This thesis has been carried out on behalf of IV Produkt AB and intends to set an average ratio of thermal energy losses in apartment buildings that were built during the 1960-1990. This shall be derived by analyzing the total district energy consumption that has been divided into three parts: heat energy losses (the actual heating requirements), the heating of domestic hot water and heating energy consumption for the controlled ventilation. Three different residential areas that were built during the years 1962-1966 and one that was built in 1993 has been analyzed. All residential areas are located in Växjö urban and contains between four and six apartment buildings. The analyzed objects have a mechanical exhaust ventilation systems and district heating as the heating method. No own laboratory work or experiments have been done in this thesis, the calculations have been done on the basis of parameters from VEAB, interviews with property managers, and literature studies. By calculations, we have got a result that is reported in Chapter 6. The result is given as a thermal energy loss as a percentage of the total heat consumption. In this thesis there has also been a review of the rules on requirements for the specific energy consumptions in buildings, indoor environment and indoor temperature from the National Board of Housing and the National Board of Health and Welfare.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Chan Wai Yip. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-227). / Acknowledgments --- p.1 / Summary --- p.3 / Table of Contents --- p.5 / List of Figures --- p.11 / List of Tables --- p.14 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.17 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Uniqueness of Hong Kong --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Selection of Tsuen Wan --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Conceptual Background --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Review of Traffic Noise Research in Foreign Countries --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Urban Noise Surveys --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Traffic Noise Characteristics --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Traffic Noise and Sleep Disturbance --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Noise Events --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Noise Environment by Multiple Noise Sources --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Urban Form and Noise Exposure --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Noise Research in Hong Kong --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Noise Survey --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Noise Exposure and Response --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Attenuation of Noise --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Annoyance Produced by Different Vehicle Types --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Noise Mitigation Measures --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Issues in Hong Kong --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Noise Exposure Level of Public Housing Estates and Old Urban Area --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Indoor Noise Level --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Frequency Analysis of Road Traffic Noise at Receiver --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Noise Event Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Noise Emitter Identification --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Comparison of Measured Noise Levels with Critical Load for Sleep Disturbance --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Noise Exposure Levels of Dwellings Built at Different Times --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Road Traffic Noise and Urban Form --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.46 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Broad Framework --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Noise Exposure --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Prediction Method --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Receptor Oriented Approach --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Choice of Target Areas --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Validation of Prediction Results by Field Measurement --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Comparison of Measured and Predicted Noise Level --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- "The Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan, with Comparison with Other Countries and Other Parts of Hong Kong" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3 --- Variation of Noise Exposure among Housing Estates --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Criteria for Comparison --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4 --- Traffic Noise Effect on Urban Population --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 24-hour Noise Environment --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Site Selection --- p.74 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- 24-hour Facade Noise Level --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Late Night Indoor Noise Level and Video Recording --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Frequency Analysis of Noise Events --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Noise Exposure of Tsuen Wan Residents --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan with Hong Kong Traffic Noise Guideline --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Frequency Distribution of Noise Exposure Level of the Sampled Dwellingsin Tsuen Wan --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure of the Sampled Dwellings in Tsuen Wan with Dwellings in Australia and England --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure of Dwellings in Tsuen Wan With Previous studies in Hong Kong --- p.93 / Chapter 4.6 --- Variations in Noise Exposure Level among Housing Clusters --- p.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Factors Affecting Traffic Noise Exposure in Different Housing Clusters --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1 --- Comparison of Noise Exposure Level of Dwellings Built at Different Times …… --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Classification of Dwellings According to the Time of Construction --- p.106 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Noise Exposure Level of Private, Public Housing and Village Houses" --- p.113 / Chapter 5.3 --- Noise Exposure and Urban Form --- p.121 / Chapter 5.4 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Dwellings Built at Different Times --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Variation of Noise Level with Height for Dwellings Built Mostly in the 50's and 60´ةs --- p.130 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Variation of Mean Noise Exposure Level with Height for Dwellings Builtin the 70's and Early 80's --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Dwellings Built after 1985 --- p.134 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Discussion --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5 --- Variation of Noise Level with Elevation for Nine Individual High-rise Housing Estates --- p.137 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Acoustical Shadow by Podium --- p.140 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Elevated Road Surface --- p.141 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Acoustical Shadow by A Depressed Road Cut into a Hill --- p.143 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Sudden Increase of Mean LA10 at High Levels at Belvedere Garden and Waterside Plaza --- p.144 / Chapter 5.6 --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effect of Traffic Noise on Urban Population --- p.148 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.148 / Chapter 6.2 --- Diurnal Variation of LA10，LA90 and LAeq --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3 --- Comparison of Hourly Facade LA10 with Hong Kong Traffic Noise Guideline --- p.154 / Chapter 6.4 --- Comparison with 24-hour Noise Standards --- p.156 / Chapter 6.5 --- 24-hour Outdoor Noise Climate --- p.157 / Chapter 6.6 --- Outdoor-indoor Noise Attenuation --- p.163 / Chapter 6.6.1 --- "Outdoor-indoor Attenuation of LA10，LA90, LAeq and LAmax" --- p.163 / Chapter 6.6.2 --- "Outdoor-indoor Attenuation of LA10 - LA90, LA10 - LAeq and LAmax - LA90" --- p.165 / Chapter 6.7 --- Road Traffic Noise Related Sleep Disturbance --- p.167 / Chapter 6.7.1 --- Facade Noise Level --- p.167 / Chapter 6.7.2 --- Indoor Noise Level --- p.171 / Chapter 6.7.3 --- Noise Event Analysis --- p.176 / Chapter 6.7.4 --- Frequency Analysis of Noise Events --- p.182 / Chapter 6.8 --- Noise Emitters --- p.187 / Chapter 6.9 --- Conclusion --- p.193 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.195 / Chapter 7.1 --- Major Findings --- p.195 / Chapter 7.2 --- Research Significance --- p.198 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitation --- p.199 / Chapter 7.4 --- Implications for Traffic Noise Control Measures --- p.200 / Chapter 7.5 --- Areas for Future Research --- p.202 / Appendix - Roadnoise --- p.204 / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.204 / Chapter 2 --- "A Brief Overview of Roadnoise, DoE and CRTN88" --- p.204 / Chapter 3 --- The Input Variables --- p.205 / Chapter 4 --- The Calculation Procedure --- p.206 / Chapter 5 --- The Accuracy of CRTN88 --- p.206 / Chapter 5.1 --- General Accuracy of DoE and CRTN88 --- p.207 / Chapter 5.2 --- "The Accuracy of DoE when Wind, Barriers or Shielding is present" --- p.208 / References --- p.210

Den beräknad mängd energi en byggnad gör av med på ett år visar huruvida den bidrar till ett hållbart samhälle eller inte. AB Gavlegårdarna arbetar inte enbart med att projektera fram förslag till lösningar för framtidens bostäder utan riktar även in sig på sitt nuvarande bestånd när det kommer till energianvändning i flerbostadshus. Gävle Strand Etapp 1 stod klart 2008 med ett bestånd av tolv byggnader som är gestaltade på fyra olika sätt. Alla med olika förutsättningar där främst brukarnas beteende såsom förbrukad mängd tappvarmvatten och hushållsel varierar kraftigt. Under projekteringsfasen anlitades en konsult för att beräkna den köpta energin som dessa bostäder skulle använda och kom fram till en energianvändning på 92 kWh/m2,år. Gavlegårdarnas egna beräkningar som utgick ifrån de verkliga värden som uppmättes för varje lägenhet visade i september 2009 ett medelvärde för hela beståndet som låg på 114 kWh/m2,år. AB Gavlegårdarna vill gå till botten med de problem och den extra kostnad som Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har gett upphov till genom ökad energianvändning, vilket medför att de vill utföra exakta beräkningar på varje byggnads energianvändning. Problemställningen blev därför följande: Hur mycket påverkar FTX-systemets verkningsgrad den totala energiförbrukningen i ett flerbostadshus om systemet inte fungerar som det är tänkt? Kan ett hus bland olika geometriskt utformade hus i ett bestånd anses vara representativ för beståndet, ur energianvändningssynpunkt? Examensarbetet går ut på att genom ett antal U-värdes– och areaberäkningar, ventilations- och luftotäthetsbedömningar, tappvarmvattenanvändning och energibrukarbeteende hos de boende, komma fram till hur mycket en utvald byggnad använder med avseende på specifik energianvändning, med enheten kWh/m2,år. Till författarens hjälp har ett energisimuleringsprogram använts som heter BV2 2010. Resultatet visar att majoriteten av byggnaderna belägna på Gävle Strand Etapp 1 har en högre energianvändning än vad konsultens grundfall visar. Detta på grund av flera faktorer men de främsta orsakerna till den höga energianvändningen i bostäderna är den dåliga temperaturverkningsgraden i FTX-systemets värmeväxlare och brukarbeteendet med en i vissa fall relativt hög användning av tappvarmvatten. / The estimated amount of energy that a building consumes during one year indicates whether it contributes to a sustainable society or not. The communal company, AB Gavlegårdarna , that rents out apartments, works not only with designing proposals for solutions for the future housing , they also work with improving their stock when it comes to energy consumption. The multi-family buildings of Gävle Strand Phase 1 were completed in 2008 with a population of twelve buildings that are shaped in four ways.   During the planning phase a consultant was hired to calculate the how much energy these buildings would have to purchase and came up with an energy use of 92 kWh/m2,year. Gavlegårdarna’s own calculations are based on the actual values obtained for each apartment and in September 2009 and they showed a mean value for the whole stock, which was 114 kWh/m2,year.   AB Gavlegårdarna want to find a solution to the problem and reduce the extra cost that Gävle Strand Phase 1 has given rise through increased use of energy. They want to perform precise calculations on each building's energy use. The problem can be formulated as follows: How much influence does the malfunction of a heat exchanger in a balanced ventilation system have on the total energy consumption in apartment buildings? Can a house among the various geometrically designed houses of a stock be considered to be representative when calculating the energy use of the stock as a whole? The report deals with a number of U-value and area calculations, ventilation and air leakage assessments, domestic hot water use and energy user behavior of the residents, to work out how much a simulated building uses in terms of specific energy, with unit kWh/m2,year. An building simulation program called BV2 2010was utilized. The results show that the majority of the buildings located in Gävle Strand Phase 1 have higher energy consumption than the consultant's basic case. This is due to several factors but the main causes of the high residential energy use is the low temperature efficiency in the FTX-system heat exchanger, the residents’ behavior and in some cases relatively high usage of hot water.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

No description available.