I denna rapport undersöks vattenförbrukningen i svenska flerbostadshus. Sveriges medvetenhet är generellt sett låg när det kommer till vattenförbrukning. Dessutom har vi en ökad problematik med vattenbrist på grund av klimatförändringar. Studien fokuserar på de tre boendeformerna; bostadsrätter, hyresrätter och studentboenden. Vattenförbrukning i dessa typer av lägenheter analyseras och även privatpersoners tankar kring sin egen förbrukning undersöks. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar har flera olika metoder, såsom en litteraturstudie, digitalenkätundersökning och datainsamling kring vattenförbrukningen från de tre olika boendeformerna, använts. En analys av den insamlade data har genomförts, och till sist har även intervjuer med två relevanta företag utförts, för att få en uppfattning om ämnet ur ett företagsperspektiv. Resultaten som framkommit under projektet innefattar bland annat att det finns olika faktorer som påverkar vattenförbrukning i de olika boendeformerna, exempelvis lägenhetsstorlek, betalningssätt och medvetenhet. Det visade sig att den största drivkraften hos privatpersoner till att vilja minska sin vattenförbrukning är en kombination av att vilja uppnå låga kostnader och samtidigt ta hänsyn till miljön. Enligt enkäten som utformats under arbetets gång framkom det att endast 8 % av respondenterna hade insikt i sin vattenförbrukning. En anledning till Sveriges låga medvetenhet när det kommer till vattenförbrukning, kan vara att fyra av tio svenskar inte vet hur de betalar för sitt vatten. Utifrån vår dataanalys har det identifierats att studentlägenheter är den boendeform med lägst vattenförbrukning, samt att hyresrätterna är den boendeform med högst vattenförbrukning. Detta kan bero på att studentlägenheterna generellt sett är de lägenheter med lägst boarea. Utöver detta är oftast dessa lägenheter belägna centralt och närheten av campus. Anledningen till att hyresrätterna har högst vattenförbrukning kan bero på att betalningen för vattnet ingår i hyran och att man då är mindre medveten om sin vattenförbrukning. I fallet för bostadsrätter visade våra resultat att vattenförbrukningen för dessa oftast är högre än hos studentbostäder men lägre än hos hyresrätter. Det finns ett stort intresse när det kommer till smarta-hem funktioner kopplat till vatten. Det största fokuset för en sådan applikation bör vara ekonomin samt perspektiven om vattenbrist. Ett effektivtsätt för att kunna öka medvetenheten hos privatpersoner är genom att använda sig av gamification i en smarta-hem app. / This report examines the water consumption in Swedish apartment buildings. Sweden generally has a low level of awareness when it comes to water consumption. In addition, we have an increased problem with water shortages due to climate change. This study focuses on three forms of housing, condominiums, tenancies and student housing. The water consumption in these types of apartments is analyzed and the thoughts of individuals’ water consumption are examined. To answer the study's questions, several different methods have been used such as literature study, a digital survey and a collection of data on water consumption from the three different forms of housing. An analysis of the collected data has been carried out, and finally, to get an insight of the subject from a company's perspective, interviews were conducted with two relevant companies. The results in this study shows that there are various factors that affect water consumption in the various forms of housing, such as size of apartment, payment method and awareness. The biggest driving force for reducing the water consumption among private individuals is a combination of achieving low costs and environmental considerations. According to the survey designed during the course of work, it emerged that only 8 % of the respondents had insight into their water consumption. One reason behind Sweden's low awareness when it comes to water consumption may be that four outof ten Swedes do not know how they pay for their water.Based on our data analysis, it has been identified that student apartments are the form of housing withthe lowest water consumption, and that rental apartments are the form of housing with the highest water consumption. This may be because the student apartments are generally the apartments with the lowest living area. In addition to this, these apartments are often located centrally and close to the campus. The reason why the tenancies have the highest water consumption may be due to the fact that the payment for the water is included in the rent and that you are then less aware of your water consumption. In the case of condominiums, our results showed that the water consumption for these is often higher than in student housing but lower than in rental apartments. There is a great interest in smart-home features connected to water. The biggest focus for such an application should be the economy and how to minimize the risk of water shortages. An effective way to increase the awareness among private individuals is by using gamification in a smart-home app.

Essa tese de doutorado tem como principal objetivo verificar em que medida o desenho dos edifícios de apartamentos paulistanos e a ação de agentes imobiliários oriundos de São Paulo constituem referência para a produção imobiliária de outras regiões do país e influenciam na verticalização urbana atual. Constatou-se tal referência de diversas formas: a presença de incorporadoras imobiliárias com matriz na capital paulista e filiais nas demais metrópoles consideradas, o protagonismo que essas empresas tiveram após a aproximação entre os mercados imobiliário e financeiro e após o intensivo aporte de capitais oriundos de fundos estatais para financiamento de moradias, a interferência dos agentes imobiliários mais influentes, política e economicamente, sobre o planejamento (público) urbano e habitacional, alterações na prática profissional dos arquitetos e a mudança de seu processo de criação e da produção dos projetos, etc.. Esse novo contexto do mercado imobiliário brasileiro que incorpora edifícios de apartamentos foi intensificado nos anos 2000 e influenciou decisivamente a formatação dos empreendimentos imobiliários, na definição das características arquitetônicas dos edifícios, na inserção urbana e na localização dessas edificações, na configuração de trechos da paisagem urbana, nos ritmos de produção dessa verticalização e de consumo dessas moradias, etc.. Os megaempreendimentos, com projetos altamente padronizados, baseados em um desatualizado modelo de planta, com apartamentos de áreas diminutas e localizados em regiões nas periferias, são um dos principais produtos imobiliários encontrados, consequências dessas questões. Foram estudadas cinco cidades brasileiras, importantes capitais de diferentes regiões geopolíticas: Recife (PE), Porto Alegre (RS), Belém (PA), Goiânia (GO), Belo Horizonte (MG). Esse trabalho inclui extensa pesquisa de campo e a realização de cinco viagens acadêmicas, com duração de dois meses cada, em todas as cidades mencionadas. Foram realizadas dezenas de visitas técnicas aos principais bairros verticalizados recentemente e foram observados centenas de empreendimentos imobiliários e milhares de edifícios de apartamentos. Também foram realizadas 79 entrevistas com incorporadores imobiliários, arquitetos de escritórios e pesquisadores acadêmicos, além de abrangente revisão bibliográfica. Esse quadro ajuda a explicar as consequências mais dramáticas da cultura capitalista no século XXI advindas de determinada produção imobiliária mercantil. Também situa mais precisamente o papel da arquitetura e do arquiteto na sociedade brasileira atualmente. / This thesis aims to examine how the paulistano apartment building design and the practice of real estate agents from São Paulo are reference for the housing production in other regions of the country and influence the urban verticalization. This reference happens in several ways: the presence of real estate companies headquartered in São Paulo and branch offices in other considered cities, the important role that this companies had after the intensive capital input from state funds to finance housing, the interference of the most influential real estate agents, politically and economically, on the public urban and housing planning, changes in the professional practice of architects, creative process and project production changes, etc.. This new context of the Brazilian real estate market that produces apartment buildings was intensified in the 2000 decade and decisively influenced the real estate project conceptions, in the architectural quality definition of apartment buildings, in the urban insertion and location of this buildings, in the configuration of urban landscape parts, in the increase production of this urban verticalization and increase acquisition of this apartments, etc.. Results of this context, the mega-projects are one of the most important real estate products found. Mega-projects are highly standardized designs, they use a outdated spatial configuration that organizes apartments with small areas and located in outskirt areas. Five Brazilian cities was studied, all of them important capitals of different geopolitical regions: Recife (PE), Porto Alegre (RS), Belém (PA), Goiânia (GO), Belo Horizonte (MG). This work has extensive field research with five academic trips, lasting two months each, in all mentioned cities. Dozens of academic visits to the main neighborhoods with recently verticalization were done, hundreds of real estate projects and thousands of apartment buildings was collected. 79 interviews with real estate agents, architects and academic researchers also were done. This context contributes to explain the most dramatic consequences of capitalist culture in the twenty-first century that come from particular real estate production. Also shows more precisely the role of the architecture and the architect in current Brazilian society.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Essa tese de doutorado tem como principal objetivo verificar em que medida o desenho dos edifícios de apartamentos paulistanos e a ação de agentes imobiliários oriundos de São Paulo constituem referência para a produção imobiliária de outras regiões do país e influenciam na verticalização urbana atual. Constatou-se tal referência de diversas formas: a presença de incorporadoras imobiliárias com matriz na capital paulista e filiais nas demais metrópoles consideradas, o protagonismo que essas empresas tiveram após a aproximação entre os mercados imobiliário e financeiro e após o intensivo aporte de capitais oriundos de fundos estatais para financiamento de moradias, a interferência dos agentes imobiliários mais influentes, política e economicamente, sobre o planejamento (público) urbano e habitacional, alterações na prática profissional dos arquitetos e a mudança de seu processo de criação e da produção dos projetos, etc.. Esse novo contexto do mercado imobiliário brasileiro que incorpora edifícios de apartamentos foi intensificado nos anos 2000 e influenciou decisivamente a formatação dos empreendimentos imobiliários, na definição das características arquitetônicas dos edifícios, na inserção urbana e na localização dessas edificações, na configuração de trechos da paisagem urbana, nos ritmos de produção dessa verticalização e de consumo dessas moradias, etc.. Os megaempreendimentos, com projetos altamente padronizados, baseados em um desatualizado modelo de planta, com apartamentos de áreas diminutas e localizados em regiões nas periferias, são um dos principais produtos imobiliários encontrados, consequências dessas questões. Foram estudadas cinco cidades brasileiras, importantes capitais de diferentes regiões geopolíticas: Recife (PE), Porto Alegre (RS), Belém (PA), Goiânia (GO), Belo Horizonte (MG). Esse trabalho inclui extensa pesquisa de campo e a realização de cinco viagens acadêmicas, com duração de dois meses cada, em todas as cidades mencionadas. Foram realizadas dezenas de visitas técnicas aos principais bairros verticalizados recentemente e foram observados centenas de empreendimentos imobiliários e milhares de edifícios de apartamentos. Também foram realizadas 79 entrevistas com incorporadores imobiliários, arquitetos de escritórios e pesquisadores acadêmicos, além de abrangente revisão bibliográfica. Esse quadro ajuda a explicar as consequências mais dramáticas da cultura capitalista no século XXI advindas de determinada produção imobiliária mercantil. Também situa mais precisamente o papel da arquitetura e do arquiteto na sociedade brasileira atualmente. / This thesis aims to examine how the paulistano apartment building design and the practice of real estate agents from São Paulo are reference for the housing production in other regions of the country and influence the urban verticalization. This reference happens in several ways: the presence of real estate companies headquartered in São Paulo and branch offices in other considered cities, the important role that this companies had after the intensive capital input from state funds to finance housing, the interference of the most influential real estate agents, politically and economically, on the public urban and housing planning, changes in the professional practice of architects, creative process and project production changes, etc.. This new context of the Brazilian real estate market that produces apartment buildings was intensified in the 2000 decade and decisively influenced the real estate project conceptions, in the architectural quality definition of apartment buildings, in the urban insertion and location of this buildings, in the configuration of urban landscape parts, in the increase production of this urban verticalization and increase acquisition of this apartments, etc.. Results of this context, the mega-projects are one of the most important real estate products found. Mega-projects are highly standardized designs, they use a outdated spatial configuration that organizes apartments with small areas and located in outskirt areas. Five Brazilian cities was studied, all of them important capitals of different geopolitical regions: Recife (PE), Porto Alegre (RS), Belém (PA), Goiânia (GO), Belo Horizonte (MG). This work has extensive field research with five academic trips, lasting two months each, in all mentioned cities. Dozens of academic visits to the main neighborhoods with recently verticalization were done, hundreds of real estate projects and thousands of apartment buildings was collected. 79 interviews with real estate agents, architects and academic researchers also were done. This context contributes to explain the most dramatic consequences of capitalist culture in the twenty-first century that come from particular real estate production. Also shows more precisely the role of the architecture and the architect in current Brazilian society.

Vid fastighetstaxering av lokalhyreshus tar inte värderingsmodellen för mark hänsyn till att det finns utrymmen under mark som generar hyresintäkter. Det innebär att taxeringsvärdet för markvärdet möjligtvis inte avspeglar marknadsvärdet.  Syftet med arbetet är att göra en kartläggning av två svenska städer för att tillhandahålla underlag som hjälper Lantmäteriet i sitt arbete att förbättra kvaliteten på taxeringsvärdet. Målet är att identifiera möjliga samband mellan marknadsvärdet i jämförelse med taxeringsvärdet för fastigheter med och utan utrymme under mark.  Metoderna som tillämpas är en kvalitativ analys av köpesummor i förhållande till taxeringsvärden och kvalitativa intervjuer. Analysen av köpesummor utfördes för att besvara om utrymme under mark påverkar marknadsvärdet jämfört med taxeringsvärdet. Intervjuerna syftar till att ge djupare kunskap om värdet för utrymme under mark. Resultatet från analysen av köpesummor visade att marknadsvärdet inte påverkades av utrymme under mark. Däremot framgick det i intervjuerna att markvärdet för utrymme under mark bör behandlas annorlunda vid taxering eftersom det har ett beaktansvärt värde. Slutsatsen blev därför att utrymme under mark som genererar intäkter borde tas med i fastighetstaxeringen under säregna förhållanden. / At a property tax assesment of a non-residential rental housing unit the valuation model of land does not take in to consideration the space beneath it that generate revenue from rent. This means that the tax assessment value of the land does not necessarily reflect the market value.   The purpose of this paper is to make a survey, of two Swedish cities, that can provide the National Land Survey with information that can help them improve the quality of the tax assessment value. The aim is to identify possible connections between the market value in comparison to the tax assessment value of properties with and without space beneath ground.  The methods used are a qualitative analysis of the purchase price in relation to tax assessment values and qualitative interviews. The analysis of the purchase price was done to answer if space beneath ground affects the market value compared to the tax assessment value. The interviews aim to create a deeper knowledge of the value of space beneath ground.  The results from the analysis of the purchase price showed that the market value was not affected by space beneath ground. However, it emerged in the interviews that the land value for space beneath ground should be handled differently during assassment, because it has a noteworthy value. The conclusion was that space beneath ground that generates revenue, should be included in the property tax assessment under special conditions.

Esta dissertação busca compreender as alterações urbanas e sociais de uma rua da área central da cidade de São Paulo, a partir do cotidiano de seus moradores. A rua Paim, localizada no distrito da Bela Vista, teve recentemente a grande maioria de seus cortiços demolida e substituída por edifícios verticais e voltados para público de maior poder aquisitivo. Tal processo, comumente chamado de \"renovação\", envolve a substituição de antigos moradores e uma valorização imobiliária, contrapondo-se à histórica estigmatização da rua como lugar \"degradado\". Esses dois discursos - \"renovação\" e \"degradação\" - acompanham as formas como novos e antigos moradores percebem o espaço em transformação e revelam definições relacionais do processo em curso. Para a compreensão desse processo, a pesquisa se orientou metodologicamente pela aproximação entre transformações urbanas e habitação e busca retomar o desenvolvimento da região sob uma perspectiva histórica, considerando as diversas intervenções urbanísticas que incidiram sobre esse espaço e as formas habitacionais que prevaleceram na rua. O estudo dessas formas, bem como das representações e práticas de seus moradores, permite a identificação de permanências e descontinuidades no cotidiano da rua, a partir da apropriação e do uso dos que ali vivem. / This work aims to comprehend the social and urban changes of a street located in the central area of São Paulo, from its inhabitant\'s everyday life point of view. Paim Street, part of Bela Vista district, has recently had the majority of its slums demolished and replaced by apartment buildings, aimed for a wealthier public. That process, commonly known as \"urban renewal\", involves the replacement of long-time inhabitants and real estate increasing values, and contrasts with the historic stigmatization of the street as a \"degraded\" place. These two speeches - \"urban renewal\" and \"urban decay\" - are related to the ways new and long-time inhabitants perceive the changing space and reveal relational definitions of the process. In order to understand this process, the research was methodologically oriented by the approach between urban transformations and dwelling, and intends to comprehend the development of the area from a historical perspective, considering the several urban interventions undertaken in that space and the dwelling forms that prevailed in the street. The study of these forms, as well as its inhabitants\' representations and practices, allows the identification of continuities and discontinuities of the street\'s everyday life, seen from the inhabitants\' appropriation and uses.

Lam Wai Yin, Helen. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2006-2007, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (p. 157).

Thesis. 1976. M.Arch.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaf 38. / by David R. Mayner. / M.Arch.