This research uses an antiracism theoretical framework, arising from Stanley’s (2011, 2014) anti-essentialist antiracism and Dei’s (1996) anti-racism praxis, to focus on the four documents that comprised the Ontario Ministry of Education’s 1993 Antiracism and Ethnocultural Equity initiative (the initiative). The initiative required school boards to develop and implement policies to identify and eliminate racisms within their systems and schools. I used a methodology of constructivist grounded theory to trace the origins and content of the initiative through the lens of my 44-years of lived experience, during which I was a teacher, principal, superintendent, associate director of education, and ministry education officer. This thesis poses the overarching question: What happened to antiracism and ethnocultural equity? I find that although the initiative was a genuine antiracism project, it was destined to fail due to certain deficiencies. I conclude it had two critical deficiencies. First, it did not consider the four discrete cultures located in school boards (made up of supervisory officers, trustees, principals and teachers). Second, it did not provide these cultures with suitable pressures and supports to generate the individual and organizational changes envisioned. Finally I consider what the Ministry would need to do for such an antiracism reform to succeed? I argue systemic policy reform must be based on what I call strategic antiracist education. It would provide the members of the culture of supervisory officers with the necessary knowledge, authority, resources and supports, including professional development, to enable them to lead the members of the other school cultures in antiracist educational reform.

This thesis asks two central questions. First, what is the range of racialised discourses that constitute the subjectivities of some Pakeha ('white'/European) women? Second, can an examination of racialised discourses be useful for present social justice and antiracist pedagogy? The research examines and analyses a range of discourses of Whiteness that contribute to the constitution of contemporary Pakeha women as racialised subjects. Central to the thesis is an analysis of dominant discourses and the contemporary challenges that analyses of racism and aspects of identification present in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The study is qualitative and draws on insights from discourse analysis theory, critical Whiteness theory and feminist approaches to theories on racism and 'white' supremacy. The analysis is located in the historicised context of contemporary Aotearoa/New Zealand where a Treaty, Te Tiriti O Waitangi, which was signed by some hapu, the tangata whenua of Aotearoa, and representatives of the British Crown in 1840, underpins current socio-cultural politics of biculturalism. The thesis argues/contends that racialised discourses, in particular various discourses of Whiteness are available to contemporary Pakeha women. The analysis is grounded in both a preliminary focus group and individual interviews of 28 Pakeha women ranging in age from 24 to 86 years, the majority of whom were aged between 40 and 55 years. With few exceptions, participants revealed that they were constituted within discourses of Whiteness through their communication choices and discursive strategies in the interviews in two distinct ways: firstly in their perceptions expressed in their narratives and recollections, and secondly in the discursive forms used in participants' interactions during the focus group and interviews. These 28 women, some of whom had participated in antiracist education such as Treaty of Waitangi workshops, utilised discourses that exposed the pervasiveness and significance of racialised discourses as they attempted express how they learned to be 'white'. Participants maintained and reproduced discourses of Whiteness that had gendered and some class influences contained in their perceptions, talk and significantly in their silences. The analysis shows how remnants of essentialist ideologies of 'race' based in the nineteenth century imperialism are constantly reworked and are seemingly invisible to those constituted within these racialised discourses, apparently giving these outdated representations no chance to fade away. Based on the analysis, critical pedagogies of Whiteness in education that incorporate an epistemic approach are suggested, which have the potential to facilitate Pakeha women's ability to conceptualise their racialised discursive location. As an outcome of this understanding, the thesis maintains that Pakeha will have the capability to strategically reconceptualise their discursive constitution in order to address the complex forms of identity, understanding of difference and representation. Furthermore, these reconceptualisations have the potential to reveal the central relationship between dominant discursive formulations and social norms and structures, a vital constituent in contemporary social justice education.

In this thesis, I invite readers to accompany me as I build a bridge that links my learning as a Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies major in an elite private college back to the educational settings I grew up in. Here, I present a curriculum for middle school students in a private summer school I attended and worked at in Albuquerque, New Mexico. I chose to create a curriculum as a case study and a launching off point to learn how to bring feminist theory and critical social justice pedagogy back to my home and into my work. I hope to take intersectional feminist lenses and epistemologies forward into a career in K-8 teaching.

Thesis advisor: Diana Pullin / In recent years, critical race theory (CRT) has garnered much attention in education scholarship as a way to examine the racialized practices that persist in U.S. schooling. This study was a grassroots attempt at using CRT as the theoretical framework to engage a group of administrators and teacher leaders at one urban school in inquiry-based discourse that focused on raising the educators' race consciousness and co-constructing an antiracist pedagogy. A combined method of action research and critical case study was used as the research methodology. This dissertation reports on three notable findings that surfaced from the study. One, the participants largely perceived racism an individual pathology, not as a system of privilege. Because the participants regarded themselves as educators who were committed to social justice, they were often deceived by their activism to recognize their own complicity in the perpetuation of racist ideologies in their practice. Two, despite the overwhelming criticisms against NCLB in scholarly literature, the participants at this low-income, racially-diverse, urban school were passionately in favor of the goals behind the statute. With the recent push toward the development of common core content standards through the Race to the Top program, increased dialogue regarding what knowledge should be considered "common" and "core" needs to occur in order to breach the impasse between the divergent curricular viewpoints held by all stakeholders. Three, although culturally relevant pedagogy is widely espoused and utilized in educational research and practice, it is often not commonly understood as a conceptual framework that advocates the three-pronged elements of academic success, cultural competence, and sociopolitical consciousness. Findings revealed wide misconceptions and misuse of the theory that stemmed from teachers' cultural bias, the nature of racism in school settings, and the lack of support to adequately implement theories into practice. ` All of these findings revealed issues of power, positionality, and privilege that were deeply entrenched in the policies and practices of the school, which suggested that greater collaboration between scholars and practitioners was necessary in order to engender ongoing critical self-reflection and reconceptualization of theories as viable pedagogical tools to begin the work of antiracism. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education.

This thesis was planned as an -interdisciplinary work, a possible exemplar of 'a peace study' (see Appendix 5). It offers an analysis of the situation of the Asian children of immigrant families, socially and racially disadvantaged in Britain, in the Bradford school system from the mid-1970's to 1980*, and their relative success in terms of external examination assessment in comparison with their peers. This is seen against the backcloth of pioneering Local Authority policies to support their education and observations of practice in schools. The findings are generalised as models of what is perceived by the policy-makers and practitioners to be progress towards racial justice and peace. It is argued that the British school system has shown limited facility to offer equal opportunity of success to pupils in socially disadvantaged groups and that this is borne out in an analysis of the situation of the Asian pupils in the County Upper schools in Bradford (CB), less likely to be allocated to external examination-orientated groups or to gain success in these than their peers. There are indications that their potential may not be being realised. It is argued that while language support for the bilingual child is important, account should also be taken of a more general cultural dominance in the school system and stereotyped low expectations from teachers which may feed racial bias in institutions. The data show that the LEA policies, though benevolent in intention, demonstrate institutional racism in effect. With four case studies from observations in Bradford schools, models are developed for practice that has potential for power-sharing and greater equity of opportunity -for pupils, involving respect for cultural diversity and antiracist education strategies supporting and supported by community participation in schools. It is argued that white educationists need to listen to black clients, pupils and their parents, involving them in dialogue to ascertain their real needs, to implement appropriate policy. As there was a considerable lapse of time between the field work research and writing up of this thesis, and its final presentation, an addendum (with bibliography) reviews some of the research and literature in the fleld since 1980. This situates the field work historically. The issues raised and discussed in the context of the 1970's are still far from being solved. The additional work stregthens, rather than changes my original conclusion that society is locked into a cycle of inequality. A counter-hegemony must emerge from 'grass-roots', community initiatives with a values-base linked not to self-seeking or confrontational power group politics but to a notion of the common good.

This thesis was planned as an -interdisciplinary work, a possible exemplar of 'a peace study' (see Appendix 5). It offers an analysis of the situation of the Asian children of immigrant families, socially and racially disadvantaged in Britain, in the Bradford school system from the mid-1970's to 1980*, and their relative success in terms of external examination assessment in comparison with their peers. This is seen against the backcloth of pioneering Local Authority policies to support their education and observations of practice in schools. The findings are generalised as models of what is perceived by the policy-makers and practitioners to be progress towards racial justice and peace. It is argued that the British school system has shown limited facility to offer equal opportunity of success to pupils in socially disadvantaged groups and that this is borne out in an analysis of the situation of the Asian pupils in the County Upper schools in Bradford (CB), less likely to be allocated to external examination-orientated groups or to gain success in these than their peers. There are indications that their potential may not be being realised. It is argued that while language support for the bilingual child is important, account should also be taken of a more general cultural dominance in the school system and stereotyped low expectations from teachers which may feed racial bias in institutions. The data show that the LEA policies, though benevolent in intention, demonstrate institutional racism in effect. With four case studies from observations in Bradford schools, models are developed for practice that has potential for power-sharing and greater equity of opportunity -for pupils, involving respect for cultural diversity and antiracist education strategies supporting and supported by community participation in schools. It is argued that white educationists need to listen to black clients, pupils and their parents, involving them in dialogue to ascertain their real needs, to implement appropriate policy. As there was a considerable lapse of time between the field work research and writing up of this thesis, and its final presentation, an addendum (with bibliography) reviews some of the research and literature in the fleld since 1980. This situates the field work historically. The issues raised and discussed in the context of the 1970's are still far from being solved. The additional work stregthens, rather than changes my original conclusion that society is locked into a cycle of inequality. A counter-hegemony must emerge from 'grass-roots', community initiatives with a values-base linked not to self-seeking or confrontational power group politics but to a notion of the common good.

Esta pesquisa busca investigar os repertórios da literatura brasileira disponibilizados nas coleções didáticas de língua portuguesa para o Ensino Médio aprovadas pelo PNLD 2015, de modo a verificar quantitativa e qualitativamente a inserção de textos que tocassem a temática racial, independentemente do pertencimento étnico-racial de seus autores, por um lado, e especificamente a utilização de textos de autoria negra, por outro. Assim, a partir de um aparato teórico interdisciplinar que engloba as áreas dos estudos literários, da história, da sociologia, da educação e da psicologia social , analisa-se como tais textos e autores foram aproveitados pelas coleções, considerando o contexto em que aparecem nos livros, com ênfase nas atividades de interpretação literária. Constata-se lacunas importantes nos dados encontrados, uma vez que a inserção por si só dessas obras e desses escritores não é suficiente para uma reformulação do livro didático como instrumento possível de uma educação antirracista. Desse modo, são propostas alternativas tanto de repertório, privilegiando os nomes contemporâneos da literatura negro-brasileira, quanto de abordagem de autores que já figuram no cânone, alternativas pensadas para relacionar-se de maneira orgânica com todo o conteúdo das coleções didáticas, e não mais como apêndices e notas de rodapé. / This research aims to investigate the Brazilian literature repertoire available in the Portuguese language didactic collections for High School, approved by the PNDL 2015, measuring the insertion of texts approaching the racial thematic in both qualitative and quantitative ways, regardless of the authors ethnic and racial identity on the one hand, and specifically using texts written by black authors on the other hand. That way, through an interdisciplinary theoretical apparatus that encompass Literary Studies, History, Sociology, Education and Social Psychology , this research analyzes how the collections availed themselves of those texts and authors, taking into account the context in which they appear in the books, with emphasis on literary interpretation activities. There are important gaps in the data found, seeing as the insertion of those works and authors by itself is not enough to reformulate the textbook as an efficient instrument of an antiracist education. Thus, some alternatives are proposed regarding both repertoire, privileging contemporary names of the Brazilian black literature, and the approach of authors that already belong to the literary canon, alternatives thought to interact in an organic way with all the content of the didactic collections, and not only as appendices and footnotes.

Submitted by Joelson Onofre (jaonofrecp@yahoo.com.br) on 2015-07-02T00:46:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação V. Final Joelson A Onofre.pdf: 1848759 bytes, checksum: a2aa227e3df0e3af5b17fb04b998185e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2015-08-11T18:07:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação V. Final Joelson A Onofre.pdf: 1848759 bytes, checksum: a2aa227e3df0e3af5b17fb04b998185e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-11T18:07:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação V. Final Joelson A Onofre.pdf: 1848759 bytes, checksum: a2aa227e3df0e3af5b17fb04b998185e (MD5) / A Lei 10.639/03, sancionada em 2013, completou dez anos e determina a obrigatoriedade do ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana nos estabelecimentos de ensino das redes pública e particular de todo o país. Em 2004 o Conselho Nacional de Educação aprova o Parecer CNE/CP 03/2004 e a Resolução CNE/CP 01/2004 que instituem e regulamentam as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o ensino de História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana. Resultado de lutas históricas dos movimentos sociais negros, a lei se constitui em uma importante política de reparação, reconhecimento e valorização do legado africano e afro-brasileiro na educação. Em face disso, a presente dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo investigar os desdobramentos da Lei 10.639/03 em uma unidade escolar quilombola localizada no sudoeste da Bahia. Para tanto, a pesquisa empírica foi desenvolvida priorizando um grupo de três professoras da equipe gestora da referida instituição, a saber: diretora, vice-diretora e coordenadora pedagógica. O aporte teórico fundamenta-se em extensa revisão de literatura de autores que discutem a temática. Na realização do estudo, optamos pela abordagem qualitativa com foco em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Escolhemos o método do Estudo de Caso e a Análise de Conteúdo como norteadores na interpretação das informações obtidas no campo. A observação, as entrevistas e a análise documental foram os procedimentos utilizados na coleta das informações. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstram que, a despeito de a escola investigada implementar a lei no currículo e nas práticas cotidianas, muito há de ser feito. Para que mudanças possam ser efetivadas faz-se necessário uma gestão atuante, democrática e participativa. Esperamos que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para novas e instigantes questões sobre a lei e sua implementação nas unidades escolares, assim como possibilitar reflexões acerca de uma educação antirracista que vislumbra a diferença como elemento enriquecedor e de unidade entre os indivíduos e suas histórias. / Abstract: Law 10.639/03, enacted in 2013, completed ten years and determines the mandatory teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture in educational establishments of public and private networks across the country. In 2004, the National Board of Education approves the CNE/CP 03/2004 Decree and the CNE/CP 01/2004 Resolution establishing and regulating the National Curriculum Guidelines for the Education of Racial-Ethnic Relations and for the teaching of African-Brazilian and African History and Culture. Result of historic struggles of the black social movements, the law constitutes a major repair, recognition and appreciation policy of the African and African-Brazilian heritage in education. In front of this, this master's thesis aimed to investigate the developments of Law 10.639/03 in a quilombola school located in southwestern Bahia. Therefore, empirical research was conducted prioritizing a group of three teachers of the institution’s management staff, namely: director, deputy director and educational coordinator. The theoretical approach is based on extensive literature review of authors who discuss the topic. In conducting the study, we opted for a qualitative approach focusing on bibliographical and documentary research. We chose the method of Case Study and Content Analysis as guides in interpreting the obtained field information. Observation, interviews and document analysis were the procedures used in the data collection. The results of this research demonstrate that, despite that the surveyed school implements the law in its curriculum and daily practices, much remains to be done. To make changes effective, it is necessary to conduct an active, democratic and participatory management. We hope that this research will contribute to new and exciting questions about the law and its implementation at schools, as well as enable reflections about an anti-racist education that sees the difference as enriching and unifying element between individuals and their histories.