Dans notre travail de recherche nous voulons, d’un côté, valoriser l’actualité éthique et politique de la pensée sophistique et, de l’autre, réhabiliter la pensée de Protagoras et d’Antiphon sur un plan purement philosophique. Nous considérons les sophistes, en général, et Protagoras et Antiphon, en particulier, comme étant les « ancêtres » de l’antidogmatique et du relativisme dans le domaine de la philosophie, de l’anthropologie ou encore dans le domaine historico-politique. Par conséquent, ils étaient aussi les ancêtres du courant laïc, critique et démocratique de la pensée occidentale qui, malgré avoir toujours été « minoritaire », représente l’un des fondements de l’identité culturelle européenne. Cette dernière a une grande « dette » envers eux, desquels elle a repris et réutilisé de nombreux concepts et de multiples inventions philosophiques sans presque jamais leur en attribuer le mérite.Pour reconstruir les philosophies des deux sophistes, nous avons démarré notre recherche par une traduction et une étude des sources à notre disposition, ainsi que par une analyse approfondie des contextes historiques, sociaux, économique, politiques et culturels.Nous avons présenté les discours des deux philosophes comme une sorte d’antilogie : nous apprendons de PRO-tagoras qu’il est possible de créer une société qui correspond à nos valeurs ; et d’ANTI-phon que le sens critique, la remise en question et la lutte politique sont nécessaires afin que le nomos soit toujours respectueux de l’évolution et des changements de notre société. Nous avons enfin opéré une confrontation critique entre les deux philosophies afin d’en ressortir trois perspectives utiles pour notre présent et notre futur : l’antidogmatisme, le relativisme constructiviste et le minoritarisme. / In our research work we want, on the one hand, to enhance the ethical and political relevance of sophistic taught and, on the other, to rehabilitate the thinking of Protagoras and Antiphon on a purely philosophical level.In general, we consider the sophists, and particularly Protagoras and Anthiphon, as the “ancestors” of the antidogmatic and relativism in the philosophic, anthropologic or historical-political fields. Consequently, they were also the ancestors of the secular, critical and democratic current of Western thought which, despite having always been a "minority", is one of the foundations of European cultural identity.The latter has a great "debt" towards them, from which it has taken and reused many concepts and numerous philosophical inventions without almost ever granting them the merit.To reconstruct the philosophies of the two sophists, we began our research with a translation and a study of the sources available to us, as well as an in-depth analysis of the historical, social, economic, political and cultural contexts.We have presented the speeches of the two philosophers as a kind of antilogy: we learn from PRO-tagoras that it is possible to create a society that corresponds to our values; and from ANTI-phon that the critical sense, the questioning and the political struggle are necessary so that the nomos is always respectful of the evolution and the changes of our society.We have finally made a critical confrontation between the two philosophies in order to reveal three useful perspectives for our present and our future: antidogmatism, constructivist relativism and minoritarism.

Esta dissertação traduz e comenta as Tetralogias de Antifonte. Trata-se dos três discursos que lidam com casos hipotéticos de homicídio compostos na segunda metade do século V a.C. e que são caracterizados como exercícios argumentativos. Para isso, tal pesquisa foi dividida em três partes: (i) um capítulo com a exposição de algumas informações acerca do autor e da obra; (ii) a apresentação de uma edição atualizada seguida de uma tradução completa dos três discursos; e (iii) os comentários referentes a cada um deles. / This study aimed to translate and comment the Tetralogies of Antiphon, which consists of three speeches of hypothetical homicide cases. The speeches were written in second half of the fifth century BC. They consist of exercices in argumentation. The study was divided into three parts: (i) the chapter presenting the author and his work; (ii) an up-to-date edition and a complete translation of the three speeches; and (iii) the commentaries concerning each one of them.

Esta dissertação traduz e comenta as Tetralogias de Antifonte. Trata-se dos três discursos que lidam com casos hipotéticos de homicídio compostos na segunda metade do século V a.C. e que são caracterizados como exercícios argumentativos. Para isso, tal pesquisa foi dividida em três partes: (i) um capítulo com a exposição de algumas informações acerca do autor e da obra; (ii) a apresentação de uma edição atualizada seguida de uma tradução completa dos três discursos; e (iii) os comentários referentes a cada um deles. / This study aimed to translate and comment the Tetralogies of Antiphon, which consists of three speeches of hypothetical homicide cases. The speeches were written in second half of the fifth century BC. They consist of exercices in argumentation. The study was divided into three parts: (i) the chapter presenting the author and his work; (ii) an up-to-date edition and a complete translation of the three speeches; and (iii) the commentaries concerning each one of them.

This study deals with problems of identity of the office antiphons performed in the period after Pentecost. Mentioned antiphons belong to the New Testament canticle Benedictus for laudes and Magnificat for vespers. This part of the office is not so carefully regulated and between the European traditions occur variations. So this material was used for the determination of each tradition. The variability was not only in the selection and order of antiphons, but also in texts and melodies. After my analysis of the individual Post-Pentecost antiphons in several European medieval sources I found out that in certain cases with the same antiphon text appear completely different melodies or significantly different melodic variations. Due to this fact, in my opinion, is necessary to work with the musical part of this repertoire, consequently sort these chants not only according to the text, but also according to the melody. The ability to assign to the antiphons Melody ID based on the melody of chants (except Cantus ID based on the text) allows us to observe links between traditions which used this melody. In this way it is possible to reveal the relationships between the centers, which were performing the office repertoire. Keywords antiphon, office, manuscript, liturgical year, Pentecost, traditions,...

The first International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) was held in Zurich in 1897, setting the standards for all future ICMs. Whilst giving an overview of the congress itself, this thesis focuses on the Swiss organisers, who were predominantly university professors and secondary school teachers. As this thesis aims to offer some insight into their lives, it includes their biographies, highlighting their individual contributions to the congress. Furthermore, it explains why Zurich was chosen as the first host city and how the committee proceeded with the congress organisation. Two of the main organisers were the Swiss geometers Carl Friedrich Geiser (1843-1934) and Ferdinand Rudio (1856-1929). In addition to the congress, they also made valuable contributions to mathematical education, and in Rudio's case, the history of mathematics. Therefore, this thesis focuses primarily on these two mathematicians. As for Geiser, the relationship to his great-uncle Jakob Steiner is explained in more detail. Furthermore, his contributions to the administration of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology are summarised. Due to the overarching theme of mathematical education and collaborations in this thesis, Geiser's schoolbook "Einleitung in die synthetische Geometrie" is considered in more detail and Geiser's methods are highlighted. A selection of Rudio's contributions to the history of mathematics is studied as well. His book "Archimedes, Huygens, Lambert, Legendre" is analysed and compared to E W Hobson's treatise "Squaring the Circle". Furthermore, Rudio's papers relating to the commentary of Simplicius on quadratures by Antiphon and Hippocrates are considered, focusing on Rudio's translation of the commentary and on "Die Möndchen des Hippokrates". The thesis concludes with an analysis of Rudio's popular lectures "Leonhard Euler" and "Über den Antheil der mathematischen Wissenschaften an der Kultur der Renaissance", which are prime examples of his approach to the history of mathematics.