Introduktion: Antibiotikaresistens är ett globalt hot mot folkhälsan. Resistensen gör att det blir svårare att bota infektioner och sjukdomar. Idag är det även lättare att resa mellan olika länder, vilket underlättar smittspridningen av resistenta bakterier. Personer utsätter sig för onödiga risker när de reser, framför allt gällande resor till länder med stor problematik av antibiotikaresistenta bakterier. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka vuxna personers resvanor och deras samband med kunskap om antibiotikaresistenta bakterier. Metod: En enkätstudie delades på sociala medier som 80 st vuxna män och kvinnor besvarade. För att analysera materialet användes chi-två test i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat: Det var få signifikanta resultat i studien, men det gick att se att det finns en kunskapsbrist när det kommer till antibiotikaresistenta bakterier. Riskbenägenheten skiljer sig mellan olika åldersgruppen och skulle kunna jämnas ut med mer kunskap. Det är även få som läst information från Folkhälsomyndigheten som är en stor kunskapskälla om resistenta bakterier och en viktig del i sprida kunskap. Slutsats: I studien gick det att se att mer kunskap om resistenta bakterier, dess risker och spridning behövs. Det gick också se att när information om reserestriktiner kom följde större delen av respondenterna detta. Detta skulle kunna betyda att folk lyssnar på råd och följer dem när de vet vad riskerna är. / Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a global threat to public health. Resistance makes it more difficult to cure infections and diseases. Today, it is also easier to travel between different countries, which facilitates the spread of resistant bacteria. People are exposed to unnecessary risks when they travel, especially to countries with major problems with antibiotic resistance. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate adults' travel habits and their connection with knowledge about antibiotic resistant bacteria. Method: A survey was shared on social media, which was answered by 80 adult men and women. To analyze the material, chi-two tests were used in the statistical program SPSS. Results: There were few significant results in the study, but it could be seen that there is a lack of knowledge when it comes to antibiotic resistance. The willingness to take risks differs between different age groups and could be leveled out with more knowledge. There are also few who have read information from the Swedish Public Health Agency, which is a major source of knowledge about resistance and an important part of disseminating knowledge. Conclusion: The study showed that more knowledge about antibiotic resistance, its risks and spread is needed. It was also seen that when information about travel restrictions came, most of the respondents followed this. This could mean that people listen to advice and follow it when they know what the risks are.

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Fecal pollution of surface water is a significant environmental health issue. Indicator organisms are used to monitor microbial water quality, but often their presence does not coincide with the presence of pathogens. Bacterial source tracking is a term describing methods to determine the origin of fecal pollution based on bacterial traits. The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of 2 bacterial source tracking techniques, antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA) and ribotyping, to determine the sources of bacteria isolated from Sinking Creek. Based on the results of this study, ARA and ribotyping are not useful techniques for identifying sources of fecal pollution in Sinking Creek. ARA classification rates were low, and ribotype pattern generation success was 37%. The results of this study bring into question the reliability and reproducibility of these 2 source tracking methods for routine use in small watersheds.

Background There has been an increase in antibiotic consumption in the last decades in lower income countries, still, it is insufficient to meet everyone’s needs. Ensuring access to them is essential to lower the burden of disease and mortality, as well as to accomplish the Sustainable Developmental Goals. However, this consumption needs to be responsible to avoid faster spreading of antibiotic resistances. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has threatened the healthcare systems everywhere, both directly and indirectly. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on how it has impacted antibiotics’ stock.  Methods This study used secondary data of a cross-sectional cohort design to follow the impact of the pandemic on the stock of three commonly used antibiotics in healthcare facilities of Uganda. The data was compared between three time periods: before the pandemic started (January 2019-February 2020), during the first months of the pandemic and coinciding with the harshest restrictions (March 2020-May 2020), and the second period of the pandemic (June 2020-December 2020). Results An increase in stock of the antibiotics was observed as the restrictions hardened, followed by a decrease when they were lifted. Likewise, this rise happened both in the consumption and arrival of antibiotics. Stratified analysis was preformed grouping by healthcare level and by region, seeing that the strongest change happened in facilities at level II and III in the Eastern region of Uganda. Conclusions  This suggests that the pandemic influenced the antibiotics stocks and consumption. Further research needs to be done to better understand this effect.

Infections caused by antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria is an increasing issue inhealthcare, and development of new antimicrobial substances could contribute to combat the continued spread. Plants have historically been used in traditional medicine, have intrinsic defense mechanisms against microbes, and could therefore be a source for new antimicrobial agents. At the Department of Chemistry and Biomedicine at Linnaeus University, Kalmar, a total of 18 extracts made from 9 different combinations of Swedish-growing plants were available.The purpose of the current thesis was to investigate possible antimicrobial effects of the plant extracts in vitro, on a selection of Gram-positive (n=3) and Gram-negative (n=4) bacterial strains. Initial screening of all 18 extracts was performed with agar-based methods including agar well diffusion and direct application on inoculated agar. Detection of concentration-dependent antimicrobial effects was performed with four extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. At inhibitory concentrations, viability was estimated as colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml).Screening showed that 11 of 18 extracts affected the growth of at least one of the strains tested. Gram-positive species were affected to a greater extent than Gram-negatives. Estimation of concentration dependency showed inhibitory effects at 50 mg/l in the most potent extracts. Viability estimation revealed an average reduction for both S. aureus and E. faecalis, as compared to the positive control. In conclusion, the study showed possible antimicrobial effects of several extract-bacteria combinations, disclosing potential substances for further investigations.