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<p>This document provides a description about how the problem of the detection of thecenter of a defined geometry object was solved.This named object has been placed in an experimental environment surrounded bywater to be explored using microwaves under the water, to try to find a possibletumor. The receiver antenna is fixed in the tip of the tool of an ABB robot.Due to this working method, it was necessary to locate the center of this object tomake correctly the microwave scanning turning always around the actual center. Thiswork not only consist in give a hypothetic solution to the people who gave us theresponsibility of solve their problem, it is also to actually develop a system whichcarries out the function explained before.For the task of measuring the distance between the tip of the tool where themicrowave antenna is, ultrasonic sensors has been used, as a complement of acomplete system of communication between the sensor and finally the robot handler,using Matlab as the main controller of the whole system.One of these sensors will work out of water, measuring the zone of the object which isout of the water. In the other hand, as the researching side of the thesis, a completeultrasonic sensor will be developed to work under water, and the results obtained willbe shown as the conclusion of our investigation.The document provides a description about how the hardware and software necessaryto implement the system mentioned and some equipment more which were essentialto the final implementation was developed step by step.</p>

<p>Detta examensarbete tar upp frågan om kommunikationsproblem mellan de komponenter som ingår i ADDAX systemet, till största del de problem som uppstår mellan router och mätare. ADDAX systemet är uppbyggt på ett hierarkiskt vis med ADDAX server högst upp och mätaren längs ned. Systemet kommunicerar via PLC ”power line comunication”. Uppgiften har varit att kartlägga hur mätsystemet fungerar, vilka geografiska problemområden som finns med avseende på kommunikations problem, lokalisering av störkällor, åtgärdning av dessa störkällor och framtagande av ett flödesschema som skall kunna användas av montörerna vid felsökning i systemet. Arbetet inleddes med att ta fram underlag för vilka områden som påverkas av störningar i elnätskommunikationen. Detta gjordes med hjälp av programmet ”TC Meter Surv SA Edition 0.61” som arbetar mot ADDAX systemets databas för att se vilka mätare som är installerade och vilka som kommunicerar med systemet. Efter vissa problem togs två områden fram, ett på landsbygden och ett i centrala Grästorp. Vid mätning i dessa områden användes till en början två instrument, PL-monitor och HF+. HF+ visade sig vara överflödigt då samma information ges av PL-monnitor båda versioner visar på vilka störningsnivåer som finns i elnätet. HF+ är mer svårtolkat då användaren själv måste ta ställning till informationen som visas medan PL-monnitor enbart visar på den störning som stör ut kommunikationen. Då mätningarna genomförts och analyserats har det visat sig att programmet ej fungerat tillfredställande och att fel information om antal felaktiga mätare i de område som är beläget i centrala Grästorp, detta har resulterat i att en ny slutsats dragits där istället för en störning i LV nu problemet verkar ligga i MV. Kommunikations problemet på landsbygden kan troligtvis lösas med att installera filter hos de kunder vars mätare ej kommunicerar. Andra åtgärder som kan vara aktuella vid framtida kommunikationsproblem kan vara byta av kommunikations fas på mätaren, flytt av mätaren till matningsskåp, installation av repeterare eller att i samråd med kund få denna att stänga av störande utrustning vissa tider på dygnet. En slutsats som dragits av de erfarenheter som ackumulerats under projektets gång är att all mjukvara bör uppdateras och att master-routrar ersätts med en nyare version.</p> / <p>This report handles the issue of communication problems that appears between the components in the ADDAX system, mainly between the router and meter. The system is built around a hierarchy with the ADDAX server at the top and the meter at the bottom. The system uses the power grid as communication medium, this is called PLC “power line communication. The task has bin to se how the system works, witch geographical areas that have problems with communication, localization of source for the disturbing of the communication, attend to the disturbing and to make a flow chart that the electricians can use when they are conducting a measurement. A program called “TC Meter Surv SA Edition 0.61” was used for finding which areas that have problems with the communication. Two areas were chosen, one in the countryside and one in central Grästorp. The program firs showed that some meters where missing but when the measurements where don the program showed that all meters where missing. The reason for this problem is unknown. The problem in the central Grästorp area is not in the LV butt in the MV. The conclusion will be that al of the software must be updated and that the master routers could be replaced with a never versions before any new measurements are to be done. The power quality measurement instruments that has bin used are PL-monitor and HF+. On other conclusion that can bi don is that HF+ is superfluous because it chows the same information that PL-monitor dose but it’s harder to interpret. In the area on the countryside the solution to the communication problem can bi to install a filter. Other solutions to PLC problems can bi to switch the phase the meter uses for communication, move the meter farther from the customer, installing a repeater or in consultation with the customer get him or here to turn of the devise that disturb the communication under some ours in a 24-hour period.</p>

This thesis treats the development of an integrated optical sensor array. The sensors are slot-waveguide ring resonators, integrated with on-chip surface grating couplers and light splitters, for alignment tolerant, real-time, refractive index sensing, and label-free biosensing. The work includes: the design of components and system layouts, the development of fabrication methods, the fabrication of sensor chips, the characterization of the chips, and the development of physical system models for accurate extraction of resonance wavelengths in measured spectra. The main scientific achievements include: The evaluation of a novel type of nano-structured optical waveguide for biochemical sensing. The realization of an array of such slot-waveguide sensors, integrated with microfluidic sample handling, for multiplex assays. The first study of the thermal behavior of slot-waveguide sensors and the discovery of unique temperature compensation capabilities. From an application perspective, the use of alignment tolerant surface gratings to couple light into the optical chip enables quick replacement of cartridges in the read-out instrument. Furthermore, the fabrication sequence avoids polishing of individual chips, and thus ensures that the cost benefits of silicon batch micro-fabrication can be leveraged in mass production. The high sensitivity of the slot waveguide resonators, combined with on-chip referencing and physical modeling, yields low limits of detection. The obtained volume refractive index detection limit of 5 × 10−6 refractive index units (RIU), and the surface mass density detection limit of 0.9 pg/mm2, shows that performance comparable to that of commercial non-integrated surface plasmon resonance sensors, made from bulk optical components, canbe achieved in a compact cartridge. / Qc20100715 / SABIO

This document provides a description about how the problem of the detection of thecenter of a defined geometry object was solved.This named object has been placed in an experimental environment surrounded bywater to be explored using microwaves under the water, to try to find a possibletumor. The receiver antenna is fixed in the tip of the tool of an ABB robot.Due to this working method, it was necessary to locate the center of this object tomake correctly the microwave scanning turning always around the actual center. Thiswork not only consist in give a hypothetic solution to the people who gave us theresponsibility of solve their problem, it is also to actually develop a system whichcarries out the function explained before.For the task of measuring the distance between the tip of the tool where themicrowave antenna is, ultrasonic sensors has been used, as a complement of acomplete system of communication between the sensor and finally the robot handler,using Matlab as the main controller of the whole system.One of these sensors will work out of water, measuring the zone of the object which isout of the water. In the other hand, as the researching side of the thesis, a completeultrasonic sensor will be developed to work under water, and the results obtained willbe shown as the conclusion of our investigation.The document provides a description about how the hardware and software necessaryto implement the system mentioned and some equipment more which were essentialto the final implementation was developed step by step.

Detta examensarbete tar upp frågan om kommunikationsproblem mellan de komponenter som ingår i ADDAX systemet, till största del de problem som uppstår mellan router och mätare. ADDAX systemet är uppbyggt på ett hierarkiskt vis med ADDAX server högst upp och mätaren längs ned. Systemet kommunicerar via PLC ”power line comunication”. Uppgiften har varit att kartlägga hur mätsystemet fungerar, vilka geografiska problemområden som finns med avseende på kommunikations problem, lokalisering av störkällor, åtgärdning av dessa störkällor och framtagande av ett flödesschema som skall kunna användas av montörerna vid felsökning i systemet. Arbetet inleddes med att ta fram underlag för vilka områden som påverkas av störningar i elnätskommunikationen. Detta gjordes med hjälp av programmet ”TC Meter Surv SA Edition 0.61” som arbetar mot ADDAX systemets databas för att se vilka mätare som är installerade och vilka som kommunicerar med systemet. Efter vissa problem togs två områden fram, ett på landsbygden och ett i centrala Grästorp. Vid mätning i dessa områden användes till en början två instrument, PL-monitor och HF+. HF+ visade sig vara överflödigt då samma information ges av PL-monnitor båda versioner visar på vilka störningsnivåer som finns i elnätet. HF+ är mer svårtolkat då användaren själv måste ta ställning till informationen som visas medan PL-monnitor enbart visar på den störning som stör ut kommunikationen. Då mätningarna genomförts och analyserats har det visat sig att programmet ej fungerat tillfredställande och att fel information om antal felaktiga mätare i de område som är beläget i centrala Grästorp, detta har resulterat i att en ny slutsats dragits där istället för en störning i LV nu problemet verkar ligga i MV. Kommunikations problemet på landsbygden kan troligtvis lösas med att installera filter hos de kunder vars mätare ej kommunicerar. Andra åtgärder som kan vara aktuella vid framtida kommunikationsproblem kan vara byta av kommunikations fas på mätaren, flytt av mätaren till matningsskåp, installation av repeterare eller att i samråd med kund få denna att stänga av störande utrustning vissa tider på dygnet. En slutsats som dragits av de erfarenheter som ackumulerats under projektets gång är att all mjukvara bör uppdateras och att master-routrar ersätts med en nyare version. / This report handles the issue of communication problems that appears between the components in the ADDAX system, mainly between the router and meter. The system is built around a hierarchy with the ADDAX server at the top and the meter at the bottom. The system uses the power grid as communication medium, this is called PLC “power line communication. The task has bin to se how the system works, witch geographical areas that have problems with communication, localization of source for the disturbing of the communication, attend to the disturbing and to make a flow chart that the electricians can use when they are conducting a measurement. A program called “TC Meter Surv SA Edition 0.61” was used for finding which areas that have problems with the communication. Two areas were chosen, one in the countryside and one in central Grästorp. The program firs showed that some meters where missing but when the measurements where don the program showed that all meters where missing. The reason for this problem is unknown. The problem in the central Grästorp area is not in the LV butt in the MV. The conclusion will be that al of the software must be updated and that the master routers could be replaced with a never versions before any new measurements are to be done. The power quality measurement instruments that has bin used are PL-monitor and HF+. On other conclusion that can bi don is that HF+ is superfluous because it chows the same information that PL-monitor dose but it’s harder to interpret. In the area on the countryside the solution to the communication problem can bi to install a filter. Other solutions to PLC problems can bi to switch the phase the meter uses for communication, move the meter farther from the customer, installing a repeater or in consultation with the customer get him or here to turn of the devise that disturb the communication under some ours in a 24-hour period.

In the BDAS project one of the goals is to create a new solution for monitoring bone healing to complement current techniques. Data have been collected in clinical trials from infants treated for Craniosynostosis by a craniotomic surgery. The data are collected with a biomedical sensor based in microwave technology. This sensor could be able to sense changes in the composition of the different tissues in the upper hemisphere of the head, by noticing a difference in the propagation of the microwaves, as the bone injury from the craniectomy heals over time. In this thesis I analyze the validity of a proposed analytical model for the biosensor and extend the clinical data analysis in BDAS project. The validity of the model is analyzed by comparing its outcomes to available measurements from phantoms mimicking living tissues and to numerical simulations. In the data analysis two hypotheses are formulated and tested regarding the location of the measurement points with respect to a positioning grid and the healing over time too. By deriving a set of parameters for each collected dataset in the clinical trials, a distinct pattern was found which shows visible changes over the course of the healing process with this technique.

The field of hematology involves the analysis of blood and its components like platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells. The outcome of this analysis can be vital in determining the condition of the human body and it is important to obtain accurate results. A deep learning algorithm scans over the given input data for unique features and learns them. Then it identifies these features and correlates them to give the result. This can save a significant amount of time and manual work. In contrast, a traditional machine learning algorithm requires the developer to carry-out the feature engineering. This thesis involves the analysis of white blood cells (WBC) using deep learning techniques. In collaboration with a hematology company HemoCue AB based in Angelholm, we will be developing deep learning algorithms for the analysis of white blood cells in the HemoCue R WBC DIFF System. Predominantly, there are two stages in this thesis. The first stage is white blood cell identification, which is used to calculate the number of white blood cells in the given blood sample. The next stage is to identify the different types of white blood cells with which the concentration of each type of WBC in the given blood sample is calculated. We have explored different classification approaches like ’one vs all’ and ’4-class classifier’, and have developed two CNN architectural designs i.e. ’multi-input’ and ’multi-channel’. On comparing the performance of all these design approaches, a final integrated model is put forth for the analysis of WBCs in the company’s device. The proposed ’one vs all’ classification approach combined with a 3-class CNN classifier has yielded very promising results with a combined accuracy 95.45% in WBC identification and 90.49% in WBC differential classification.

The number of prehospital deaths caused by large bleedings could be decreased if civilian people would act in time to help the injured patient. One way to help is to stop the bleeding with a tourniquet application. However, the tourniquet needs to be placed correctly in order to stop the bleeding. Therefore laypersons need to be educated in bleeding control to increase the rate of successful tourniquet application. This study used human error identification techniques such as Hierarchical Task Analysis and Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach to identify possible errors of four commonly used tourniquet models: the CAT-7, Delfi-EMT, SAM-X and SWAT-T. The results show that many predicted errors are time-oriented and critical. Video analysis of tourniquet application was performed to map occurred use errors from the videos with the predicted ones. The goal was to identify problems that could be solved by training or redesigns of the tourniquets. The results show that the most common errors for all participants during tourniquet application were of six error types. The errors were to not check time or write down time of application, to take too much time to place the tourniquet around the limb, to place the tourniquet upside down, to place the tourniquet band over the securing mechanism instead of between and lastly to not secure the tourniquet correctly before transporting the patient. The untrained laypersons made more errors than the trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel group. The trained laypersons also made fewer errors in a calm setting than in a stressed setting, comparing to the professional group who did the same error types in both settings. The results indicate that untrained laypersons not only make more errors but also more critical errors than trained laypersons and professional emergency personnel. Future research should empirically test other tourniquet models than the CAT in the goal of finding use errors to be reduced. Overall the results are in line with previous studies that show the need for education of bleeding control techniques in the civilian population.

Denna rapport representerar ett kandidatexamensarbete vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan(KTH), där målet var att skapa en handhållen prototyp. Funktionerna för prototypen var mätning av puls i ett finger med optiska sensorn TCRT1010 och elektrokardiografi(EKG) med bipolära extremitetsavledningar. Prototypen är skapad med målet att vara användarvänlig, kostnadseffektiv och billig för att kunna appliceras i utvecklingsländer som finns i Afrika och Asien. Anledningen är då det finns brist på billig och lätthanterlig medicinsk teknik i de områden. Arbetet utfördes genom utveckling av två kretsar givna av uppdragsgivaren, för att sedan designas på ett kretskort som tillverkades av ett svenskt företag. Samtliga komponenter löddes fast på kretskortet och monterades i en behållare med uttag och batterier. Den slutgiltiga prototypen består av en plastlåda som innehåller kretskortet med funktionen att mäta antingen pulsen i ett finger eller EKG, som användaren väljer med hjälp av en switch. Prototypen är även utrustad med avtagbart lock, två BNC kontakter för signalutskick till oscilloskop, en för vardera krets, tre labbhylsor för extremiteterna och ett 4-polig kontakt för den optiska sensorn. Signalerna som fås är ej brusfria men innehåller respektive signals viktigaste parametrar för kontroll om vidare diagnostisk behövs. Den framtagna prototypens kostnad slutade på 1815,5 SEK, vilket ej ansågs uppfylla målet för kostnadeffektivet men som anses kunna användas i utvecklingsländer då prototypen har en simpel design, med avtagbart lock som möjliggör lätta batteribyten, endast en switch och är kompakt som gör den lätt att utföra undersökningar med. Signalhanteringen är testad för att ge tydlig signal som möjliggör att vårdpersonal kan identifiera om vidare diagnostik behövs. Många framtida förbättringar identifierades, så som att minska kostnaden med byte till billigare komponenter och massbeställning av kretskort, göra prototypen trådlöst kopplad till mätinstrument eller minska brus ytterligare. / This report represents a bachelor thesis at the Royal Institute of Technology, where the goal was to create a handheld prototype. The functions of the prototype were measuring pulse in a finger using the optical sensor TCRT1010 and electrocardiogram(ECG) with bipolar limb-lead. In this thesis, the focus was put on trying to develop a user-friendly and cost-effective prototype for use in developing countries, that can be found in Africa and Asia. The reason is because there's a lack of cheap and easy to use medical equipment in those areas. The work was performed by developing two circuits, given by our employer, that was designed on a circuitboard and constructed by a Swedish circuitboard constructor. All components were soldered on the circuitboard and was mounted in a box with socket and batteries. The finished prototype consists of a plastic box containing one circuitboard with the function to measure either the puls of a finger or ECG, which the user can choose between using a switch. The prototype is also equipped with a removable lid, two BNC plugs for connecting an oscilloskope, one for each ciruit, three sockets for the limb lead for the ECG and finally a 4-pole socket for the optical sensor. The signals acquired are not free of noise but contains the most important parameters of the two signals for guidance if further medical diagnostic is needed. The prototypes final cost was 1815,5 SEK, which was not considered achieving the goal for cost-efficiency, was still believed to be useful in developing countries because of its simpel design with removable lid and easily to change batteries. It's equipped with only one switch and the compact size makes it easy to handle. The signal processing is tested to give a clear signal which enables the health professionals to identify if further diagnostics are needed. Several improvements was identified for future work, such as to reduce the cost by buying cheaper components or buying the circuitboard in greater numbers, making a wireless connection to the measuring equipment or further reducing the noise.