigera ; p-cymene (25.27%) for L. multiflora ; precocene (82.10%) for A. conyzoides ; eucalyptol (59,55%) for E. camaldulensis ; arcurcumene (16.67%) and camphene (12.70%) for Z. officinale ; geranial or citral A (48.18%) and neral or citral B (34.37%) for C. citratus ; limonene (19.33%) and mentha-1 (7) ,8-dien-2-ol cis (17.34%) for C. giganteus. All oils were presented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. C. citratus has presented the best ability to scavenge DPPH . radicals (% I = 67.58%) and L. multiflora strongest ability to reduce ABTS+ radicals (1.02 μmolET / g). Z. officinale has submitted the best lipoxygenase inhibition (100% inhibition at 8mg/ml and 50.9% at 0.4 mg / ml). Only essential oils of C. giganteus, C. citratus, O. basilicum, Z. officinale, L. multiflora and A. conyzoides showed antiproliferative properties. C. citratus has submitted the best antiproliferative activity on both cell lines LNCaP (IC 50 = 6.36 μg/ml) and PC-3 (IC 50 = 32.1μg/ml) of prostate cancer than those SF-767 (IC 50 = 45.13μg/ml) and SF-763 (IC 50 = 172.05μg/ml) of glioblastoma. Statistically, citral activity on LNCaP prostate cancer is equal to that of C. citratus and corespond third of that presented by cisplatin, a reference used in cancer chemotherapy. C. citratus and citral induce anoikis and prevent cell migration as cisplatin. C. citratus and citral also lead repression of Rb, activation of p21 and P27 of cycle. The results of this work show that essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants from Burkina Faso have anti-tumor potential on LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines of prostate cancer, and the SF-767 and SF-763 glioblastoma cell lines.