This study explores the ways in which Indigenous and non-Indigenous educators have experienced working together as allies for social and racial justice. The study is grounded in anti-oppressive, decolonizing, and participatory action research paradigms. Theoretically, it is framed by anti-racism and anti-oppressive approaches that highlight oppression, exploitation, and power. Within the theoretical field of antiracism, there is a tendency to ignore Indigeneity, and the ongoing oppression and racialization of Indigenous peoples (Lawrence & Dua, 2005; St. Denis, 2007). This study puts Indigeneity and oppression at the forefront of ally development research. The research was modeled upon an action research method called co-operative inquiry (Heron, 1996). The inquiry group involved seven group members, including the researcher. These group members came from diverse racial and social backgrounds. They were all women who work in diverse educational capacities (adult educators, nurse educator, counselor, teacher, lawyer). The inquiry spanned 11 weeks, with 18 hours spent together over six group sessions. Two Indigenous leaders joined the group in two sessions, to lend their experiences and insights on the role of allies. Group members retained a high level of commitment throughout the study. The study was a success in terms of analyzing many of the issues Indigenous and non-Indigenous educators face when working together. It also highlighted the roles of allies and useful strategies for allies to use. The study was shown to have a high level of catalytic validity (Herr & Anderson, 2005) as many group members reported a high degree of both epistemological (what they know) and ontological (how they become) learning. The results of this study lead to new insights on how allies have traditionally been conceptualized and the role that ontology plays in learning. The study also discusses how the congruence between topic and method was navigated, and how that in turn led to the creation of an allied space. / Graduate

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The thesis examines the emergence of anti-psychiatry since the early 1960s, addressing two questions: 1. Why did anti-psychiatry emerge at this time? 2. How influential is anti-psychiatry today? Anti -psychiatry was found not to consist of one identifiable set of' proposals, but a shifting package of views. One factor remains consistent across versions of anti-psychiatry: criticism of medicalisation of mental disorder. Anti-psychiatry emerged during the 1960s for two reasons: a) Psychiatrists had adopted positivistic conceptualisations of human disorder, which reduced psychiatric patients to 'malfunctioning machines'. Anti-psychiatry restored the patient's subjectivity to the centre of psychiatric practice, b) The mid-twentieth century saw the expansion of state planning and a reduced emphasis upon individual liberty. Anti-psychiatry was part of the counter- culture, which criticised the welfare' state as a machine for producing 'normality'/conformity. 1960s Anti -psychiatry was more libertarian than Marxist. By the 1970s, anti-psychiatry divided into two distinct forms: radical psychotherapy and Marxist anti-therapy. Versions of Marxist anti-therapy fail to propose alternatives to therapy which are not themselves therapeutic or paratherapeutic. This problem derives from excessive reliance upon Szasz's libertarian critique which is flawed. Anti-psychiatry is less influential today; having suffered from academic criticism and failed to offer solutions to the problems posed by 'community care’. It competes with critiques which are pro-democracy, rather than anti- medicine. Italian reforms provide one possible model. MIND's mental health campaigns are democratically rather than anti -psychiatrically based. The user movement includes both anti -psychiatry c users and democratically-minded ones". Democratisation of mental health provision is complicated by the continuing need for expert professionals and some compulsory treatment, and by problems inherent within the user movement. However, democracy rather than anti-psychiatry now offers the best basis for political critiques of psychiatry.

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Bacteriological survey of the fish pathogens in Greek mariculture between 1994- 1997 was followed by analysis of prevalence in sea bass, sea bream, sharpsnout bream and common Dentex and discussion of the impact of various fish pathogens. In addition antibiotic resistance profiles and frequencies were studied using quantitative antibiogram and MIC analysis for the two most commonly used antibiotics Oxolinic acid and Oxytetracycline and clinically relevant MIC breakpoints were extrapolated for different fish species and main fish pathogens. The kinetics of the above antimicrobials were analysed in eight experiments where two fish species namely sea bass and sea bream as well as two water temperatures were employed. Muscle, liver, serum, skin samples were analysed by two HPLC methods and two bioassay methods were developed. The relative importance and significance of these findings was evaluated in the general context of pharmacokinetic studies in fish. Kinetic data were compared to clinical data and practical implications were evaluated. Issues like antibiotic resistance and its implications, the implications of residues and resistance in human health and the environment were analysed in order to put this study in context. Conclusions tackled important aspects of antimicrobial chemotherapy and future work was suggested.

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Since neonates are often the age-class most susceptible to predation, there should be strong selective pressure on prey for the early development of successful antipredator behaviour. The ability to assess predation risk as early as the embryonic stages may increase an individual’s survival, as it would allow young individuals to be better adapted to current predation risk, since present conditions are often a good short-term indicator of future conditions. I exposed embryonic cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) to the odour of a predator and tested both the responses of the embryos to this stimulus, and the latent effects of both long (approximately 3 weeks)- and short (a few days)- exposure on the behaviour of newly-hatched juveniles, in particular the efficiency of cryptic behaviour on uniform and sandy substrates. Exposure to novel odours, whether they were predators or non-predators, increased the ventilation rate of embryos. This may be adaptive, because it helps an individual survive first encounters with unknown potential dangers before they have opportunity to collect information about a novel stimulus. Long-term exposure to predator odour increased the camouflage efficiencies of juveniles on uniform substrates. On sandy substrate, the exposure did not affect camouflage, but increased the extent of sand digging behaviour. Juveniles were also larger in size at hatching when exposed to predators compared to those that were not. These results were not seen in individuals with only short-term exposure to predator. Short-term exposure also had no effect on camouflage efficiencies on uniform or sandy substrates, or on sand digging behaviour. The results of my thesis indicate that high predation risk during embryonic development induces behavioural and morphological changes in camouflage expression and body size in cuttlefish hatchlings. The behavioural plasticity may provide survival benefits for newly hatched individuals, but may come at a cost in terms of body size. Such behavioural and morphological plasticity may have an impact on predator-prey dynamics and organization of communities.

The abundant nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose)polymerase (P ARP) catalyses the formation of long homopolymeric chains of ADP-ribose, utilising NAD+ as a substrate, as the immediate cellular response to DNA damage. PARP recognises a damaged section of DNA and initiates polymer synthesis, which is believed to act as a signal to effect the repair of the lesion. A selective, potent PARP inhibitor could block the recognition, and hence repair, of DNA damage induced by cancer chemotherapy. Since increased DNA repair is regarded as a mechanism whereby tumour cells can become resistant to treatment, PARP inhibitors have therapeutic potential as resistance modifying agents. From a study of PARP inhibitors such as 3-hydroxybenzarnide (A), benzimidazole derivatives (B) were proposed as inhibitors of the enzyme, and the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of such molecules has been achieved. Substituted 2-aryl benzirnidazoles have proved to be highly potent PARP inhibitors (B;R= 4'NO2Ph, IC5o= 59 nM), under a permeabilised cell assay the nitro phenyl derivative (B; R= 4'N02Ph) is the most potent compound reported to date (IC50= 19 nM). 2-Methyl benzirnidazole-4-carboxamide (B; R= Me) has been shown to potentiate the in vitro cytotoxicity of the antitumour agent temozolomide in L1210 cells, and the synthesis of benzimidazole inhibitors suitable for pre-clinical in vivo eluation has also been investigated, This thesis demonstrates that benzimidazole PARP inhibitors have promising potential for clinical development as resistance modifying agents.