This thesis places art heists in the context of their journalistic and online commentaries to examine their implications for subversive anti-capitalist criticism. The 2012 Rotterdam Art Heist functions as a case study that demonstrates how online trolling participates in the production of a culture that undermines the conventional dualisms between popular and high culture. By linking crime and its commentaries to game and performance theories the thesis promotes pop culture against its devaluation by 20th century cultural critics Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin. Hence, it argues for folklore’s role in critically rethinking the scholarship on the work of these acclaimed cultural critics. Anti-establishment perspectives are set against bourgeois moments in the Frankfurt School’s critical theory.

University of Macau / Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences

A thesis submitted to the Cape Peninsula University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the MASTERS DEGREE IN TECHNOLOGY (CHEMISTRY) Department of Chemistry January 2007 / An increasing number of natural products possessing the oleanolic acid moiety have been shown to demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological activity. This thesis deals with the extraction and isolation of oleanolic acid from Syzigium aromaticum and the examination of its stereochemistry and crystal structure by X-ray diffraction. The synthetic routes used for converting functional groups on the oleanolic acid molecule to afford derivatives are described in Chapter 5. Oleanolic acid and its derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Three different procedures viz. Kirby-Bauer, Broth dilution and Tetrazolium salt chemosensitivity were used. Acceptable results were obtained from the last method and these were used to arrive at conclusions regarding this study.

Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007 / An increasing number of natural products possessing the oleanolic acid moiety have been shown to demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological activity. This thesis deals with the extraction and isolation of oleanolic acid from Syzigium aromaticum and the examination of its stereochemistry and crystal structure by X-ray diffraction. The synthetic routes used for converting functional groups on the oleanolic acid molecule to afford derivatives are described in Chapter 5. Oleanolic acid and its derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. Three different procedures viz. Kirby-Bauer, Broth dilution and Tetrazolium salt chemosensitivity were used. Acceptable results were obtained from the last method and these were used to arrive at conclusions regarding this study.

A procura por novos agentes com acao antimicrobiana esta se intensificando nos ultimos anos, principalmente devido ao crescente aparecimento de linhagens de micro-organismos patogenicos resistentes aos farmacos disponiveis. Substancias naturais, como o eugenol, presente nos oleos essenciais de varias plantas, e alguns compostos heterociclicos, como os derivados benzoxazolicos, sao conhecidos por apresentarem diversas propriedades biologicas, incluindo acao antimicrobiana. Buscando a obtencao de novos produtos ativos contra micro-organismos, em especial fungos, empregou-se a estrategia de hibridizacao molecular para preparar moleculas mistas contendo residuos estruturais de eugenol e de nucleo benzoxazolico. As oito substancias finais propostas foram obtidas com sucesso a partir da ciclo-oxidacao de iminas ou ciclo-condensacao de amidas, ambas derivadas de o-aminofenois originados do eugenol ou de seu analogo, diidroeugenol. O metodo baseado na ciclo-condensacao de amidas mostrou-se mais simples e eficiente. Os produtos tiveram sua identidade confirmada por meio de espectroscopia no infravermelho e de ressonancia magnetica nuclear. Esses produtos foram avaliados como antimicrobianos contra especies patogenicas ou oportunistas de Candida (C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis e C. tropicalis) e contra bacterias Gram positiva (Staphylococcus aureus) e Gram negativa (Escherichia coli). Nenhum derivado benzoxazolico apresentou atividade antibacteriana ate 100 µg.mL-¹. Por outro lado, quatro benzoxazois, 9c, 9d, 10a e 10b, apresentaram acao contra pelo menos uma especie de Candida. O produto 10a foi o mais ativo contra C. albicans e C. krusei (CI_50 = 321 µM) e o benzoxazol 10b exibiu maior potencia contra C. glabrata (CI_50 = 332 µM). As quatro substancias ativas apresentaram valores de CI_50 melhores que os descritos para o eugenol, o qual foi ativo apenas contra C. krusei (CI_50 = 610 µM). Alem desse perfil antifungico, destaca-se que esses benzoxazois foram menos citotoxicos que o eugenol frente as celulas sanguineas mononucleares humanas. Mesmo esses benzoxazois nao tendo potencia superior ao farmaco de referencia empregado no ensaio biologico (fluconazol, CI_50 = 1,6 a 104,3 µM), representam moleculas ineditas passiveis de alteracao estrutural para otimizacao de atividade. / The search for new agents with antimicrobial activity is intensifying in recent years, mainly due to the increasing appearance of pathogenic micro-organisms strains resistant to available drugs. Natural substances such as eugenol, present in the essential oils of many plants, and some heterocyclic compounds such as benzoxazoles are known for their various biological properties, including antimicrobial activity. In order to obtain new active compounds against microorganisms, especially fungi, we applied the molecular hybridization strategy to prepare mixed molecules containing structural eugenol and benzoxazole cores. The final eight substances proposed have been successfully obtained from the oxidative cyclization of imines or cyclo-condensation of amides, both derived from o-aminophenols originated from eugenol or its analogue, diidroeugenol. The benzoxazoles obtained by amide intermediates was simpler and efficient. The products had their identities confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. These products were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic or opportunistic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis) and against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Escherichia coli). None of the benzoxazoles showed antibacterial activity up to 100 μg.mL-1. Moreover, four benzoxazoles, 9c, 9d, 10a and 10b, presented activity against at least one species of Candida sp. The product 10a was the most active against C. albicans and C. krusei (IC_50 = 321 μM) and benzoxazole 10b exhibited higher potency against C. glabrata (IC_50 = 332 μM). These four active substances showed better IC_50 values than those for eugenol, which was only active against C. krusei (IC_50 = 610 μM). In addition to this antifungal profile, it is noteworthy that these benzoxazoles were less cytotoxic than eugenol in human blood mononuclear cells assay. Although these derivatives have not shown greater potencies than that of the reference drug used in the test (fluconazole, IC_50 = 1.6 to 104.3 μM), they represent novel chemical entities capable of structural change for activity optimization. / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq

by Chiu-lun Fok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / List of Abbreviations --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- General Properties of Oxalysine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Chemical Structure and Properties --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Biological Properties --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Antimicrobial Activity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Antitumor Activity --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Immunomodulatory Activity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Other Biological Properties --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- General Properties of Ribosome-Inactivating and Abortifacient Proteins --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Research History --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Abortifacient Proteins --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Relationship between Ribosome- Inactivating Proteins and Abortifacient Proteins --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Distribution --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Physicochemical Characteristics --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Biological Properties --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- Effect on Protein Synthesis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- Effect on the Immune System --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activities --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5.4 --- Termination of Pregnancy --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.5.5 --- Antiviral Activity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- The Study on Luffaculin --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3 --- Aim of the Present Study --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Oxalysine --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Luffaculin --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- In Vivo Drug Treatment --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Isolation and Preparation of Cells --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Peritoneal Exudate Cells --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Spleen Cells --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Ficoll-Paque Separation of Lymphocytes --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Congo Red-Stained Yeast Cells --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lymphocyte Transformation --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Haemolytic Plaque Assay --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Phagocytic Activity --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Macrophage-Mediated Cytostatic Activity --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Production of and Assay for Interleukin-2(IL-2) --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Cytotoxicity of the Drugs on Various Cell Lines --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Trypan Blue Exclusion Method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Neutral Red Uptake Method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Cytostatic Effect of the Drugs on Various Cell Lines --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Evaluation of Antitumor Activity (In Vivo ) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.11.1 --- Tumor Size --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.11.2 --- Survival Study --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- TLC Analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Preparation of Ribosome-Inactivating and Abortifacient Proteins --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.13.1 --- Trichosanthin (TCS) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.13.2 --- Luffaculin (LFC) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Protein Determination --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Immunomodulatory and Antitumor Activities of Oxalysine (OXL) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Immunomodulatory Activity of Oxalysine --- p.46 / Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Proliferation of Mouse Splenocytes --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect of In Vitro Oxalysine Exposure on the Response of Murine Splenocytes to Mitogens --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effect of In Vivo Oxalysine Treatment on the Response of Murine Splenocytes to Mitogens --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Effect of Oxalysine on Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Response --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the In Vitro Phagocytic Activity of Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effect of Oxalysine on Macrophage- Mediated Cytostatic Activity --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Humoral Response to SRBC --- p.55 / Discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Mechanistic Studies on Inhibition of Mitogen´ؤ Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Oxalysine --- p.62 / Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Lack of Direct Cytotoxic Effect of Oxalysine on Mouse Splenocytes In Vitro --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Kinetics of Con A-Induced Lymphoproliferative Response --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Time Course Studies on the Effect of Oxalysine on Mitogen-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Preincubation of Oxalysine --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Delayed Addition of Oxalysine --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of Exogenous IL-2 on the Oxalysine-Mediated Suppression of Lymphocyte Blastogenesis --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Activity of IL-2 Containing Medium to Maintain the Proliferation of the IL´ؤ2 Dependent CTLL-2 Cells --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Production of IL-2 from Splenocytes of Oxalysine´ؤTreated Mice --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- The In Vitro Effect of Oxalysine on the Production of IL-2 from Con A-Activated Mouse Splenocytes --- p.75 / Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Antitumor Activity of Oxalysine --- p.83 / Results --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cytotoxicity of Oxalysine on Various Tumor Cell Lines --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cytostatic Effect of Oxalysine on Various Tumor Cell Lines --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Survival of Tumor-Bearing Mice --- p.93 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effect of Oxalysine on the Growth of Transplantable Tumor Cells In Vivo --- p.95 / Discussion --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5 --- General Discussion --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Immunomodulatory and Cytotoxic Properties of Luffaculin (LFC) --- p.104 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Immunomodulatory Activity of Luffaculin --- p.106 / Results --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Lack of Direct Cytotoxic Effect of LFC on Mouse Splenocytes In Vitro --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of Luffaculin on the Proliferation of Mouse Splenocytes --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Inhibition of the Mitogen-Induced Lymphocyte Transformation by Luffaculin --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of Luffaculin on Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Response --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Primary Humoral Immune Response to SRBC in Luffaculin-Treated Mice --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Effect of Luffaculin on Phagocytosis of Macrophages In Vitro --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Effect of Luffaculin on Macrophage- Mediated Cytostatic Activity --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Production of Interleukin´ؤ2 from Splenocytes of Luffaculin-Treated Mice --- p.119 / Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Effects of Luffaculin on Various Tumor Cell Lines --- p.125 / Results --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Cytotoxicity of Luffaculin on Various Tumor Cell Lines --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cytostatic Effect of Luffaculin on Various Tumor Cell Lines --- p.127 / Discussion --- p.138 / Chapter 4.4 --- General Discussion --- p.140 / References --- p.143

Network operators need detailed understanding of their networks in order to ensure functionality and to mitigate security risks. Unfortunately, legacy networks are poorly suited to providing this understanding. While the software-defined networking paradigm has the potential to, existing switch-based implementations are unable to scale sufficiently to provide information in a fine-grained. Furthermore, as switches are inherently blind to the inner workings of hosts, significantly hindering an operator's ability to understand the true context behind network traffic. In this work, we explore a host-based software-defined networking implementation. We evaluation our implementation, showing that it is able to scale beyond the capabilities of a switch-based implementation. Furthermore, we discuss various detailed network policies that network operators can write and enforce which are impossible in a switch-based implementation. We also implement and discuss an anti-reconnaissance system that can be deployed without any additional components.

Orientador: Mauro Pedrine Santamaria / Co-orientador: Andrea Carvalho de Marco / Banca: Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin / Banca: Antônio Olavo Cardoso Jorge / Resumo: O presente estudo clínico controlado randomizado teve como objetivo avaliar a resposta clínica periodontal e os possíveis efeitos adversos da utilização da claritromicina (CLM) associada à terapia mecânica periodontal no tratamento de pacientes com periodontite agressiva generalizada. Para tal, foram selecionados 40 pacientes apresentando periodontite agressiva generalizada que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente, dentro de dois grupos: grupo claritromicina com 20 indivíduos que receberam RAR associado à claritromicina (500 mg - 12/12 horas) durante 3 dias; grupo placebo com 20 indivíduos que receberam RAR associado ao placebo. Foram avaliados profundidade de sondagem (PS), ganho de nível de inserção clínica (NIC) e sangramento à sondagem no baseline, 3 e 6 meses após o procedimento. Quanto aos resultados, ambos os tratamentos obtiveram melhorias clínicas em relação ao baseline, com diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas para redução em PS à favor do grupo claritromicina. Concluímos que o uso da claritromicina associado à terapia mecânia mostra-se superior à terapia padrão ouro para o tratamento de periodontite agressiva generalizada / Abstract: The present randomized, clinical trial aimed to assess the periodontal clinical response and the possible adverse effects of the clarithromycin combined to periodontal mechanical therapy in the treatment of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis. To this, 40 patients were select and randomly assigned into two groups: Group clatithromycin with 20 subjects received SRP associated with clarithromycin (500 mg - 12/12 hours) for 3 days; group placebo with 20 subjects received SRP associated with placebo. Probing depth (PD), gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and bleeding probing were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. As results, both treatments had clinical benefits better than baseline, just differing statistically to PD reduction for the clarithromycin group. It may be concluded that the use of clarithromycin associated with mechanical treatment is better than the gold standard for the treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis / Mestre

Orientador: Graziella Nuernberg Back Brito / Banca: Luciane Vieira Garcia / Banca: Fernanda Malagutti Tomé / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar se os extratos de Pfaffia paniculata K. e Juglans regia L. possuem ação antifúngica, antibacteriana e toxicidade celular, com testes in vitro. Para os testes antifúngicos foram utilizadas cepas ATCC de Candida spp., e para os testes antibacterianos foram utilizadas cepas ATCC de Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Para a atividade antimicrobiana primeiramente foram determinados os valores da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e da Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos pelo método de microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Os micro-organismos que apresentaram CMM foram selecionados para os testes em biofilme, no qual foi preparado em fundo de placa com 96 poços, por 48 h. Após os biofilmes foram tratados por 5 min. utilizando as concentrações de 200, 100 e 50 mg dos extratos. Para mensuração da biomassa foi utilizado o teste de Cristal violeta (CV), e para avaliar a atividade metabólica foi utilizado o teste de MTT. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada sobre fibroblastos gengivais humanos (FMM-1) utilizando os mesmos parâmetros de tratamento utilizados para os testes em biofilmes. Foram avaliadas a viabilidade celular pelos testes de MTT, vermelho neutro e cristal violeta. Os dados obtiveram distribuição normal e foram analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey, com significância de 5% (p<0.05%). O extrato ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether extracts of Pfaffia paniculata K. and Juglans regia L. have antifungal, antibacterial and cellular toxicity, with in vitro tests. ATCC strains of Candida spp. Were used for antifungal tests, and ATCC strains of Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used for the antibacterial tests. For the antimicrobial activity, the values of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimal Microbicidal Concentration (CMM) of the extracts were determined by the microdilution method in broth, according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The microorganisms that presented CMM were selected for the biofilm tests, in which it was prepared on a 96-well plate bottom for 48 h. After the biofilms were treated for 5 min. Using the concentrations of 200, 100 and 50 mg of the extracts. To measure the biomass, the Violet Crystal test (CV) was used, and the MTT test was used to evaluate the metabolic activity. Cytotoxicity was assessed on human gingival fibroblasts (FMM-1) using the same treatment parameters used for biofilm tests. Cell viability was evaluated by the MTT, neutral red and violet crystal tests. The data obtained normal distribution and were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, with significance of 5%. The extract of P. paniculata showed antifungal action in biofilms, with average reductions of 29.4 and 42.7% in CV and MTT tests; The antibacterial action was restricted to S. mutans and P. aeruginosa with mean reductions of 15.7 and 28.6% in the respective tests. The extract of J. regia also demonstrated antifungal action with an average reduction of 22.2% in biomass and 31.4% in metabolic activity. The antimicrobial action was restricted to P. aeruginosa with mean reductions of 17.7 and 15.6%,....(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Individual cells employ mechanisms of cell-autonomous immunity to defend their cytosol against bacterial invasion. One such mechanism involves indirect detection of the pathogen through recognition of pathogen-induced disturbances causing the appearance of specific host molecules in an abnormal location. For example, glycans, which are located on the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane under homeostatic conditions, become hidden inside bacteria-containing vacuoles (BCVs) during bacterial entry into the cell. Upon BCV rupture, glycans become exposed to the cytosol where they act as a danger signal and are detected by the cytosolic danger receptor, Galectin 8. My research reveals that sphingomyelin, a host lipid predominantly located on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, is exposed to the cytosol on damaged BCVs. I visualised the appearance of intracellular sphingomyelin by utilising Lysenin - a sphingomyelin-specific toxin from earthworms – as a cytosolic sphingomyelin reporter. Lysenin is recruited to BCVs in a sphingomyelin-dependent manner upon cytosolic entry of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Lysenin co-localises with Galectin 8 on a proportion of BCVs, indicating that sphingomyelin exposure occurs upon membrane damage. Moreover, I elucidated that sphingomyelin exposure occurs before glycan exposure on damaged BCVs indicating that BCV rupture may proceed through two stages: ‘minor’ and ‘major’ damage. My investigations into possible causes of vacuole rupture are on going. To identify endogenous cellular receptors for cytosol-exposed sphingomyelin, I established and executed an assay to compare enrichment of mammalian cell lysate proteins on liposomes containing or lacking sphingomyelin. Following mass spectrometry analysis, 49 candidate proteins were tested for recruitment to Salmonella. Twelve candidates were recruited to BCVs upon infection. Of these twelve, I pursued five candidates in greater detail due to their recruitment to Salmonella being either entirely unknown, or known, but via a non-sphingomyelin mechanism. Further analysis of one candidate in particular, TECPR1, elucidated that TECPR1 is recruited to Salmonella in a sphingomyelin-dependent manner and possesses sphingomyelin-specific binding properties in vitro. Therefore, my thesis research identifies TECPR1 as an endogenous sphingomyelin-binding protein.