Theses Duke University, N.C. / Bibliogr.: p. 183-195.

Thesis (M.A.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).

Thesis (doctoral)-Universität, Freiburg, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 341-360).

Project (D. Min.)--Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, 1988. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [265]-275).

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Hist.--Paris 4, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 362-382. Glossaire. Index.

Cette thèse de doctorat vise à étendre l’étude de la délation antisémite à Paris pendant l’Occupation allemande en explorant plus en détail les contextes institutionnels et sociaux du phénomène de la délation afin de mieux mesurer leur importance dans le Paris occupé. Dans un premier temps, elle explore les différents mécanismes institutionnels qui contribuèrent à l’introduction d’une réglementation antisémite d’origine allemande et française, à entretenir un climat propice au développement de la délation dans le cadre de cette réglementation, notamment à travers la propagande et la menée d’opérations visant à réprimer les « ennemis » du régime de Vichy et de l’occupant nazi, tout en fournissant aux délateurs divers relais où ceux-ci pouvaient adresser leurs reproches à l’endroit des Juifs. Ensuite, puisque la délation est avant tout un phénomène populaire, c’est-à-dire qui émana des individus, la thèse ausculte les différentes caractéristiques du contexte de l’Occupation et leurs conséquences au niveau populaire afin d’identifier les éléments qui furent mis à profit par les auteurs des délations dans leurs accusations contre les Juifs, et les mobiles qui incitèrent les délateurs à les dénoncer aux autorités. Elle analyse aussi les nombreuses stratégies rhétoriques employées par les délateurs dans leurs tentatives de convaincre les autorités du bien fondé de leurs démarches. Enfin, elle propose un portrait général des caractéristiques « sociales » des victimes à travers une étude quantitative du phénomène. / This dissertation attempts to further the study of the denunciation of Jews in Paris during the German Occupation by exploring in more detail the various institutional and social contexts of the phenomenon of denunciation to measure their importance in the larger context of occupied Paris. First, it explores institutional mechanisms who contributed to the introduction of a German and a French anti-Semitic legislation, to maintain an environment conductive to the development of denunciation in the context of this regulation, notably through propaganda and repressive operations that targeted the “enemies” of the Vichy regime as well as the German occupant, while providing the authors of denunciation with relays ready to accept and synthesize the accusations against the Jews. Second, because denunciation is at its origin a “popular” phenomenon, that is to say it originates from individuals, this dissertation analyses the various characteristics of the context of the Occupation and their consequences on the French population in an attempt to identify the elements that were put to use by denouncers in their accusations against Jews, as well as the motives that influenced their decision to contact the authorities. This section also analyzes the multitude of rhetorical strategies used by denouncers in their effort to convince the authorities of the merits of their approach. Finally, it proposes a general picture of the “social” characteristics of the victims and authors of denunciation through a quantitative study of the phenomenon.

La thèse reconstitue les activités et les ramifications transnationales du réseau antisémite, contre-révolutionnaire et anticommuniste animé par Mgr Umberto Benigni de 1917 à 1934 (« Entente romaine de défense sociale »). Mgr Benigni est une figure majeure de l’intransigeantisme catholique, soldat de Pie X dans la lutte acharnée contre le modernisme ; membre de la Curie et professeur renommé, Benigni marque la formation de plusieurs dirigeants de l’Eglise, notamment Eugenio Pacelli, futur Pie XII. Mais Benigni est également un nom récurrent dans l’historiographie sur l’antisémitisme italien en raison de la longue durée de sa carrière de publiciste antisémite ; avant les lois raciales fascistes de 1938, il incarne l’une des principales traditions d’antisémitisme national. À partir des archives privées de Mgr Benigni, des archives du Vatican et des archives du fascisme italien, cette thèse met à jour les activités du prélat romain en relation avec ses plus proches collaborateurs italiens (la revue Fede e Ragione) et français (Mgr Jouin et l’abbé Boulin, autour de la Revue internationale des sociétés secrètes, Le Bloc catholique de Toulouse). Par cet exemple de réseau, c'est une certaine cartographie de l'antisémitisme, de l'engagement intransigeant et de l'extrême droite, qui peut être reconstruite. Les ramifications internationales du réseau sont multiples impliquant différents groupes antisémites britanniques, américains, allemands, suisses ou encore les activistes russes blancs en exil. Une attention particulière est portée aux connexions politiques des catholiques intransigeants autour de Mgr Benigni, notamment avec l’Action française et le fascisme italien. / My research contributes to the history of interwar antisemitism by examining the interplay between two aspects usually neglected in the scholarship on antisemitism: the involvement of Catholic activists and the transnational dimension of antisemitic propaganda. By studying the Catholic network led by the Roman prelate Umberto Benigni and drawing upon the recently opened Vatican archives (Pius XI’s pontificate and Holy Office archives), my work revisits antisemitism through the lens of transnational methods. Challenging the traditional distinction between religious anti-Judaism and modern antisemitism, the overarching question of my research is how the transnational diffusion of antisemitic propaganda played a key role in the reshaping and renewal of Catholic hostility toward Jews during the interwar period. Focusing on a specific network led by Italian and French clerics with global right-wing connections, my dissertation uncovers that antisemitism was the common ground that gathered divergent tendencies as heterogeneous as French Catholics, Italian Fascists, White Russian émigrés, and German National Socialists. As a case study, Msgr Umberto Benigni’s network demonstrates Catholic antisemitism’s transnational connections and permeability with political and racial prejudices. Going beyond the Nazi-centric debate on antisemitism, my research draws upon the recent development of Holocaust studies related to the Italian and Vatican contexts, and examines an alternative model of Catholic Latin antisemitism. My dissertation thus exposes Catholic networks as one of the main vectors and driving forces of antisemitism’s transnational spread during the interwar era.

Este trabalho é guiado por uma questão central que diz respeito ao comportamento de tradutores e editores diante de textos de cujo conteúdo eles talvez discordem. Em termos concretos, analisouse como as traduções de um determinado texto Die Judenbuche (1842), de Annette von DrosteHülshoff, um texto canônico da literatura alemã, ainda sem recepção e sem tradução no Brasil enfrentaram os motifs judaicos nela contidos, motifs estes que apontam para estereótipos antijudaicos. O corpus de análise foi composto por 25 traduções de 12 idiomas e 13 países, todos do âmbito cultural chamado de Ocidente, coincidindo, do ponto de vista temporal, aproximadamente com o século XX. Baseandose em teorias de recepção (principalmente nas vertentes de Wolfgang Iser e da ReaderResponseTheory) e de reescritura (de André Lefevere), a pesquisa buscou mostrar que traduções, uma das formas de recepção e reescritura de literatura, evitam discutir temas sensíveis nos textos nelas publicados e são, assim, mais \"estáticas\" do que a crítica literária, uma outra forma de recepção e reescritura, escolhida aqui como ponto de comparação. Para a análise das traduções, certos trechos e aspectos da Judenbuche foram definidos e analisados em relação ao original. Além dos textos traduzidos, os paratextos das traduções foram também analisados. Nos textos traduzidos, procurouse por shifts indicativos de atitudes; nos paratextos, por menções aos motifs judaicos e discussões sobre eles. A interpretação dos resultados considerou vários contextos (os contextos nacionais e históricos, as editoras, a identidade dos autores dos diferentes gêneros textuais, as convenções dos gêneros, etc.). Como contexto comum e como uma das fontes de reações dos autores dos textos analisados foi presumido o contexto da história judaica no Ocidente. Os resultados da análise confirmaram, por um lado, a hipótese, mostrando que as traduções de fato não costumam debater explicitamente temas sensíveis em textos literários. Ao mesmo tempo, contudo, as traduções mostraram que os motifs judaicos da Judenbuche preocuparam sim os tradutores e editores. Os textos traduzidos mostraram diversos shifts. Nos paratextos, menções explicitas e valorativas aos motifs judaicos foram poucas, mas observouse a tendência de seu aumento nos anos mais recentes, nos quais o tema do antissemitismo na literatura vem ganhando destaque no âmbito dos estudos literários. Traduções inseridas em contextos acadêmicos mostraram mais ocorrências de menções aos motifs judaicos em paratextos do que traduções direcionadas a um público geral. Em relação ao contexto da história judaica do século XX, mudanças no corpus como todo foram observadas; shifts nos textos traduzidos aumentaram no período de 1933 a 1945, enquanto os textos traduzidos de depois de 1945 mostram uma tendência a atenuar as ambiguidades da Judenbuche. Em relação aos contextos nacionais, mudanças foram observadas na direção de um aumento de sensibilidade em relação ao conteúdo da Judenbuche. Concluiuse, assim, que, embora traduções não fossem consideradas uma plataforma de debates abertos sobre o problema do antissemitismo na literatura, os tradutores e editores mostraram um aumento de sensibilidade em relação ao tema no decorrer do tempo. / This study is guided by a question about the behaviour of translators and editors towards texts the contents of which they possibly disagree with. More specifically, the study analysed how the translations of a particular text Die Judenbuche (1842), by Annette von DrosteHülshoff, a canonical text of German literature, as yet without reception or translation in Brazil face the Jewish motifs contained in it, motifs sometimes considered as antiSemitic stereotypes. The corpus of the study, composed of 25 translations into 12 languages and from 13 countries, comprehends the cultural area usually denominated as the West, and coincides temporally with the 20th century. Based on theories of reception studies (by Wolfgang Iser and from ReaderResponseTheory) and on the theory of rewriting (by André Lefevere), the study sought to demonstrate that translations, one of the forms of reception and rewriting of literature, avoid discussing sensitive topics in the translated texts, and are thus more \"static\" than literary criticism, another form of reception and rewriting, chosen as point of comparison. For the analysis of the translations, certain passages and aspects of Die Judenbuche were defined and analysed in comparison with the original. The paratexts of the translations were also analysed. The analysis of the translated texts sought to identify shifts indicatives of attitudes; the analysis of the paratexts sought to identify references to and discussions on the Jewish motifs. The interpretation of the results considered different contexts (the national and historical contexts, the publishing houses, the identity of the authors of the different text genres, conventions of the genres etc.). The Jewish history in the West was presumed as a common context and as one of the sources of attitudes of the authors of the analysed texts. The results of the analysis confirmed the hypothesis, demonstrating that translations in fact do not undertake explicit debates of sensitive topics in literary texts. However, the translations also demonstrated that the Jewish motifs in Die Judenbuche did preoccupy the translators and editors. The translated texts contained diverse shifts. In the paratexts only few explicit and evaluative references to the Jewish motifs were identified, but in recent years, in which literary antiSemitism has received more and more attention in literary studies, an increase in references was observed. Translations from academic contexts showed more references to Jewish motifs in their paratexts than translations for the general public. Against the context of Jewish history in the 20th century, variations have been observed in the corpus as a whole; in the translated texts, shifts increased during the years from 1933 to 1945, while in the years after 1945 tendencies towards an attenuation of Die Judenbuche\'s ambiguities dominated. Within the national contexts, an increase of sensibility towards the content of Die Judenbuche was observed. Thus, even though translations apparently are not considered a platform for debates on problems of antiSemitism in literature, the results evidenced that translators and editors did show, in the course of time, an increase in sensitivity with regard to the topic.

This paper applies the ethnic boundary making theory developed by Andreas Wimmer to understand the maintenance of Jewish ethnic identification in Sweden, as expressed in thirteen interviews with Swedish Jews. Wimmer’s theory holds that ethnic conflict and persecution routinizes and entrenches perceptions of ethnic difference; I argue that the antisemitic persecutions of the 20th century has entrenched the perception of the ethnic distinctiveness of Jews among Jews themselves. These persecutions also contribute to alienation from Swedish society, which does not share the same historical identity and frames of understanding. These factors in turn motivate the participants to maintain the ethnic boundary between Swedes and Jews and guard it against assimilation. Ethnic consciousness also motivates Jews to endow the category of “Jewish” with cultural content, sometimes having previously lacked knowledge of Jewish culture; the cultural distinctiveness of Jews is thus shown to partly be a result of the ethnic boundary between Jews and others, and not just an explanation for that boundary. However; the participants are generally not prepared to restrict the choice of romantic bonds to fellow Jews; since social closure is required to maintain ethnic boundaries (as stressed by Wimmer), this puts the participants in a contradictory situation.

This thesis is engaged in characteristics of new antisemitism as a new phenomenon in international relations and examining presence of its attributes in past two UN conferences against rasism. The aim of the thesis is to prove presence of new antisemitism in field of institutionalised international relations.