This critical edition of John Henry Newman's Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England is comprised of an Introduction, Editor's Notes and Textual Appendices. The text of the lectures themselves is appended separately bound. Section I of the Introduction draws on recent research to describe both the immediate historical context, the 1850-1 `Papal Aggression' crisis, and the wider background of anti- Catholicism in Britain. Section II gives a detailed account of the composition of the text, drawing on Newman's diaries and the extant preparatory material which is transcribed and compared with the published text in Textual Appendices 2 and 3. All the textual variants between the first and final editions are listed in full in Textual Appendix 1; the significance of these is assessed. Section III is a detailed survey of Newman as a satirist, showing the development of common themes in his satire and the relation of Present Position to both his earlier and later work. Section IV traces the central satirical strategy used in Present Position: a drama played out between the Catholic Church and a series of prejudiced opponents who are gradually disarmed. Key passages are analysed in detail. Section V analyses and evaluates contemporary reactions to the lectures from primary sources, both Catholic and Protestant. It then gives a comprehensive and detailed survey of critical responses from the death of Newman to the present day and analyses and evaluates them. The Editor's Notes give explanations of every historical, contemporary, political, literary, legendary, scriptural, ecclesiastical, theological, hagiographical or other reference in the text. Newman's primary sources are quoted, and all his quotations and references fully elucidated. Parallel passages in his other writings are identified, as are parallels from other sources. The Notes are in effect a commentary on the Lectures, shedding new light on their context and illuminating their meaning.

Medicinal plants have long been used in folkloric medicine in various parts of the world. Presence of phenolic compounds has been attributed to their medicinal properties. Despite various medicinal uses, scientific claims of anti-hypertensive activities are still deficient. Therefore, hydroethanolic (70% ethanol) extracts of the leaf and root parts of T. officinale (TOL and TOR respectively) were investigated for anti-hypertensive antioxidant, diuretic activities, and effects on lipid profile in L-Name-induced hypertensive Wistar rats. Phytochemical screening of TOL and TOR was assessed by known standardized method. Acute toxicity profile of the plant was also evaluated by Lorke’s method. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed using Folin Ciocalteau and Aluminium chloride colorimetric methods; while, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’–azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS)and ferric antioxidant reducing power (FRAP) protocols were used for their radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacities respectively. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were used for acute antihypertensive study while for the 21 days antihypertensive study, hypertension was induced by administering L-Name (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks and, CODA 8 Non-invasive tail cuff machine was used to measure blood pressure. With the aid of a semi-auto chemistry analyzer, lipid profile of Taraxacum officinale (TO) was determined using Biosinol reagents. TOL and TOR also significantly reduced systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures up until 4 hours with the leaf part most active in single dose study using SHR model. TOL and TOR also significantly lowered systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures with the leaf part most active in 21 days study using and L-Name-induced HTN models. However, these plant extracts did not have a diuretic effect, but seems to exert its antihypertensive effects by modulating NO production and possibly bioavailability, by acting via an endothelium-dependent pathway. This study validates the traditional use of the leaf part of the plant as an antihypertensive agent.

Orientador: João Carlos Soares Zuin / Banca: Edison Bariani / Banca: Dagoberto Fonseca / Resumo: A presente pesquisa busca através do discurso e do projeto político nazista compreender as origens do pensamento conservador contemporâneo e as formas modernas de discriminação e violência, sobretudo as que são decorrentes da ideia de ordem e controle social, assim também como a relação entre o pensamento conservador e a sociedade de massas na crise da modernidade. Definimos nosso objeto em torno da análise do período que abarca do final da Primeira Guerra Mundial, até a expansão e chegada ao poder do Partido Nazista, na década de 1930. Tendo como objeto central a obra Mein Kampf de Adolf Hitler, analisaremos como diferentes ideologias concorreram para a criação de uma doutrina, e o papel do antissemitismo nesse processo. Remontamos as origens de diferentes discursos na sociedade alemã, e como esses discursos convergiram em um projeto político. Objetivamos compreender tanto o poder que a articulação de ideias pode ter dentro de um determinado contexto social, quanto as relações entre ideologia e sociedade. Analisamos as formas que o pensamento conservador assume para o reestabelecimento da ordem e do controle social e em última análise compreender como é possível "naturalizar" as diferenças e as práticas discriminatórias, num processo em que o outro é sub-humanizado, subalternizado, e que se legitimam a segregação, a violência e o extermínio / Abstract: This research aims through political discourse and the Nazi project to understand the origins of contemporary conservative thought and modern forms of discrimination and violence, especially those arising from the idea of order and control partner, so as the relationship between conservative thought and mass society in the crisis of modernity. We define our object of analysis around the period spanning the end of World War I, to the expansion and rise to power of the Nazi Party in the 1930s. Taking as its central object the work of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf, consider how different ideologies contributed to the creation of a doctrine, and the role of anti-Semitism in this process. Reassemble the origins of different discourses in society, and how these discourses have converged on a political project. We aim to understand both the power of articulation of ideas can have within a given social context and the relationship between ideology and society. We analyzed the ways in which conservative thought takes for re-establishment of order and social control and ultimately understand how it is possible to "naturalize" the differences and discriminatory practices, a process in which the other is subhumanized, subordinazed, e its legitimized segregation, violence and the slaughter / Mestre

Com a crescente demanda de substâncias enantiomericamente puras e na busca por métodos que demandem menor tempo e custo, algumas metodologias preparativas, envolvendo separação quiral, sobressaem-se à síntese enantiosseletiva. A cromatografia contracorrente de alta eficiência (HPCCC) é uma técnica de separação líquido-líquido baseada nas diferenças de partição dos componentes de uma mistura, entre duas fases líquidas imiscíveis, e possui vantagens distintas na separação quiral. O anti-helmíntico praziquantel (PZQ) é obtido como mistura racêmica, sendo que o enantiômero R-(-)-PZQ é ativo, enquanto o S-(+)-PZQ está associdado aos efeitos colaterais e ao sabor amargo. O isolamento do enantiômero R-(-)-PZQ levaria a redução da dose nas formulações, além de promover redução no sabor amargo de preparações líquidas, fator importante para a adesão ao tratamento, principalmente por crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi o emprego da técnica de HPCCC e, com auxílio de modelagem molecular, a avaliação de diferentes seletores quirais (SQs) na separação enantiomérica do PZQ. Diversos sistemas de solventes bifásicos (SSBs) foram avaliados, através da determinação do coeficiente de partição (K) do PZQ, do tempo de separação das fases e das condições cromatográficas de operação, na ausência e presença de SQs. Também foi desenvolvida metodologia analítica por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), com fase estacionária quiral, para análise complementar das frações coletadas por HPCCC. Os SQs hidroxipropil-β- ciclodextrina (HP-β-CD), hidroxipropil-ɣ-ciclodextrina e ácido L-(+)-tartárico foram avaliados experimentalmente e/ou empregando modelagem molecular. O método de CLAE quiral foi considerado adequado para o uso pretendido, fornecendo tempo de retenção de 9,24 e 10,16 minutos para o (S)-PZQ e o (R)-PZQ, respectivamente, com resolução de 1,7 entre os enantiômeros e pratos teóricos superiores a 4000 para ambos. O SQ HP-β-CD, a partir da concentração de 100 mmol/L, dissolvido no SSB composto por hexano/acetato de etila/metanol/água, nas proporções 1:1:1:1 e 1,2:0,8:1,2:0,8 (v/v/v/v), resultou em indício de separação dos enantiômeros de PZQ, estando de acordo com os resultados de modelagem molecular, os quais não evidenciaram elevado poder discriminatório deste SQ em relação aos isômeros. O conjunto de parâmetros da modelagem molecular indicaram a carboximetil-β- ciclodextrina como o SQ mais promissor para a separação enantiomérica de PZQ. / With the increasing demand of enantiomerically pure substances and in the search for methods that require less time and cost, some preparative methodologies, involving chiral separation, stand out for the enantioselective synthesis. High performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) is a liquid-liquid separation technique based on the partition differences of the components in a mixture, between two immiscible liquid phases, and has distinct advantages in the chiral separation. The antihelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) is obtained as racemic mixture, whereas the R-(-)- PZQ enantiomer is active, while S-(+)-PZQ is associated with side effects and bitter taste. Isolation of the R-(-)-PZQ enantiomer would lead to dose reduction in the formulations, besides promoting bitter taste reduction of liquid preparations, an important factor for treatment adherence, especially for children. The aim of this study was the employment of the HPCCC technique and, with the aid of molecular modeling, the evaluation of different chiral selectors (CSs) in the enantiomeric separation of PZQ. Several biphasic solvent systems (BSSs) were evaluated by partition coefficient (K) determination of the PZQ, the settling time and the operating chromatographic conditions, in the CSs absence and presence. It was also developed an analytical methodology by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with chiral stationary phase, for complementary analysis of the HPCCC fractions. Hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), hydroxypropyl-ɣ-cyclodextrin and L-(+)-tartaric acid were evaluated experimentally and/or using molecular modeling. The chiral HPLC method was considered suitable for the intended use, providing retention time of 9.24 and 10.16 minutes for (S)-PZQ and (R)-PZQ, respectively, with a resolution of 1.7 between the enantiomers and theoretical plates above 4000 for both. HP-β-CD, above 100 mmol/L, dissolved in the BSS composed of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water, in the proportions 1:1:1:1 and 1.2:0.8:1.2:0.8 (v/v/v/v), resulted in separation indication of the enantiomers of PZQ, being in agreement with the results of molecular modeling, which did not show a high discriminatory power of this CS in relation to the isomers. The set of molecular modeling parameters indicated carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as the most promising CS for the enantiomeric separation of PZQ.

It was proposed that some O-alkyl analogues of the beta-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol would be effective structural and functional congeners of clenbuterol which may then be used for the production of clenbuterol-specific idiotypic antibodies. These antibodies could possibly then be used to generate anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol. Therefore, the aim of this work was to synthesise and characterise these compounds, evaluate their physiological effects, characterise the specificity of antibodies produced in response to protein conjugates of two of the novel compounds, and then use this data to determine the utility of these compounds for the generation of anti-idiotype antibodies which mimic clenbuterol. The target compounds were synthesised in five steps from 3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyacetophenone in overall yields of 5-28%. A synthetic scheme similar to that which has led to clenbuterol was used to form the phenylethanolamine backbone, with modifications to include the O-alkyl moiety via a modified Williamson ether synthesis, and elimination of a synthetic chlorination step. Overall, 15 new compounds were synthesised, which were characterised and their structure confirmed from proton and carbon-13 NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The two haptenic analogues were then conjugated to carrier proteins using carbodiimide-based chemistries. In conclusion, the results indicated that the O-alkyl analogues, although structurally similar, were ineffective functional mimics of clenbuterol. Therefore, the anti-clenbuterol antobodies produced from the novel O-alkyl analogues would appear to be unsuitable for production of anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the energy-repartitioning effects of clenbuterol since the antibodies were unable to distinguish between the compound which demonstrated energy-repartitioning effects (clenbuterol) and those that did not (O-alkyl clenbuterol analogues). / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2000. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxii, 263 p.; also contains graphics. Abbreviated abstract copied from student-submitted information. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 252-262).

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So far as we know, there is no world recognized poverty measurement can adopt to each country. Even the definitions of poverty differentiate from time and places. In Taiwan, the measurement and definition of poverty is similar to France. Both of them adopt each person¡¦s consuming outcomes for the standard of measurement. America adopts quantitative index to calculate and measure their poverty. This measurement is according to different age, sex and family total numbers, and then refers to inflation ratio of each year. About the contents of anti-poverty policy, this study find out the way of dealing with poverty issues in American, French and Taiwan are the same. All of them cannot exclude from the influences of their own historic traditional concepts. That¡¦s why America and Taiwan adopt the Residual Model to relieve the poor. After experienced the painful lessons of two world wars that brought mass poor population, France set up a popular and completed institutional re-distributive model. His or her anti-poverty policy is full caring all different statuses person. In America and Taiwan, the relationships of political parties, anti-poverty policy and elections are hard to separated. But there's a different issue altogether in France, the sense of welfare implants in the mind of French, so that no matter left-wing government or right-wing government rules the country, they could not persuade people to give up the social welfare by the fact of financial deficits. In short, the purpose of this study is try to find out how the left-wing or right-wing government is the way to treatment in the poverty issues. I chose the 1980s of American and France for the beginning -- In America, the neoliberalism economics, the right-wing government, was popular during the 1980s, and France, the only one left-wing government in western democratic countries. These two governments have been to resist poor problems over 20 years for my reference. And then discuss about the results of dealing with poverty problems in Taiwan these 20 years. This study hope can use the poverty problems, for a primary realization of the social welfare policy.

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Recently, the skills to reduce the solar cell reflectance at oblique incidence to enhance the overall efficiency of solar cells attracted much attention. the relationships between geometric structures, aspect ratios (depth over width) and sizes of the anti-reflective film (AR film) with the angles of incidence by using an optical simulation software "TracePro ". Simulation results showed that the anti-reflection effect produced by the trench structure is much lower than that of the plane structure. Structure of the higher aspect ratio and smaller size can also be effective in improving anti-reflection. PDMS was chosen as the material to construct an anti-reflective layer. Then, the study used optic lithography techniques to produce square-column structures with aspect ratios of 0.5 and 2 and also four pyramid structures of sizes 20,40,60,80 microns. Using a solar simulator we measured and calculated efficiency in generation of power with respect to different angles of incidence. At angle of incidence at 60 degrees, structure with aspect ratio of 2 obtained 14.7% higher efficiency in power generation than that of structure with ratio of 0.5. Decrease in size also enhanced efficiency. Also at 60 degrees of incidence, pyramid structure of 20um obtained over 19.6% of generating capacity than that of pyramid structure of 80um . At last, etching of PDMS surface was completed using carbon tetra fluoride (CF4) plasma. The PDMS surface thus became random nano-structure. Using Electron microscopy, the desired feature was discovered to become a micron-level structure if the processing time of plasma etching exceeds 4 hours. Two types of structures were produced by CF4 plasma etching, that by processing time of 2 hours and 4 hours on the AR film, respectively. At a 60-degree angle of incidence, AR film by 4 hours of etching obtained 18.8% greater generating capacity than that of AR film by 2 hours of etching.