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Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes ativos de alginato de sodio reticulados com benzoato de calcio / Development and characterization of sodium alginate active films using calcium benzoate as cross-linking agentTurbiani, Franciele Rezende Barbosa 26 February 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Theo Guenter Kieckbusch / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Filmes biodegradáveis são produzidos a partir de polímeros naturais, principalmente polissacarídeos e proteínas, e tem potencial aplicação na área médica, farmacêutica e alimentícia. A incorporação de agentes ativos pode ampliar suas funções como embalagens antimicrobianas, por exemplo. Filmes foram confeccionados à base de alginato de sódio usando cloreto de cálcio como agente reticulante e glicerol como plastificante. O uso de benzoato de cálcio foi investigado como agente ativo (íons benzoato) e como auxiliar na reticulação (íons cálcio). Devido ao alto poder gelificante do Ca++, confeccionou-se, inicialmente, um filme de baixa reticulação a partir de soluções filmogênicas contendo até 0,54% de Ca++ (1º estágio). Esse filme sofreu uma reticulação complementar com excesso de Ca++ (2º estágio). Dentre os vários procedimentos avaliados (contato do filme com tecido e/ou esponja umidecidas, pincel ou rolo de pintura e imersão do filme em solução reticuladora), a simples imersão em solução contendo de 3 a 7% de CaCl2 no 2º estágio produziu filmes com alto grau de reticulação. O aumento da concentração de glicerol nessa solução melhora a manuseabilidade e plasticidade dos filmes, porém aumenta a solubilidade em água e o conteúdo de umidade dos mesmos e um adequado compromisso foi obtido usando 5% desse plastificante. Ensaios nos quais o CaCl2 foi substituído, total ou parcialmente, por benzoato de cálcio indicou que o mesmo não pode ser usado na solução do 2º estágio por favorecer a precipitação de cristais sobre o filme. Filmes ativos de 0,06 mm de espessura, pré-reticulados apenas com benzoato de cálcio e 0,7% de glicerol na solução do 1º estágio e imersos por 30 minutos em banho contendo 3% de CaCl2 e 5% de glicerol no 2º estágio, apresentaram baixa solubilidade em água (até 20% da matéria seca). Estes filmes têm baixo grau de intumescimento (< 50% da massa inicial), boa resistência mecânica à tração, mas baixa elasticidade. A permeabilidade ao vapor de água é moderada e os valores encontrados são típicos de biofilmes hidrofílicos. Ensaios de liberação de benzoato utilizando água como sorvedouro, apresentaram bom ajuste as soluções da 2ª Lei de Fick, com valores de difusividade efetiva do benzoato variando de 3 a 5.10-7 cm2/s. Os valores de difusividade diminuiram com o aumento da reticulação e aumentaram com o aumento da concentração de benzoato no filme / Abstract: Biodegradable films are produced from natural polymers, structurized mainly by polysaccharides or proteins, and have potential applications in the medical, pharmaceutical or food area. The incorporation of active agents can extend their application as antimicotic packaging, for instance. Films were manufactured with sodium alginate, using calcium chloride as cross-linking agent and glycerol as plasticizer. The use of calcium benzoate as active agent (benzoate ions) and as crosslinking agent (calcium ions) was investigated. Due to the strong gelling power of Ca++ ions, impeding smooth casting procedures, films with low reticulation are initially manufactured, using less than 0.54% Ca++ in the filmogenic solutions (1st stage). These films are further crosslinked with an excess of Ca++ by immersion in a solution of 3% to 7% of CaCl2 (2nd stage). Increasing the glycerol concentration in this solution improves the handling and plasticity of the films but increase water solubility and moisture content and an adequate compromise was obtained using 5% plasticizer. Tests conducted with partial or total substitution of CaCl2 by calcium benzoate indicated that the later could not be used in the 2nd stage solution since it promoted crystals precipitation on film surface. Active films, 0.06mm thick, pre-reticulated with calcium benzoate only and with 0.7% glycerol in the solution of the 1st stage, immersed for 30 minutes in a 3% CaCl2 and 5% glycerol solution (2nd stage) had around 17% moisture content and low water solubility (up to 20% of total dry mass). These films show low swelling degree (<50% of initial mass), good tension strength but low elongation ability. The water vapor permeability is moderate, typical of highly hydrophilic films. Benzoate liberation tests, using pure water as sink, presented good fit to solutions of Fick¿s 2nd law and effective diffusivities found varied from 4.2 to 6.3 × 10-7 cm2/s. The diffusivity values decreased with the degree of reticulation and increase with benzoate concentration in the film / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Vyhodnocení aktivity potenciálně antifungálních látek pomocí mikrodiluční bujónové metody / Evaluation of activity of potentional antifungal substances through the use of microdilution broth methodDrnková, Nela January 2016 (has links)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate: Bc. Nela Drnková Supervisor: Mgr. Marcela Vejsová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of activity of potencial antifungal substances trought the use of microdilution broth method Background: The aim of this thesis was evaluation of antifungal activity of 70 substances trought the use of microdilution broth method. Substances for testing were synthesized at the Faculty of Pharmacy and they were divided into 5 groups based on chemical structure. Methods: The microdilution broth method was used for testing. The antifungal activity of substances was tested on 8 strains of yeasts and filamentous fungi: Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, Trichosporon asahii, Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia corymbifera a Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Results: The most active substances were in group of salicylanilide N- monosubstituted and N,N-disubstituted carbamates and thiocarbamates. The most effective substances were SAL-1L, SAL-1M, SAL-1N. They were effective on Trichophyton mentagrophytes already at concentration of 1,95 µmol.l-1 . The widest spectrum had substance GP-137, it inhibited the growth of all tested strains, but only at high concentrations. Rhodamine...
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Vyhodnocení aktivity potenciálně antifungálních látek pomocí mikrodiluční bujónové metody / Evaluation of activity of potentional antifungal substances through the use of microdilution broth methodŤapuchová, Ivana January 2017 (has links)
Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University in Prague Author: Ivana Ťapuchová Title of diploma thesis: Evaluation of activity of potentional antifungal substances through the use of microdilution broth method Supervisor: Mgr. Marcela Vejsová, Ph.D. Background: The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate potential antifungal activity of 52 test substances which were develope at the Department of anorganic and organic chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University in Prague. Methods: For testing we used microdilution broth method on eight strains of yeasts and filamentous fungi in the laboratory of Department of Biological and Medical Sciences. Results: Overall 26 test substances with various substituents had antifungal activity. These substances was derivates of 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 5-aminosalicylic acid and large group derivates of sulfonamids. The most sensitive strain was dermatophyt Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the least sensitive strain was filamentous fungi Absidia corymbifera. Conclusions: Despite there was observed antifungal activity in low concentrations of derivates, it is necessary to perform next tests and clinical studies to prove efficiency and safety for use. Key words: yeasts,...
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Vyhodnocení aktivity potenciálně antimykotických látek pomocí mikrodiluční bujónové metody III / Evaluation of activity of potentional antimycotic substances through the use of microdilution broth method IIIZavřelová, Alena January 2015 (has links)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Title of thesis: Evalution of activity of potentional antimycotic substances through the use of microdilution broth method III Autor of thesis: Alena Zavřelová Supervisor: Mgr. Klára Konečná, Ph.D. Background: The aim of this thesis, due to the growing incidence of fungal diseases and the growing incidence of resistance, was to determine the activity of potentially antimycotic active substances. We tested newly synthesized compoused, structurally based on the substance of pyrazinamide which is significant antituberculotic. Methods: Testing of substances was carried out using a broth microdilution method on eight strains of pathogenic fungi consisting of five yeast strains: Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, Trichosporon asahii and three strains of filamentous fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia corymbifera, Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Results: From the range of tested concentrations and from the total number of the thirty tested substances, the most noticeable antifungal aktivity was revealed in the substance of 5-methyl-6-(2-phenylhydrazinyl)pyrazine-2,3- dicarbonitrile. All strains, except Trichophyton mentagrophytes strain, showed a relatively...
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Avaliação dos genes TRP3 e TRP5 da via de biossíntese do triptofano no patógeno oportunista C. neoformans quanto a sua aplicabilidade como alvo de drogas antifúngicas. / Evaluation of TRP3 and TRP5 tryptophan biosynthetic pathway genes in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neofarmans and its applicability as a target for antifungal drugs.Fernandes, João Daniel Santos 25 February 2015 (has links)
Criptococose é uma doença causada pelo fungo C. neoformans que têm grande importância atualmente, devido ao aumento da população imunocomprometida,. Além disso, existem poucas opções terapêuticas contra micoses profundas. Neste trabalho foi avaliado se a via de biossíntese do triptofano seria um bom alvo para o desenvolvimento de novos antifúngicos. Com o uso da tecnologia de RNA de interferência, concluiu-se que esta via de síntese é essencial para a sobrevivência desta levedura, sendo, portanto, um ótimo alvo. Ainda neste estudo, demonstrou-se que a letalidade decorre da baixa captação de triptofano pelas permeases de aminoácidos, as quais sofrem repressão catabólica pela fonte de nitrogênio e efeito negativo da temperatura. Foram testados dois inibidores específicos que atuam sobre a antranilato sintase e a triptofano sintase, duas enzimas cruciais para a conversão do corismato em triptofano. Ambos compostos causaram inibição do crescimento de C. neoformans e C. gattii. / Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by C. neoformans, currently of great importance due to the increase in immunocompromised population. Furthermore, there are few therapeutic options for treating this disease. This study evaluated the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway as a possible target for the antifungal development. By using RNA interference technology we concluded that this metabolic pathway is essential for the survival of this yeast, and, therefore, it is a good target. In the same study, it was demonstrated that lethality results from the low uptake of the tryptophan amino acid by permeases, which undergo nitrogen catabolite repression and negative effect of temperature. Two specific inhibitors acting on the anthranilate synthase and tryptophan synthase, two key enzymes for the conversion of chorismate into tryptophan were tested. Both compounds caused growth inhibition of C. neoformans and C. gattii.
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Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes compostos de alginato e quitosana contendo natamicina como agete antimicotico / Development and characterization of alginate and chitosan composite films containing natamycin as antimiotic agentSilva, Mariana Altenhofen da 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Theo Guenter Kieckbusch / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T22:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Filmes simples de alginato (FA) e filmes compostos de alginato e quitosana nas proporções 82,5:17,5 (FC1) e 65:35 (FC2), de baixo grau de reticulação com cálcio (0,04 g CaCl2.2H2O/g alginato) contendo glicerol como plastificante, foram confeccionados pela técnica de casting. Esses filmes foram submetidos a uma reticulação complementar por imersão durante 30 minutos em uma solução contendo 5g CaCl2.2H2O/100 mL. Filmes FA, FC1 e FC2 com espessura média de 48, 54 e 62 µm, respectivamente, apresentaram massa solubilizada em água de 0,15, 0,19 e 0,23 g/g massa seca, coeficientes de permeabilidade ao vapor de água de 4,04, 4,91 e 7,41 g.mm/m2.dia.kPa, intumescimento em água de 68, 102 e 195% (em massa), tensão na ruptura de 96, 75 e 59 MPa e alongamento na ruptura de 8,4, 12,5 e 17,1%. Esses valores assim como o conteúdo de cálcio e os espectros de FTIR indicaram que, nas condições experimentais utilizadas, a interação do alginato com os íons cálcio foi mais efetiva do que com a quitosana, não havendo indícios de formação de ligação amídica entre o alginato e a quitosana. A análise da Tg por DMA também indicou separação de fases entre os dois polímeros. Os filmes com 35% de quitosana apresentaram estrutura polimérica mais rugosa e heterogênea. As três formulações receberam sorbato de potássio (até 17 g/100g biopolímero) e natamicina (0, 0,5, 1, 2, 4 e 8 g/100g biopolímero) como agentes antimicrobianos, e o efeito antimicótico destes filmes frente às espécies Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium commune e Debaromyces hansenii foi avaliado através do teste de difusão em ágar. O sorbato de potássio não apresentou efeito inibitório, e a natamicina foi eficiente a partir da concentração de 0,5 g/100g biopolímero para o filme de alginato puro e 1 g/100g biopolímero para os filmes compostos. Ensaios de liberação em água indicaram uma cinética muito lenta de liberação do antimicrobiano, sendo mais lenta para os filmes compostos, provavelmente devido à interações eletrostáticas entre a natamicina e a quitosana. Os coeficientes de difusão da natamicina encontrados foram da ordem de 10-11 cm2/s para FA e FC2 e de 10-12 cm2/s para FC1. A estrutura física menos compacta da matriz polimérica do FC2 acelerou a liberação da natamicina. Nas concentrações testadas, a adição da natamicina influenciou principalmente a cor, transparência, rugosidade e morfologia dos filmes. Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os filmes desenvolvidos contendo natamicina apresentam excelente perspectiva de atuação como filmes ativos (antimicrobianos) para alimentos / Abstract: Films composed solely by alginate (FA) and two composite films with different mass proportions of alginate and chitosan, 82.5:17.5 (FC1) and 65:35 (FC2), were obtained by casting. Using glycerol as plasticizer, the films were partially crosslinked by adding calcium chloride (0.04 g CaCl2.2H2O/g alginate) to the film forming solution. The resulting soluble films were further crosslinked by total immersion in a CaCl2 solution (5g CaCl2.2H2O/100 mL) for 30 minutes. FA, FC1 and FC2 with an average thickness of 48, 54 and 62 µm, respectively, exhibited soluble mass in water of 0.15, 0.19 and 0.23 g/g dry matter, water vapor permeability coefficient of 4.04, 4.91 and 7.41 g.mm/m2.day.kPa, swelling in water of 68, 102 and 195% (mass basis), tensile strength of 96, 75 and 59 MPa and elongation at break of 8.4, 12.5 and 17.1%. The tendencies found for the physical properties, complemented with values of calcium content in the films and results of FTIR analysis indicated that under the experimental conditions used, ionic binding of alginate chains with calcium ions was more effective than with chitosan, and no evidence of amidic bonding between alginate and chitosan was found. DMA thermograms also indicated phase separation between the two polymers, showing two Tg's for composite films. Films with higher content of chitosan showed rougher surfaces and less homogeneous polymeric structure. The film formulations received potassium sorbate (up to 17 g/100g biopolymer) and natamycin (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/100g biopolymer) as antimicrobial agents, and their antimycotic effect against Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium commune and Debaromyces hansenii was evaluated by the agar diffusion test. Potassium sorbate did not show inhibitory effect. Natamycin was effective at concentrations as low as 0.5 g/100g biopolymer for alginate film and 1 g/100g biopolymer for composite films. Diffusion experiments in water indicated very slow release kinetics of the antimicrobial, being markedly hindered for the composite films, probably due to electrostatic interactions between chitosan and natamycin. Diffusion coefficients in films were in the order of 10-11 cm2/s for FA and FC2, and 10-12 cm2/s for FC1. The addition of natamycin affected mainly the color, transparency, roughness and morphology of the films, in the tested concentration range. The results showed that the films containing natamycin obtained in the present work show excellent perspectives for acting as active films intended for food applications / Doutorado / Engenharia de Processos / Doutor em Engenharia Química
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Avaliação dos genes TRP3 e TRP5 da via de biossíntese do triptofano no patógeno oportunista C. neoformans quanto a sua aplicabilidade como alvo de drogas antifúngicas. / Evaluation of TRP3 and TRP5 tryptophan biosynthetic pathway genes in the opportunistic pathogen Cryptococcus neofarmans and its applicability as a target for antifungal drugs.João Daniel Santos Fernandes 25 February 2015 (has links)
Criptococose é uma doença causada pelo fungo C. neoformans que têm grande importância atualmente, devido ao aumento da população imunocomprometida,. Além disso, existem poucas opções terapêuticas contra micoses profundas. Neste trabalho foi avaliado se a via de biossíntese do triptofano seria um bom alvo para o desenvolvimento de novos antifúngicos. Com o uso da tecnologia de RNA de interferência, concluiu-se que esta via de síntese é essencial para a sobrevivência desta levedura, sendo, portanto, um ótimo alvo. Ainda neste estudo, demonstrou-se que a letalidade decorre da baixa captação de triptofano pelas permeases de aminoácidos, as quais sofrem repressão catabólica pela fonte de nitrogênio e efeito negativo da temperatura. Foram testados dois inibidores específicos que atuam sobre a antranilato sintase e a triptofano sintase, duas enzimas cruciais para a conversão do corismato em triptofano. Ambos compostos causaram inibição do crescimento de C. neoformans e C. gattii. / Cryptococcosis is a disease caused by C. neoformans, currently of great importance due to the increase in immunocompromised population. Furthermore, there are few therapeutic options for treating this disease. This study evaluated the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway as a possible target for the antifungal development. By using RNA interference technology we concluded that this metabolic pathway is essential for the survival of this yeast, and, therefore, it is a good target. In the same study, it was demonstrated that lethality results from the low uptake of the tryptophan amino acid by permeases, which undergo nitrogen catabolite repression and negative effect of temperature. Two specific inhibitors acting on the anthranilate synthase and tryptophan synthase, two key enzymes for the conversion of chorismate into tryptophan were tested. Both compounds caused growth inhibition of C. neoformans and C. gattii.
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Processos de obtenção de quitosana a partir de exoesqueleto de camarão (Litopenaeus vannamei) e aplicação biotecnológicaVanessa Pimentel Santos 14 June 2017 (has links)
A quitosana é um polímero catiônico obtido da desacetilação da quitina, encontrada abundantemente nos exoesqueletos de crustáceos, utilizada como um biomaterial por apresentar propriedades biológicas de biocompatibilidade, biodegradabilidade, atoxicidade e atividade antimicrobiana. Neste sentido, o tema desenvolvido neste trabalho foi dirigido para a extração de quitosana a partir de resíduos de camarão com diferentes tamanhos de partículas usando a técnica do micro-ondas, comparação de tempos diferentes de irradiação, caracterização físico-química e biológica da quitosana obtida e avaliação da aplicação biotecnológica considerando a sua versatilidade de aplicações. Os resíduos foram triturados (16, 32 e 60 mesh), despigmentados, desmineralizados e desproteinizados para obtenção de quitina. E em seguida desacetiladas com NaOH a 45% sob irradiação do micro-ondas a 600w, 15 ou 30 min. As quitosanas foram caracterizadas e os resultados mostraram que a partícula com 32 mesh apresentou maior rendimento de quitosana (52,2%) e grau de desacetilação de 92%. Em relação a ação antimicrobiana obtivemos uma CIM entre 0,23 μg.mL-1 e 30 μg.mL-1 para o gênero Candida e 0,46 μg.mL-1 e 60 μg.mL-1 para as bactérias. Foram preparados hidrogéis de quitosana a 2,5% (w/v), que apresentaram pH 3.3 e viscosidade de 119,2 a 38,7 cP e condutibilidade de ondas ultrassônicas. Com base nos resultados a irradiação por micro-ondas pode ser utilizada como um método de aquecimento simples e rápido para a extração de quitosana. Os resíduos de camarão foram uma excelente fonte de quitina e quitosana. O grau máximo de desacetilação foi obtido a partir de amostras de quitina irradiadas com seis pulsos e tamanho de partícula de 32 mesh. Os efeitos inibitórios diferiram dependendo do micro-organismo testado. Os hidrogéis de quitosana apresentaram uma viscosidade adequada e um pH compatível para a aplicação na pele, o que sugere a sua utilização como condutores para terapia ultrassônica. / Chitosan is a cationic polymer obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, found abundantly in the exoesqueletos of crustaceans, used as a biomaterial because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity and antimicrobial activity. In this sense, the theme developed in this work was directed to chitosan extraction from shrimp residues with different particle sizes using the microwave technique, compaction of different irradiation times, physico-chemical and biological characterization of the obtained chitosan And evaluation of the biotechnological application considering its versatility of applications. The residues were clasified according to the particle sizes in 16, 32 and 60. Subsequently the samples were ground, depigmented, demineralized and deproteinized in order to obtain chitin. Afterward the products were deacetylated with 45% NaOH under microwave irradiation at 600w, for 15 or 30 min to obtain chitosan. Then the products were characterized and showed the best results when it was used particle size of 32, with 92% deacetylation degree with the higher chitosan yield (52.2%). The antimicrobial activity was tested using Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) between 0.23 μg.mL-1- 30 μg.mL-1, and 0.46 μg.mL-1 - 60 μg.mL-1 against Candida sp. and bacteria respectively. Chitosan hydrogels were prepared at 2.5% (w/v), pH 3,3, viscosity from 119.2 to 38.7 cP and ultrasonic wave conductivity. Based on the results, the microwave irradiation may be used as a simple and rapid heating method for chitosan extraction. Shrimp residues were an excellent source of chitin and chitosan. The maximum degree of deacetylation was obtained from chitin samples irradiated with six pulses and particle size of 32 according to the used mesh. The inhibitory effects differed depending on the microorganism tested. The chitosan hydrogels showed a suitable viscosity and compatible pH for the skin application which suggests its used as conductors for ultrasonic therapy.
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In vitro screening nových, potenciálně antimykoticky účinných sloučenin III / In vitro screening of novel potentially active antimycotic compounds IIIJanků, Aneta January 2020 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Specialist in Laboratory Methods Candidate: Bc. Aneta Janků Supervisor: PharmDr. Ondřej Janďourek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: In vitro screening of novel potentially active antimycotic compounds III Key words: yeasts, moulds, antimycotics, mechanism of action of polyenes, microdilution broth method, MIC - minimal inhibition concentration. The main topic of this diploma thesis is in vitro screening of new, potentially active antifungal compounds. The introductory chapter in the theoretical part of the work is devoted to the epidemiology of fungal infections. The classification of micromycetes and the characteristics of the fungal eukaryotic cell are given below, focusing on composition of the plasma membrane and the cell wall. A separate chapter also deals with specific species of fungi and the diseases they cause. The main topic is drugs from the group of antifungals, where more attention is focused on polyene antifungals, their mechanism of action in detail and the emergence of resistance. An integral part are also the stages of development of new drugs and a list of novels developing antifungals. The final chapter describes the types of methods designed for in vitro evaluation...
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Candida-Blutkulturisolate in Deutschland und Österreich / Spektrum, Klinik und Empfindlichkeit gegenüber sechs ausgewählten Antimykotika / Candida-blodculture-isolates from Germany and Austria / Spectrum, clinic and susceptibility to six chosen antimycoticsKumm, Kerstin 19 January 2009 (has links)
No description available.
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