Pseudomonas aeruginosa est un pathogène opportuniste majeur des patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Les infections à P. aeruginosa sont souvent difficiles à traiter, notamment en raison de sa capacité à développer des résistances à plusieurs familles d'antibiotiques. Dans les années 1980, les carbapénèmes font leur apparition dans l'arsenal anti-pyocyanique. Toutefois, les premiers cas de résistance apparaissent rapidement en raison de la« perte» de la porine OprD, voie d'entrée spécifique de ces antibiotiques dans la bactérie. L'étude de 173 souches cliniques de P. aeruginosa, a permis de caractériser les mécanismes à l'origine de cette résistance. La perte de la porine résulte de mutations inactivant le gène oprD ou se traduisant par des substitutions d'acides aminés responsables d'altérations structurales de la porine. Le gène oprD peut également être réprimé par certains régulateurs de pompes d'efflux telles que MexEF-OprN. La surproduction de ce système suite à l'inactivation d'une oxydoréductase, MexS, chez les mutants nfxC in vitro, confère une résistance conjointe à plusieurs familles d'antibiotiques ainsi que la perte de la production de nombreux facteurs de virulence. Toutefois, les altérations retrouvées dans la protéine MexS de 22 mutants nfYC cliniques sont majoritairement des substitutions d'acides aminés qui compromettent peu la virulence. L'origine de la surproduction de la pompe MexEF-OprN et de la multi-résistance qui lui est associée chez les souches cliniques s'est révélée indépendante de mutations dans le gène mexS chez près de la moitié des isolats, indiquant indirectement la participation d'autres gènes dans la régulation de ce système d' efflux. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which contributes to the decline of respiratory function in cystic fibrosis patients. Shortly after infection, the bacterium is able to develop various strategies to resist antibiotics of different classes. ln 1980's, new antibiotics, called carbapenems, are developed for anti-pyocyanic treatments. However, isolation of carbapenem resistant clinical strains of P. aeruginosa increases. Resistance to carbapenem mainly results from loss of porin OprD, the major route of entry of these molecules in the bacteria. Aim of this study is to characterize the mechanisms of this resistance through 173 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Loss of porin OprD is mostly due to mutations inactivating oprD gene or generating deleterious amino-acid substitutions in the porin structure. Gene oprD can also be down-regulated by efflux system regulators such as Mexî, the transcriptional activator of MexEF-OprN efflux pump. Overexpression of mexEF-oprN in laboratory-selected nfxC mutants is caused by inactivation of an oxydoreductase, MexS, leading to resistance to fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol and carbapenem and loss of production of several virulence factors. Analysis of 22 non-redundant clinical nfxC mutants showed that (i) in contrast to in vitro selected counterparts only 3 of them harbored a disrupted gene mexS, (ii) 9 contained amino-acid substitutions in MexS associated with moderate effects on resistance an virulence factors production and (iii) 1 O did not display mutations in any of the regulators known to control mexEF-oprN expression, indicating that other loci are responsible for the pump upregulation.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) est une bactérie Gram négatif, pathogène opportuniste, impliquée dans un grand nombre d’infections nosocomiales. Cette bactérie est aussi le principal micro-organisme responsable des surinfections broncho-pulmonaires chez les patients atteints de mucoviscidose. Cette prééminence est due en partie à la capacité de PA à former des biofilms, ce qui lui confèrent une résistance exceptionnelle aux antimicrobiens. Au sein de notre laboratoire, une analyse protéomique différentielle a permis de démontrer, en 2004, l’existence d’un protéome spécifique lorsque la bactérie se développe en mode biofilm. Parmi les protéines spécifiquement exprimées en mode biofilm, la protéine hypothétique PA3731 a été plus particulièrement étudiée. Cette protéine est impliquée dans la formation de biofilm, la production de rhamnolipides, la résistance à la tobramycine et la mobilité de type « swarming ». Des recherches bioinformatiques ont montré que le gène pA3731 appartient à un cluster de 4 gènes allant de pA3729 à pA3732 (système BAC), qui pourraient être impliqués dans l’élaboration et/ou la régulation d’un même système protéique. Cette hypothèse a constitué le point de départ de ce travail de thèse. La présente étude a permis de confirmer l’implication du système BAC dans la formation du biofilm, la résistance aux antibiotiques et la production de rhamnolipides chez PA. Les études protéomiques ont mis en évidence l’implication de ce système dans l’expression de la pompe MexEF-OprN, de la porine OprD, et dans la régulation du Quorum Sensing. Des études intéractomiques, menées en parallèle, ont montré une forte interaction entre la protéine PA3731 et PA3732. Ces études ont également permis de valider une forte interaction entre ces protéines et les rhamnolipides. L’ensemble de ces résultats nous permettent d’avancer une hypothèse quant à l’implication du système BAC dans le transport des rhamnolipides vers le milieu extracellulaire. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a Gram-negative bacterium, opportunistic pathogen, involved in a large number of nosocomial infections. This microorganism is also the main infectious agent involved in bronchopulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This pre-eminence is partly due to the ability of PA to form biofilms, which confers to the bacterial cells an increased resistance to antibiotics. In our laboratory, a differential proteomic analysis allowed to demonstrate in 2004, the existence of a specific proteome when the bacterium grows in the biofilm mode. This study allowed identifying about 40 proteins, specifically accumulated when bacteria adhere to a surface. Among these proteins, the hypothetical protein PA3731 has been particularly investigated. This protein is involved in the biofilm formation, the rhamnolipids production, the resistance to tobramycin and the swarming mobility. Bioinformatic research showed that the pA3731 gene belongs to a cluster of 4 genes ranging from pA3729 to pA3732 (BAC system), which could be involved in the development and / or regulation of the same protein system. This hypothesis was the starting point of this thesis work. The present study confirmed the involvement of the BAC system in the biofilm formation, the antibiotic resistance and the rhamnolipid production in PA. Proteomic studies highlighted the implication of this system in the expression of the MexEF-OprN pump and that of the OprD porin, and in the regulation of Quorum Sensing. Interactomic investigations, conducted in parallel, showed a strong interaction between PA3731 and PA3732 proteins. These studies have also pointed out a strong interaction between these proteins and rhamnolipids. All these results suggest that the BAC system could play a major role in the transfer of rhamnolipids to the extracellular environment.

Chez les bactéries, l’undécaprényl-phosphate (C55-P) est utilisé comme transporteur lipidique de sous-unités glycanes à travers la membrane plasmique. Après la synthèse de son précurseur (C55-PP) par UppS, ce dernier doit être déphosphorylé. Le transfert final des sous-unités glycanes sur une molécule acceptrice du côté périplasmique libère également du C55-PP qui va être déphosphorylé pour être recyclé. Quatre C55-PP phosphatases membranaires ont été identifiées chez E. coli : trois enzymes appartenant à la famille des PAP2 (PgpB, YbjG et LpxT) et une protéine appartenant à une nouvelle famille de phosphatases (BacA). Au cours de cette étude, nous avons caractérisé les propriétés biochimiques et la topologie membranaire de BacA. Les conditions optimales de son activité (pH, détergent, cations, température) ont été déterminées et une étroite spécificité de substrats, avec une préférence pour le C55-PP, a été observée. Trois résidus essentiels à son activité, Glu21, Ser27 et Arg174, ont été identifiés par mutagénèse, nous permettant de proposer un mécanisme catalytique basé sur l’attaque nucléophile du C55-PP par un résidu sérine. La topologie membranaire de BacA, déterminée expérimentalement à l’aide de fusions de protéines, n’a validé aucun des modèles in silico précédemment proposés. Ainsi, BacA comprend 7 segments transmembranaires et présente deux larges boucles périplasmiques portant les résidus hautement conservés du site actif. Nos résultats démontrent que toutes les C55-PP phosphatases d’E. coli identifiées à ce jour (BacA et PAP2) catalysent la déphosphorylation du C55-PP du même côté de la membrane plasmique (côté périplasmique), nous interrogeant sur l’identité de l’enzyme catalysant la déphosphorylation du C55-PP synthétisé de novo. LpxT est une PAP2 qui possède une activité kinase assurant le transfert du phosphate β du C55-PP sur une molécule de lipide A, pour former du lipide A-1-PP. Nous avons cartographié par mutagénèse dirigée le site actif de LpxT et mis en évidence l’importance d’une triade catalytique caractéristique des PAP2 (His150, His190, Asp194) et d’autres résidus spécifiques à LpxT et ses proches homologues. L’activité de LpxT est inhibée par un petit peptide, PmrR, dont l’expression est sous contrôle du système à deux composants PmrA-PmrB. Notre étude a montré que cette inhibition intervenait via une interaction directe entre ces deux partenaires. Nous montrons que l’induction du système PmrA-PmrB conduit à une résistance à la polymyxine B (peptide antimicrobien cationique) et à une sensibilité au déoxycholate (composant majeur de la bile) et que la modification catalysée par LpxT produit un effet opposé. La résistance à la polymyxine B est corrélée à la force des signaux induisant le système PmrA-PmrB, mais également le système PhoP-PhoQ et nous avons clairement identifié les signaux nécessaires à cette résistance chez E. coli. / In bacteria, the undecaprenyl-phosphate (C55-P) is used as a lipid carrier of glycans subunits across the plasma membrane. After synthesis of its precursor (C55-PP) by UppS, this latter must be dephosphorylated. The transfer of the glycans subunit onto a final acceptor molecule at the periplasmic side also releases C55-PP that will be dephosphorylated to be recycled. Four C55-PP membrane phosphatases have been identified in E. coli : three enzymes belonging to the PAP2 family (PgpB, YbjG and LpxT) and a protein belonging to a new family of phosphatases (BacA).In this study, we characterized the biochemical properties and membrane topology of BacA. The optimal conditions for its activity (pH, detergent, cation, temperature) were determined and narrow substrate specificity, with a preference for the C55-PP, was observed. Three essential residues to its activity, Glu21, Ser27 and Arg174 were identified by mutagenesis, allowing us to propose a catalytic mechanism based on the nucleophilic attack of the C55-PP by a serine residue. The membrane topology of BacA determined experimentally using protein fusions did not validated previous in silico models. Thus, BacA has 7 transmembrane segments and contains in particular two large periplasmic loops carrying the highly-conserved active site residues. Our results demonstrate that all C55-PP phosphatases of E. coli identified to date (BacA and PAP2) catalyze the dephosphorylation of C55-PP on the same side of the plasma membrane (periplasmic side), questioning us about the identity of the enzyme catalyzing the dephosphorylation of C55-PP synthesized de novo. LpxT is a PAP2 enzyme with a specific kinase activity, transferring the β-phosphate group of C55-PP on a molecule of lipid A, to generate lipid A-1-PP. We mapped, by directed mutagenesis, the active site of LpxT and highlighted the importance of a catalytic triad characteristic to the PAP2 enzymes (His150, His190, Asp194) and other specific residues of LpxT and its closer homologues. The activity of LpxT is inhibited by a small membrane peptide, called PmrR, whose expression is under the control of the two-component system PmrA-PmrB. Our study showed that this inhibition occurred via a direct interaction between these two partners. We showed that the induction of PmrA-PmrB system leads to resistance to the polymyxin B (cationic antimicrobial peptide) and sensitivity to deoxycholate (component major bile) and that the modification catalyzed LpxT produces an opposite effect. The robustness of the resistance to the polymyxin B is connected to the force of the signals inducing PmrA-PmrB system, but also the system PhoP-PhoQ and we clearly identified the signals needed to this resistance in E. coli.

<div>Biological dynamics have been studied by many methods. Fluorescence dynamic microscopy and optical coherence tomography provided fundamental understandings of biological systems. However, their high NA optics only represent local characteristics. Biodynamic imaging (BDI) technique implements a low NA optics and acquires the statistical average of Doppler shifts that occurred by dynamic light scattering with biological dynamic subsystems provided globally averaged dynamic characteristics. </div><div>BDI is used for this study to investigate biomedical applications. The chemotherapy efficacy measurement by BDI demonstrated a good agreement between the Doppler spectral phenotypes and the preclinical outcomes. Also, dynamic responses of microbiomes by chemical stimuli demonstrated featured Doppler characteristics. The bacterial infection of epithelial spheroids showed consistent spectral responses and antibiotic-resistant E. coli infection treatment with a sensitive and resistive antibiotic showed a dramatic contrast. Furthermore, the phase-sensitive characteristics of BDI provided a clue to understanding the characteristics of the random process of biological systems. Levy-like heavy-tailed probability density functions are demonstrated and </div><div>the shape changed by infection will be discussed. </div>

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Poultry is a good source of animal protein for many households due to its affordability. However, it is prone to bacterial infections which can be passed on to consumers, hence chickens that are reared without constant health checks present a potential health threat to humans. The objective of the study was to identify the zoonotic bacterial pathogens in poultry feeds and water resources in Blouberg poultry value chain project. A total of 88 samples comprising of 14 feed samples, 14 water samples, 60 mouth and rectal swab samples were collected from the farms. The samples were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. through selective cultivation. Only coliforms and the dominant isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp., Salmonella and Shigella spp. were not detected in all the samples. E. coli strains that were isolated from the water sources and mouth and rectal swabs of the chickens showed a significant resistance to gentamycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin (p<0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to neomycin; penicillin; erythromycin (p<0.05) while K. oxytoca and E. absuriae showed similar antibiotic resistance profile as penicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ampicillin. E. coli and K. pneumonia are mostly implicated in poultry disease outbreaks and they are enteric pathogens in humans as well. The presence of pathogens in poultry presents a great risk of secondary infection in humans and this will lead to socio-economic problems for the affected communities. The information generated in this study will guide the relevant stakeholders who handle poultry feeds and water resources in following good management practices. 1 / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Plasmids providing antibiotic resistance to their host bacteria pose a major threat to society, as antibiotics are often the only way to treat infectious diseases. Here the existence conditions of plasmids are investigated in an ecological framework with mathematical methods such as ordinary differential equations and individual-based models. It is shown how (i) the arise of different kinds of compensatory mutation, (ii) intra- and intercellular interactions of plasmids representing opposing plasmid lifestyles as well as (iii) a diverse plasmid community affect plasmid dynamics, community composition and persistence. The results indicate that evolutionary modifications and interactions between plasmids broaden the existence conditions of plasmids in a way that has not been recognized before, but explains their occurrence in nature. This includes that biotic interactions could maintain costly plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance despite the absence of abiotic selection. These findings open a way to study remaining research questions related to the complexity of natural environments.:1. Introduction 2. Article I (published) – Mobile compensatory mutations promote plasmid survival 3. Article II (published) – Conjugative plasmids enable the maintenance of low cost non-transmissible plasmids 4. Article III (submitted) – The autopoiesis of plasmid diversity 5. Supervised Master thesis I – The propagation of antibiotic resistances considering migration between microhabitats 6. Supervised Master thesis II – Estimation of the pB10 conjugation rate in Escherichia coli combining laboratory experiments and modelling 7. Supervised research internship – Plasmid population dynamics considering individual plasmid copy numbers 8. Discussion / Plasmide, die Antibiotikaresistenzen an ihre Wirtsbakterien vermitteln, stellen eine große Bedrohung füur die Gesellschaft dar, weil Antibiotika oft die einzige Möglichkeit sind Infektionskrankheiten zu behandeln. In dieser Arbeit werden die Existenzbedingungen von Plasmiden aus einer ökologischen Perspektive mit mathematischen Methoden wie gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen und Individuen-basierten Modellen untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, wie (i) das Aufkommen verschiedener Kosten-kompensierender Mutationen, (ii) intra- und interzelluläre Wechselwirkungen von Plasmiden, die gegensätzliche Plasmidlebensstile repräsentieren, sowie (iii) eine vielfältige Plasmidgemeinschaft einen Einfluss auf die Dynamik, Gemeinschaftszusammensetzung und Persistenz von Plasmiden ausüben. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass evolutionäre Modifikationen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen Plasmiden die Existenzbedingungen von Plasmiden in einer Weise erweitern, die bisher nicht erkannt wurde, aber ihr Auftreten in der Natur erklärt. Dazu gehört auch, dass biotische Wechselwirkungen trotz fehlender abiotischer Selektion eine kostspielige Plasmid-vermittelte Antibiotikaresistenz aufrechterhalten könnten. Die Erkentnisse dieser Arbeit können dazu genutzt werden verbleibende Forschungsfragen anzugehen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Komplexität der natürlichen Umwelt stehen.:1. Introduction 2. Article I (published) – Mobile compensatory mutations promote plasmid survival 3. Article II (published) – Conjugative plasmids enable the maintenance of low cost non-transmissible plasmids 4. Article III (submitted) – The autopoiesis of plasmid diversity 5. Supervised Master thesis I – The propagation of antibiotic resistances considering migration between microhabitats 6. Supervised Master thesis II – Estimation of the pB10 conjugation rate in Escherichia coli combining laboratory experiments and modelling 7. Supervised research internship – Plasmid population dynamics considering individual plasmid copy numbers 8. Discussion

Vga(A)LC and Msr(A) are clinically significant resistant proteins in staphylococci that confer resistance to translational inhibitors. They belong to ARE ABC-F protein subfamily, which is part of ABC transporters. Unlike typical ABC transporters, ABC-F proteins do not have transmembrane domains that are responsible for the transport of substances through the membrane. Therefore, they do not have characteristic transport function but regulatory or resistance function. Their mechanism of action on the ribosome has been described only recently, where these proteins displace the antibiotic from the ribosome. However, some aspects of their function are still unclear. For example, what is the function of the Vga(A) location on a membrane that has been detected in the membrane fraction but not in the ribosomal. In this work, using fluorescence microscopy, I observed subcellular localization of the Vga(A)LC-mEos2, Vga(A)LC-GFP and Msr(A)-eqFP650 resistant fusion proteins in live cells of S. aureus under different culture conditions . It has been shown that Vga(A)LC-GFP and Msr(A)-eqFP650 occur in a foci near the membrane. Depending on ATPase activity or the presence of an antibiotic, the localization of Msr(A)-eqFP650 in the cell changes from focal to diffuse, presumably on ribosomes, suggesting a...

Bakgrund: Urinvägsinfektion (UVI) är den vanligaste förekommande bakteriella infektionen på äldreboenden. Idag behandlas den oftast med antibiotika men med det ständiga hotet av antibiotikaresistens krävs det andra alternativ till prevention. Tranbär är en nordamerikansk frukt som förekommer i olika former; tranbärsjuice, tranbärskapslar, tranbärspulver eller tranbärscocktails och som används som alternativ behandling. På grund av anatomiska skillnader, där kvinnans urinrör är närmre anus, är kvinnor överrepresenterade i studier om urinvägsinfektion. Syfte: Syftet var att med hjälp av studier undersöka om det går att förebygga urinvägsinfektioner, med fokus på äldre, med hjälp av tranbär och redogöra för andra effekter av dess behandling. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturstudie med artiklar hämtade från CINAHL och PubMed, internationella databaser för forskning inom medicin och omvårdnad. Artiklarna granskades med SBU:s (statens beredning för medicinsk och social utvärdering) mall för kvalitetsgranskning.  Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie visar på att tranbär uppvisar effekt i prevention av urinvägsinfektioner i jämförelse med placebo eller annan intervention. Enstaka studier påvisar ett icke signifikant resultat trots en viss minskning i incidensen av urinvägsinfektioner. Speciellt god effekt har tranbär på Escherichia coli (E. coli bakterier) och dess vidhäftningsförmåga. Tranbär påverkar E. coli bakteriens fimbrier och försvårar därmed vidhäftningen. Till följd av tranbärsintervention rapporteras minskad användning av antibiotika.  Konklusion: Tranbärets effekt har uppvisat flera positiva resultat och är ett alternativ som är värt att överväga. Tranbär är ett billigare alternativ som kan ersätta kontinuerliga doser av antibiotika och det medför inte samma mängd biverkningar. Om det dessutom används som tillägg till antibiotikabehandling kan det minska antalet antibiotikaförskrivningar vilket på lång sikt minskar utvecklingen av antibiotikaresistens. Tranbär kan rekommenderas till äldre för att förebygga och behandla urinvägsinfektioner. / Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in nursing homes. Today it is usually treated with antibiotics but with the constant threat of antibiotic resistance other alternatives to prevention are required. Cranberries are a North American fruit that comes in various forms; cranberry juice, cranberry capsules, cranberry powder or cranberry cocktails. Due to anatomical differences, where the woman's urethra is closer to the anus, women are overrepresented in studies of urinary tract infections. Aim: The aim was to examine with the help of studies whether it is possible to prevent urinary tract infections, with focus on older care recipients, with the help of cranberries and account for other effects of its treatment. Method: A quantitative literature review with articles taken from CINAHL and PubMed, international databases for research in medicine and nursing. The articles were reviewed with SBU's (the Swedish Agency for Medical and Social Evaluation) criteria for quality review. Results: The results of this study show that cranberry demonstrates an effect in the prevention of urinary tract infections in comparison to placebo or other interventions. A few of the studies show a non-significant result despite some reduction in the incidence of urinary tract infections. Cranberry has particularly good effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli bacteria) and its adhesion. Cranberries affects the fimbriae of E. coli bacteria to make adhesion more difficult. Less use of antibiotics is reported after intake of cranberry. Conclusion: The effect of cranberry has shown several positive results and is an option worth considering. Cranberries can be seen as an unnecessary cost but could replace continuous doses of antibiotics. Cranberries are also a cheaper alternative and they do not cause the same amount of side effects as antibiotics. If it is used as a supplement to antibiotic treatment, it may not be necessary to prescribe antibiotics, which in long-term reduces the development of antibiotic resistance. Cranberry can be recommended to elderly for prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections.

Quorum sensing molecules have become a recent focus of study to learn if and how they can be used, both on their own and in conjecture with current antimicrobial methods, as a means of bacterial control. One such quorum sensing molecule is the sesquiterpene alcohol, Farnesol, which is synthesized and released by the fungus, Candida albicans. In most in-vivo cases, our laboratory has shown that Alcaligenes faecalis overtakes C. albicans, preventing its growth. However, as a way to counteract this inhibitory effect, Farnesol may be one way that Candida has found to fight back. In this study, we focused on the inhibitory properties of Farnesol for growth and motility of A. faecalis, as well as, the molecule’s ability to prevent Alcaligenes from creating biofilms and/or degrading them once they have already been established. Our experiments show evidence that Farnesol is able to inhibit both the growth and motility of A. faecalis, and determination of the specific concentrations of Farnesol needed to see the largest effects on A. faecalis biofilms. Our hope is that in future studies, we will be able to add varying concentrations of the Farnesol to known and widely used antibiotics in order to increase the effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial strains, both in the Alcaligenes genus and in other genus, that have previously been considered “antibiotic resistant”.

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