The PANDA experiment is planned as part of the extended GSI facility FAIR to investigate hadronic reactions in antiproton-proton annihilations. An excellent beam quality and high luminosity is expected which allows the investigation of hadronic reactions such as the spectroscopy of the charmonium system. To ensure different studies of hadronic systems an universal detector is being designed, the PANDA detector. A high resolution Micro Vertex Detector (MVD), as part of the whole setup, is an important component of the track and vertex reconstruction. A mayor part of this work were simulation studies to investigate the resolution ability of the vertex detector. For this the development and implementation of reconstruction algorithms and their integration to the track and vertex reconstruction were an essential part to allow the detailed study of the resolution of the MVD and the whole apparatus under realistic assumptions. The track and vertex reconstruction ability of the detector is shown exemplarily for the channels antiproton-proton into two charged pions and into J/psi and photon. The expected hadronic background for physics observables requires a high selection power of the experimental setup, especially for the investigation of the charmonium system above the DD(bar) threshold. For this particular energy region no experimental data exist and the PANDA experiment can contribute to understand the binding of charmed mesonic systems. Charmonium states can decay to open-charm channels which provide a clear signature in the detector from the charged D-Meson decays. In this work the high selection ability of the experimental setup was investigated for two reaction channels. Under the assumption of an expected low reaction cross section the clear identification of the DD(bar) decay channel was shown, even for the presence of a huge hadronic background. This allows a clear identification of the DD(bar) decay channel and mayor background resources for this channel were discussed. / Das PANDA Experiment wird Teil der geplanten Ausbaustufe FAIR als Erweiterung zur GSI und wird die Untersuchung von hadronischen Reaktionen in Antiproton-Proton Annihilationen ermöglichen. Durch die zu erwartende exzellente Strahlqualität und hohe Luminosität ergeben sich vielfältige Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Hadronenwechselwirkungen, wie beispielsweise die genaue Spektroskopie des Charmoniumsystems. Um vielfältige Untersuchungen verschiedenster hadronischer Systeme zu gewährleisten, wurde der Aufbau eines universellen Detektors geplant, des PANDA Detektors. Dazu ist ein hochauflösender Vertexdetektor (MVD) eine wichtige Komponente, um im Zusammenspiel mit weiteren Detektorkomponenten zur Spur- und Vertexrekonstruktion beitragen zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden detaillierte Simulationen durchgeführt, die das Auflösungsvermögen des Vertexdetektors charakterisieren, ganz besonders im Hinblick auf die Rekonstruktion verschiedener physikalischer Kanäle. Dafür war die Entwicklung und Implementierung von Algorithmen zur Rekonstruktion der zu erwartenden Detektordaten und deren Integration in den Spurfit zur Teilchenrekonstruktion eine Grundvoraussetzung. Dadurch ist es möglich das Auflösungsvermögen des MVD und des gesamten experimentellen Aufbaus unter realistischen Bedingungen zu testen und zu optimieren. Die Spur- und Vertexrekonstruktion wird anhand der Kanäle Antiproton-Proton nach zwei geladenen Pionen und nach J/Psi Photon evaluiert. Der zu erwartende hadronische Untergrund stellt hohe Anforderungen an die Selektionskraft des experimentellen Aufbaus, bezüglich der physikalischen Observablen, dar. Dies ist besonders für die Untersuchung des Charmoniumsystems oberhalb der DD(quer)-Schwelle von Bedeutung, wofür kaum experimentelle Untersuchungen vorliegen und der PANDA Detektor zukünftig einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Verständnis gebundener mesonischer Systeme beitragen kann. Zuständen im Charmoniumsystem ist es erlaubt in Open-Charm-Kanäle zu zerfallen, die eine eindeutige experimentelle Signatur mittels der D-Zerfälle in geladene Teilchen im Detektor erlauben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte anhand zweier grundlegender Reaktionen gezeigt werden, dass selbst unter ungünstigen Annahmen über den zu erwartenden Wirkungsquerschnitt, der noch nicht schwellennah vermessen wurde, das stark unterdrückte Signal gegenüber Untergrundereignissen hinreichend angereichert werden kann. Dies erlaubt eine klare Identifizierung des DD(quer)-Ausgangskanales, wobei die wesentlichen Untergrundbeiträge identifiziert und diskutiert werden.

Ma thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre de la collaboration AEgIS, une des expériences étudiant l’antimatière au CERN. L’objectif final est de mesurer l’effet de la gravité sur un faisceau froid d’antihydrogène (Hbar). AEgIS se propose de créer les Hbar froids par échange de charges entre un atome de Positronium (Ps) excité (état de Rydberg) et un antiproton piégé : 〖Ps〗^*+ pbar → (H^*)⁻ + e⁻. L’étude de la physique du Ps est cruciale pour AEgIS, et demande des systèmes lasers adaptés. Pendant ma thèse, ma première tâche a été de veiller au bon fonctionnement des systèmes lasers de l’expérience. Afin d’exciter le positronium jusqu’à ses états de Rydberg (≃20) en présence d’un fort champ magnétique (1 T), deux lasers pulsés spectralement larges ont été spécialement conçu. Nous avons réalisé la première excitation par laser du Ps dans son niveau n=3, et prouvé une excitation efficace du nuage de Ps vers les niveaux de Rydberg n=16-17. Ces mesures, réalisées dans la chambre à vide de test d’AEgIS, à température ambiance et pour un faible champ magnétique environnant, sont la première étape vers la formation d’antihydrogène. Le prochain objectif est de répéter ces résultats dans l’enceinte du piège à 1 T, où les antihydrogènes seront formés. Pour autant, malgré l’excitation Rydberg des Ps pour accroître la section efficace de collision, la production d’antihydrogène restera faible, et la température des H bar formés sera trop élevée pour toute mesure de gravité. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai installé au CERN un autre système laser prévu pour pratiquer une spectroscopie précise des niveaux de Rydberg du Ps. Ce système excite des transitions optiques qui pourraient convenir à un refroidissement Doppler : la transition n=1 ↔ n=2. J’ai étudié la possibilité d’un tel refroidissement, en procédant à des simulations poussées pour déterminer les caractéristiques d’un système laser adapté La focalisation du nuage de Ps grâce au refroidissement des vitesses transverses devrait accroitre le recouvrement des positroniums avec les antiprotons piégés, et ainsi augmenter grandement la production d’Hbar. Le contrôle du refroidissement et de la compression du plasma d’antiprotons est aussi essentiel pour la formation des antihydrogènes. Pendant les temps de faisceaux d’antiprotons de 2014 et 2015, j’ai contribué à la caractérisation et l’optimisation des procédures pour attraper et manipuler les antiprotons, afin d’atteindre des plasmas très denses, et ce, de façon reproductible. Enfin, j’ai participé activement à l’élaboration d’autre projet à l’étude AEgIS, qui vise aussi à augmenter la production d’antihydrogène : le projet d’un refroidissement sympathique des antiprotons, en utilisant un plasma d’anions refroidis par laser. J’ai étudié la possibilité de refroidir l’ion moléculaire C₂⁻, et les résultats de simulations sont encourageants. Nous sommes actuellement en train de développer au CERN le système expérimental qui nous permettra de faire les premiers tests de refroidissement sur le C₂⁻. Si couronné de succès, ce projet ne sera pas seulement le premier résultat de refroidissement par laser d’anions, mais ouvrira aussi les portes à une production efficace d’antihydrogènes froids. / My Ph.D project took place within the AEgIS collaboration, one of the antimatter experiments at the CERN. The final goal of the experiment is to perform a gravity test on a cold antihydrogen (Hbar) beam. AEgIS proposes to create such a cold Hbar beam based on a charge exchange reaction between excited Rydberg Positronium (Ps) and cold trapped antiprotons: 〖Ps〗^* + pbar → (H^*)⁻ + e⁻. Studying the Ps physics is crucial for the experiment, and requires adapted lasers systems. During this Ph.D, my primary undertaking was the responsibility for the laser systems in AEgIS. To excite Ps atom up to its Rydberg states (≃20) in presence of a high magnetic field (1 T), two broadband pulsed lasers have been developed. We realized the first laser excitation of the Ps into the n=3 level, and demonstrated an efficient optical path to reach the Rydberg state n=16-17. These results, obtained in the vacuum test chamber and in absence of strong magnetic field, reach a milestone toward the formation of antihydrogen in AEgIS, and the immediate next step for us is to excite Ps atoms inside our 1 T trapping apparatus, where the formation of antihydrogen will take place. However, even once this next step will be successful, the production rate of antihydrogen atoms will nevertheless be very low, and their temperature much higher than could be wished. During my Ph.D, I have installed further excitation lasers, foreseen to perform fine spectroscopy on Ps atoms and that excite optical transitions suitable for a possible Doppler cooling. I have carried out theoretical studies and simulations to determine the proper characteristics required for a cooling laser system. The transverse laser cooling of the Ps beam will enhance the overlap between the trapped antiprotons plasma and the Ps beam during the charge-exchange process, and therefore drastically improve the production rate of antihydrogen. The control of the compression and cooling of the antiproton plasma is also crucial for the antihydrogen formation. During the beam-times of 2014 and 2015, I participated in the characterization and optimization our catching and manipulation procedures to reach highly compressed antiproton plasma, in repeatable conditions. Another project in AEgIS I took part aims to improve the formation rate of ultracold antihydrogen, by studying the possibility of a sympathetically cooling of the antiprotons using a laser-cooled anion plasma. I investigated some laser cooling schemes on the C₂⁻ molecular anions, and the simulations are promising. I actively contribute to the commissioning of the test apparatus at CERN to carry on the trials of laser cooling on the C₂⁻ species. If successful, this result will not only be the first cooling of anions by laser, but will open the way to a highly efficient production of ultracold antihydrogen atoms.

The PANDA experiment is planned as part of the extended GSI facility FAIR to investigate hadronic reactions in antiproton-proton annihilations. An excellent beam quality and high luminosity is expected which allows the investigation of hadronic reactions such as the spectroscopy of the charmonium system. To ensure different studies of hadronic systems an universal detector is being designed, the PANDA detector. A high resolution Micro Vertex Detector (MVD), as part of the whole setup, is an important component of the track and vertex reconstruction. A mayor part of this work were simulation studies to investigate the resolution ability of the vertex detector. For this the development and implementation of reconstruction algorithms and their integration to the track and vertex reconstruction were an essential part to allow the detailed study of the resolution of the MVD and the whole apparatus under realistic assumptions. The track and vertex reconstruction ability of the detector is shown exemplarily for the channels antiproton-proton into two charged pions and into J/psi and photon. The expected hadronic background for physics observables requires a high selection power of the experimental setup, especially for the investigation of the charmonium system above the DD(bar) threshold. For this particular energy region no experimental data exist and the PANDA experiment can contribute to understand the binding of charmed mesonic systems. Charmonium states can decay to open-charm channels which provide a clear signature in the detector from the charged D-Meson decays. In this work the high selection ability of the experimental setup was investigated for two reaction channels. Under the assumption of an expected low reaction cross section the clear identification of the DD(bar) decay channel was shown, even for the presence of a huge hadronic background. This allows a clear identification of the DD(bar) decay channel and mayor background resources for this channel were discussed. / Das PANDA Experiment wird Teil der geplanten Ausbaustufe FAIR als Erweiterung zur GSI und wird die Untersuchung von hadronischen Reaktionen in Antiproton-Proton Annihilationen ermöglichen. Durch die zu erwartende exzellente Strahlqualität und hohe Luminosität ergeben sich vielfältige Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Hadronenwechselwirkungen, wie beispielsweise die genaue Spektroskopie des Charmoniumsystems. Um vielfältige Untersuchungen verschiedenster hadronischer Systeme zu gewährleisten, wurde der Aufbau eines universellen Detektors geplant, des PANDA Detektors. Dazu ist ein hochauflösender Vertexdetektor (MVD) eine wichtige Komponente, um im Zusammenspiel mit weiteren Detektorkomponenten zur Spur- und Vertexrekonstruktion beitragen zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden detaillierte Simulationen durchgeführt, die das Auflösungsvermögen des Vertexdetektors charakterisieren, ganz besonders im Hinblick auf die Rekonstruktion verschiedener physikalischer Kanäle. Dafür war die Entwicklung und Implementierung von Algorithmen zur Rekonstruktion der zu erwartenden Detektordaten und deren Integration in den Spurfit zur Teilchenrekonstruktion eine Grundvoraussetzung. Dadurch ist es möglich das Auflösungsvermögen des MVD und des gesamten experimentellen Aufbaus unter realistischen Bedingungen zu testen und zu optimieren. Die Spur- und Vertexrekonstruktion wird anhand der Kanäle Antiproton-Proton nach zwei geladenen Pionen und nach J/Psi Photon evaluiert. Der zu erwartende hadronische Untergrund stellt hohe Anforderungen an die Selektionskraft des experimentellen Aufbaus, bezüglich der physikalischen Observablen, dar. Dies ist besonders für die Untersuchung des Charmoniumsystems oberhalb der DD(quer)-Schwelle von Bedeutung, wofür kaum experimentelle Untersuchungen vorliegen und der PANDA Detektor zukünftig einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Verständnis gebundener mesonischer Systeme beitragen kann. Zuständen im Charmoniumsystem ist es erlaubt in Open-Charm-Kanäle zu zerfallen, die eine eindeutige experimentelle Signatur mittels der D-Zerfälle in geladene Teilchen im Detektor erlauben. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte anhand zweier grundlegender Reaktionen gezeigt werden, dass selbst unter ungünstigen Annahmen über den zu erwartenden Wirkungsquerschnitt, der noch nicht schwellennah vermessen wurde, das stark unterdrückte Signal gegenüber Untergrundereignissen hinreichend angereichert werden kann. Dies erlaubt eine klare Identifizierung des DD(quer)-Ausgangskanales, wobei die wesentlichen Untergrundbeiträge identifiziert und diskutiert werden.

L’expérience GBAR propose de mesurer, au CERN, l’accélération de la pesanteur terrestre sur l’antimatière grâce à des atomes froids (neV) d’antihydrogène soumis à une chute libre. Ceux-ci sont obtenus en refroidissant d’abord des ions positifs d’antihydrogène, obtenus grâce à deux réactions consécutives se produisant lors de la collision d’un faisceau d’antiprotons avec un nuage dense de positronium.Le travail de thèse porte sur l'étude de ces réactions dans le but d’optimiser la production des ions d’antihydrogène. Pour cela, les sections efficaces des deux réactions ont été calculées dans le cadre d’un modèle de théorie des perturbations (Continuum Distorted Wave – Final State) pour des antiprotons ayant une énergie comprise entre 0 et 30 keV ; différents états excités du positronium ont été examinés. Ces sections efficaces ont ensuite été intégrées à une simulation de la zone d’interaction entre positronium et antiprotons afin de définir les paramètres expérimentaux optimaux pour GBAR. Les résultats suggèrent d’utiliser les états 2P, 3D ou, dans une moindre mesure, 1S du positronium, respectivement pour des antiprotons de 2, moins de 1 ou 6 keV. L’importance de compresser les impulsions temporelles d’antiprotons est soulignée ; le positronium devra être confiné dans un tube de 20 mm de long pour 1 mm de diamètre.Un laser en impulsion à 410 nm permettant d’exciter la transition à deux photons vers l’état 3D du positronium avait déjà été proposé. Son principe repose sur le doublage en fréquence d’un laser titane-saphir à 820 nm. Le dernier volet de la thèse fut dédié à la réalisation de ce laser, qui délivre des impulsions courtes (9 ns) de 4 mJ à 820 nm. / The future CERN experiment called GBAR intends to measure the gravitational acceleration of antimatter on Earth using cold (neV) antihydrogen atoms undergoing a free fall. The experiment scheme first needs to cool antihydrogen positive ions, obtained thanks to two consecutive reactions occurring when an antiproton beam collides with a dense positronium cloud.The present thesis studies these two reactions in order to optimise the production of the anti-ions. The total cross sections of both reactions have been computed in the framework of a perturbation theory model (Continuum Distorted Wave – Final State), in the range 0 to 30 keV antiproton kinetic energy; several excited states of positronium have been investigated. These cross sections have then been integrated to a simulation of the interaction zone where antiprotons collide with positronium; the aim is to find the optimal experimental parameters for GBAR. The results suggest that the 2P, 3D or, to a lower extend, 1S states of positronium should be used, respectively with 2, less than 1 or 6 keV antiprotons. The importance of using short pulses of antiprotons has been underlined; the positronium will have to be confined in a tube of 20 mm length and 1 mm diameter.In the prospect of exciting the 1S-3D two-photon transition in positronium at 410 nm, a pulsed laser system had already been designed. It consists in the frequency doubling of an 820 nm pulsed titanium-sapphire laser. The last part of the thesis has been dedicated to the realisation of this laser system, which delivers short pulses (9 ns) of 4 mJ energy at 820 nm.

The thesis comprises investigations of two topics related to the PANDA experiment. The first part is dedicated to energy resolution and light yield uniformity studies of PWO crystals for the electromagnetic calorimeter. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to simulation studies of the p̅p→Λ̅Λ and the p̅p→Λ̅Σ0 channels. Photon response measurements with one 3×3 crystals matrix of rectangular crystals and one 5×5 matrix with tapered crystals have been performed at the MAX-Lab synchrotron facility in Lund, Sweden. Photon energies in the range of 13-84 MeV were used. GEANT4 simulations were performed in order to find the most suitable method for adding the energy contributions and for calibration purposes. The widths, σ, of the resulting experimental summed energy peaks were fitted using the Novosibirsk distribution. The results show that the electromagnetic shower at 84 MeV is completely contained in the 5×5 matrix. The widths (σ) for the summed energy peaks were determined.Studies of the uniformity of the light yield were performed for crystals of three different shapes and different wrapping materials. The light yield as a function of distance between the point of energy depositions and the PM tube, was shown to be closely related to the crystal shape and the wrapping material. The p̅p→Λ̅Λ channel was studies at beam momenta of 1.64 GeV/c, 4 GeV/c and 15 GeV/c, while p̅p→Λ̅Σ0 was studied at 4 GeV/c. In the simulations, both phase space differential cross-sections and experimental differential cross-sections from PS185 were used as input. The purpose of the simulations was to show that the reaction channels can be reconstructed in the detector. Special interest was paid to the polarisation and spin correlations of the hyperons. The result is that there is acceptance of cosθ angular range over the full momentum range of the HESR for both channels. Using isotropic differential cross-sections, the polarisation for Λ̅ and Σ0 as well as spin correlations between Λ̅Λ and Λ̅Σ0 can be well reconstructed. Using the differential cross-sections from PS185, the particles are more likely to go forwards in their respective directions in the CM-system, thus making reconstruction over the full angular range more difficult at high beam momenta.

The Fermilab Tevatron is currently the world’s highest energy colliding beam facility. Its counter-rotating proton and antiproton beams collide at 2 TeV center-of-mass. Delivery of such intense beam fluxes to experiments has required improved knowledge of the Tevatron’s beam optical lattice. An oscillating dipole magnet, referred to as an AC dipole, is one of such a tool to non-destructively assess the optical properties of the synchrotron. We discusses development of an AC dipole system for the Tevatron, a fast-oscillating (f∼20 kHz) dipole magnet which can be adiabatically turned on and off to establish sustained coherent oscillations of the beam particles without affecting the transverse emittance. By utilizing an existing magnet and a higher power audio amplifier, the cost of the Tevatron AC dipole system became relatively inexpensive. We discuss corrections which must be applied to the driven oscillation measurements to obtain the proper interpretation of beam optical parameters from AC dipole studies. After successful operations of the Tevatron AC dipole system, AC dipole systems, similar to that in the Tevatron, will be build for the CERN LHC. We present several measurements of linear optical parameters (beta function and phase advance) for the Tevatron, as well as studies of non-linear perturbations from sextupole and octupole elements. / text

The prospects of studying multi-strange and charmed antihyperon-hyperon physics and CP violation in hyperon decays in the upcoming PANDA experiment at FAIR, Germany, have been studied in this thesis. The angular dependence on polarisation parameters in the decay of the spin 3/2 Omega hyperon was calculated using the density matrix formalism. Expressions for the angular distributions in the Ω -> ΛK and the subsequent Λ -> pπ decays were derived. Simulations were performed for the pbar p -> Ξ+ Ξ-, pbar p -> Ω+Ω- and pbar p -> Λc-Λc+ reactions. Special attention was given to the reconstruction of spin variables. It is shown that PANDA will register tens of events per second for the pbar p -> Ξ+Ξ- reaction. This should be compared to the previously existing data of a handfull of events. For the other two reactions the event rates will be lower, but still reasonably high. This will be the first measurements of these reactions. It is shown that spin variables can be reconstructed in all three reactions for all production angles of the hyperons. Simulations concerning the possibility to measure CP violation parameters in hyperon decays were also made for the reactions pbar p- > Λbar Λ and pbar p -> Ξ+Ξ-. It was found that false signals from detector asymmetries disappears if no particle identification criterium is used and the analysis is restricted to events were the hyperon decays occur close to the beam axis. The effect of the magnetic field in the PANDA detector on the measurement of hyperon spin variables was investigated for the case of pbar p -> Λbar Λ. The effect was observed to be small for polarisation and negligible for spin correlations.

Thesis--University of California, Berkeley, 1960. / "Physics and Mathematics" -t.p. "TID-4500 (15th Ed.)" -t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).

University, Diss., 2004--Frankfurt (Main).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.