Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KesiaKVC_TESE.pdf: 1888403 bytes, checksum: 628d99fa0e77dc19c5054fa5d201217e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-17 / In this work were synthesized and characterized the materials mesoporous SBA-15 and Al- SBA-15, Si / Al = 25, 50 and 75, discovered by researchers at the University of California- Santa Barbara, USA, with pore diameters ranging from 2 to 30 nm and wall thickness from 3.1 to 6.4 nm, making these promising materials in the field of catalysis, particularly for petroleum refining (catalytic cracking), as their mesopores facilitate access of the molecules constituting the oil to active sites, thereby increasing the production of hydrocarbons in the range of light and medium. To verify that the materials used as catalysts were successfully synthesized, they were characterized using techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). Aiming to check the catalytic activity thereof, a sample of atmospheric residue oil (ATR) from the pole Guamar?-RN was performed the process by means of thermogravimetry and thermal degradation of catalytic residue. Upon the curves, it was observed a reduction in the onset temperature of the decomposition process of catalytic ATR. For the kinetic model proposed by Flynn-Wall yielded some parameters to determine the apparent activation energy of decomposition, being shown the efficiency of mesoporous materials, since there was a decrease in the activation energy for the reactions using catalysts. The ATR was also subjected to pyrolysis process using a pyrolyzer with gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. Through the chromatograms obtained, there was an increase in the yield of the compounds in the range of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis, with emphasis on Al-SBA-15 (Si / Al = 25), which showed a percentage higher than the other catalysts. These results are due to the fact that the synthesized materials exhibit specific properties for application in the process of pyrolysis of complex molecules and high molecular weight as constituents of the ATR / No presente trabalho foram sintetizados e caracterizados os materiais mesoporosos SBA-15 e Al-SBA-15, Si/Al= 25, 50 e 75, descobertos por pesquisadores da Universidade da Calif?rnia- Santa B?rbara- EUA, tendo di?metro de poros variando entre 2 a 30 nm e espessura das paredes de 3,1 - 6,4 nm, tornando estes materiais promissores na ?rea da cat?lise, especificamente para o refino do petr?leo (craqueamento catal?tico), j? que seus mesoporos facilitam o acesso das mol?culas constituintes do petr?leo aos s?tios ativos, aumentando assim a produ??o de produtos na faixa dos hidrocarbonetos leves e m?dios. Para verificar se os materiais utilizados como catalisadores haviam sido sintetizados com sucesso, os mesmos foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de difra??o de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). Com o intuito de verificar a atividade catal?tica dos mesmos, utilizou-se uma amostra de Res?duo Atmosf?rico de petr?leo (RAT), proveniente do P?lo de Guamar?- RN, realizando-se atrav?s da termogravimetria o processo de degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica do res?duo. Mediante as curvas obtidas, observou-se uma redu??o na temperatura de in?cio do processo de decomposi??o catal?tica do RAT. Pelo modelo cin?tico proposto por Flynn- Wall obtiveram-se alguns par?metros para determina??o da energia de ativa??o aparente das decomposi??es, ficando evidenciada a efici?ncia dos materiais mesoporosos, j? que houve uma diminui??o da energia de ativa??o para as rea??es utilizando os catalisadores. O RAT tamb?m foi submetido ao processo de pir?lise utilizando-se um pirolisador com cromatografia gasosa, acoplado a um espectr?metro de massa. Mediante os cromatogramas obtidos, observou-se um aumento no rendimento dos compostos na faixa da gasolina e diesel oriundos da pir?lise catal?tica, com ?nfase para o Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al= 25), que apresentou um percentual superior aos demais catalisadores. Esses resultados se devem ao fato dos materiais sintetizados exibirem propriedades espec?ficas, para aplica??o no processo de pir?lise de mol?culas complexas e com alto peso molecular, como os constituintes do RAT

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-12T10:15:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Ferreira Batista - 2016.pdf: 4705026 bytes, checksum: d0c97e3720b4867a1ed8298dcc3feb92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-12T10:16:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Ferreira Batista - 2016.pdf: 4705026 bytes, checksum: d0c97e3720b4867a1ed8298dcc3feb92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T10:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lucas Ferreira Batista - 2016.pdf: 4705026 bytes, checksum: d0c97e3720b4867a1ed8298dcc3feb92 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / The objective of this study was to increase the knowledge about the nutritional composition of maize grains and correlate the main physical and chemical variables that contribute to the energetic values of maize grains used in broiler rations. For this, corn grains samples received by a commercial broiler feed factory located in southeastern Goias during the years 2012 to 20015 were analyzed. The parameters evaluated were divided into physical variables such as: Moisture content (%),% (Kg / m³), chemical variables such as:% Ethereal Extract,% Crude Protein,% Crude Fiber,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain,% Crude Grain and the presence of mycotoxins (Aflatoxin and Fumonisin. In the present work, the values, mean, median, maximum and minimum values, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and normality tests and data distribution were described for each physical and chemical variable analyzed. Where there was no normal distribution of the results during the experimental period, revealing variation of these variables. Significant correlations (P <0.05) were found between the physical variables, Density and Humidity (-0.76), Infested Grains and Presence of Fumonisin (0.81); Moderate among the variables Crude Protein and Presence of Fumonisin (0.63) and% of Good Grains and Broken Grains (-0.70); (-0.15), Presence of Aflatoxins (0.28),% Good Grains (0.33) and% of Broken Grains (-0.41), among the variables Crude Protein and (-0.23), Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity (-0,30) and Fumonisins (-0,27), between Presence of Aflatoxins and% of Humidity ( 0.30) and Specific Density (0.28) and the Presence of Fumonisins with Specific Density (0.43). A metabolism test was also carried out with 400 broilers, 14 days old, of the Cobb 500 male lineage, to verify the influence of the specific gravity of the corn kernels on the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME), Apparent Metabolizable Energy corrected by nitrogen balance (AMEn), in natural and dry matter, Apparent Metabolizable Coefficient of Crude Protein (AMC_CP), Ethereal Extract (AMC_EE), Calcium (AMC_CA), and Phosphorus (AMC_P) were evaluated. For this purpose, different samples of maize with specific densities of 740, 760, 780 and 800 kg / m³ were obtained in a commercial feed factory for broilers, located in southeast Goias. The different fractions of specific density of maize had different bromatological compositions, with variations mainly in the Gross Energy (2.28%), Crude Fiber (21.6%), Ethereal Extract (16%) and Percentage of Infested Grains. The treatments were significant (P <0.05), on the values of AME, AMEn, AMC_DM, AMC_EE, AMC_CA and AMC_P, but did not have trend curve proportional to the stipulated variations for the specific density, not determining which fraction of corn would be of better nutritional quality. What alerts us to analyze all the physical and chemical characteristics of the grains, besides the specific density, in order to determine the quality of the corn received in the feed factory for broiler chicken. / O objetivo deste estudo foi de ampliar os conhecimentos acerca da composição nutricional dos grãos de milho e correlacionar as principais variáveis físicas e químicas que contribuem para variação dos valores energéticos dos grãos de milho utilizados nas rações de frangos de corte. Para isto foram analisadas amostras à granel recebidas por uma fábrica de ração comercial para frangos de corte, localizada no sudeste goiano, durante os anos de 2012 a 20015. Os parâmetros avaliados foram divididos em variáveis físicas como: Teor de Umidade (%), % de Grãos Bons, % de Grãos Ardidos, % de grãos carunchados, % de grãos Chochos, % de Grãos Quebrados e Densidade Específica (kg/m³), variáveis químicas como: % de Extrato Etéreo, % de Proteína Bruta, % de Fibra Bruta e a presença de micotoxinas (Aflatoxina e Fumonisina). No presente trabalho foram descritos os valores, médios, mediana, valor máximo e mínimo, desvio padrão, coeficiente de variação e testes de normalidade e distribuição dos dados, para cada variável física e química analisada. Onde verificou-se não normalidade de distribuição dos resultados no decorrer do período experimental, revelando variação destas variáveis. Foram encontradas correlações significativas (P<0,05), altas entre as variáveis físicas, Densidade e Umidade (-0,76), Grãos Carunchados e Presença de Fumonisina (0,81); moderadas entre as variáveis Proteína Bruta e Presença de Fumonisina (0,63) e % de Grãos Bons e Grãos Quebrados (-0,70); baixas entre as variáveis Densidade e Extrato (-0,15), Presença de Aflatoxinas (0,28), % Grãos de Bons (0,33) e % de Grãos Quebrados (-0,41), entre as variáveis Proteína Bruta e % de Grãos Ardidos (-0,23) e Umidade (-0,13), Presença de Aflatoxinas e % de Umidade (-0,30) e Fumonisinas (-0,27), entre Presença de Aflatoxinas e % de Umidade (-0,30) e Densidade Específica (0,28) e da Presença de Fumonisinas com a Densidade Específica (0,43). Também foi realizado ensaio de metabolismo, com 400 frangos de corte, com 14 dias de idade, da linhagem Cobb 500, machos, para verificar a influência da densidade específica dos grãos de milho nos valores de Energia Metabolizável Aparente (EMA), Energia Metabolizável Aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), nos Coeficientes de Metabolizabilidade Aparente da Matéria Seca (CMMS), da Proteína Bruta (CMPB), do Extrato Etéreo (CMEE), do Cálcio (CMCA) e do Fósforo (CMP). Para isto foram obtidas diferentes amostras de milhos com densidades específicas de 740, 760, 780 e 800 kg/m³, em uma fábrica de ração comercial para frangos de corte, localizada no sudeste goiano. As diferentes frações de densidade específica de milho, tiveram diferentes composições bromatológicas, havendo variações principalmente nos teores de Energia Bruta (2,28%), Fibra Bruta (21,6%), Extrato Etéreo (16%) e Percentual de Grãos Carunchados. Os tratamentos foram significativos (P<0,05), sobre os valores de EMA, EMAn, CM_MS, CM_EE, CM_CA e CM_P, porém não tiveram curva de tendência proporcional às variações estipuladas para a densidade específica, não determinando qual fração de milho seria de melhor qualidade nutricional. O que nos alerta para analisar todas as características físicas e químicas dos grãos, além da densidade específica, a afim de determinar a qualidade do milho recebido na fábrica de ração para frango de corte.

As imagens de ressonância magnética (RM) ponderadas em Difusão são conhecidas como uma técnica funcional capaz de refletir alterações estruturais e celulares de neoplasias. No câncer de mama, a difusão e sua quantificação através dos valores do coeficiente de difusão aparente (CDA) têm sido utilizados para avaliar resposta tumoral após quimioterapia neoadjuvante (QTN). Os variados desfechos clínicos do câncer de mama, incluindo as diferentes respostas ao tratamento quimioterápico podem estar relacionados à heterogeneidade da doença. A presença das células tronco tumorais (CTT) é uma das hipóteses aceitas para explicar os diferentes comportamentos biológicos dos tumores. Este estudo buscou avaliar uma possível associação entre os valores de CDA nas neoplasias invasivas da mama e a presença de marcadores de CTT e os principais marcadores prognósticos da doença em pacientes tratadas com QTN. Foram avaliadas prospectiva e consecutivamente as imagens de RM pré-tratamento de 27 pacientes com câncer da mama que realizaram QTN seguida de cirurgia. Os valores de CDA média, p10, p25 e p50 foram obtidos através de duas mensurações, uma com único ROI e outra com múltiplos ROIs envolvendo toda extensão tumoral. Esses valores de CDA foram correlacionados: à quantificação por citometria de fluxo de CTT com fenótipos ESA+/CD44+/CD24-, células ESA+ com alta atividade ALDH1 e células ESA+/ABCG2+, à capacidade de formação de mamoesferas, e aos principais fatores prognósticos do câncer de mama, incluindo estágio clínico, doença axilar linfonodal, grau tumoral, receptores de estrógeno (RE), receptores de progesterona (RP) e superexpressão do HER2. Também foi realizada correlação dos valores de CDA com a resposta patológica completa após QTN. A presença de CTT, a capacidade de formação de mamoesferas e a resposta patológica completa não se correlacionaram aos valores de CDA. Para ambas as medidas e todos os parâmetros avaliados de CDA (x10-3mm2/s), os valores foram significantemente menores nos tumores com estágio clínico III e IV vs II (0,90±0,16; 1,02±0,18); com doença linfonodal após QTN vs axila livre (0,89±0,16; 1,01±0,17); RE+ vs RE- (0,90±0,16; 1,00±0,18); RP+ vs RP- (0,91±0,16; 0,98±0,18) e HER2+ vs HER2- (0,92±0,17;0,97±0,18). Tumores grau 1 apresentaram CDA com valores significativamente maiores em relação aos tumores grau 2 (diferença 0,18; CI: 0,03-0,33, p=0,02). Os valores de CDA dos tumores de mama pré-QTN não predizem a presença de CTT, a capacidade de formação de mamoesferas ou a resposta patológica completa, porém se correlacionam com o estágio clínico da doença, doença linfonodal axilar após QTN, grau tumoral e expressão das proteínas RE, RP e HER2, sendo um promissor marcador de agressividade tumoral / The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWMRI) is a functional technique able to reflect structural and cellular changes in the tumors. In the breast cancer, the diffusion-weighted images and its numeric value known as the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has been applied to evaluate pathologic response in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC). The difference in the clinical results after breast cancer treatment, including different rates of responses to the NC has been associated to the heterogeneity of the disease. The presence of the breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) is an accepted hypothesis to explain the different biologic breast cancers behaviors. The aim of this study was to correlate the ADC value of invasive breast cancer with the presence of cancer stem cells markers and the major prognostic factors in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prospectively, the MRI pre-treatment of twenty-seven consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer posteriorly treated with NC followed by surgery were evaluated. The ADC values mean, 10th percentile, 25th percentile, 50th percentile were obtained from two measurements, one of them with a unique ROI and the other with multiple ROIs encompassing the entire lesion. The ADC values were correlated to: presence of BCSCs (cell surface markers CD44+/CD24-, ABCG2 and ALDH1) identified by flow cytometric analysis, tumor grade, breast cancer staging, lymph nodal involvement, expression of estrogen receptors (ER), expression of progesterone receptors (PR) and expression of HER2. The assay mammospheres (Mammocult ®) were analyzed in 18 samples. Additionally, the ADC values were correlated to the pathologic complete response after QN treatment. There were no correlations between ADC values and breast cancer stem cells markers or mammospheres formation efficiency. For all parameters calculated, the ADC values (x10- 3 mm 2 /s) were lower in: breast cancer stage III and IV than stage II (0,90±0,16; 1,02±0,18), tumors with lymph node metastasis than without lymph node metastasis (0,89±0,16; 1,01±0,17), ER expression than ER negative (0,90±0,16; 1,00±0,18), PR expression than PR 10 negative (0,91±0,16; 0,98±0,18) and HER2 expression than HER2 negative (0,92±0,17; 0,97±0,18). The ADC values were significantly higher in grade-1 tumors (difference 0,18; CI: 0,03-0,33) compared to grade-2 tumors (p=0,02). The tumors values of ADC pretreatment were not correlated to the pathologic complete response after NC. The ADC values in pre-treatment invasive breast cancers are not a predictor of BCSC presence, mammospheres formation efficiency or pathologic complete response to QN. However it is correlated to the tumor grade, breast cancer staging, lymph nodal involvement, expression of ER, PR and HER2 and may represent a promising marker of tumor aggressiveness

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / For the drilling process to succeed, it is necessary the use of a drilling fluid. The measurement of rheological properties from these fluids becomes important in order to allow good hydraulic gusher maintenance and management. If these measures are taken in an on- line order that will mean agility in decision-making about the maintenance of the properties of the fluid and it will result in savings of thousands of dollars during the drilling of a well. It is in this context that this current report, developed in the UFRRJ laboratory of fluid flow, aims to evaluate the performance of a modified and calibrated process viscometer, making it a unique equipment for conducting real-time measures of apparent viscosity and thixotropy curve. The process viscometer chosen has the geometry of coaxial cylinders being, thus similar to the current workbench equipment used in drilling rigs. The modified viscometer performance was confronted with the rheometer benchtop Haake Rheostress 1. Different compositions of fluids, containing assorted concentrations of viscosifier polymers and suspension solid have been tested. The results indicated that there was an agreement on the results towards a considered error permissible for a viscometer process. The online viscometer brings a pioneering real-time measuring capacity and plotting of rheological behavior curves towards the current technology used in drilling operation. / Para que o processo de perfura??o seja bem-sucedido, ? necess?rio o uso de um fluido de perfura??o. A medi??o das propriedades reol?gicas destes fluidos torna-se importante para permitir uma boa manuten??o e gest?o hidr?ulica do po?o. Se estas medidas forem realizadas de forma online isso significar? agilidade na tomada de decis?o sobre a manuten??o das propriedades do fluido e acarretar? na economia de milhares de d?lares durante a perfura??o de um po?o. ? neste contexto que o presente trabalho, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Escoamento de Fluidos da UFRRJ, tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um viscos?metro de processo modificado e calibrado, tornando-o em um equipamento exclusivo, para realizar medidas em tempo real de curva de viscosidade aparente e tixotropia. O viscos?metro de processo escolhido tem a mesma geometria de cilindros coaxiais sendo desta forma semelhante ao atual equipamento de bancada utilizado nas sondas de perfura??o. O desempenho do viscos?metro modificado foi confrontado com o re?metro de bancada Haake Rheostress 1. Foram testadas diferentes composi??es de fluidos contendo concentra??es variadas de pol?meros viscosificantes e s?lidos em suspens?o. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que houve concord?ncia nos resultados diante de um erro considerado admiss?vel para um viscos?metro de processo. Acredita-se que o viscos?metro online avaliado traz uma capacidade pioneira de medi??o em tempo real e plotagem de curvas de comportamento reol?gico diante da atual tecnologia utilizada na ?rea petroqu?mica.

Les anomalies magnétiques révélées par la sonde MGS témoignent du début de l'histoire de la planète Mars. Dans ce travail les mesures magnétiques de MGS sont utilisées pour étudier l'évolution précoce de la croûte et du noyau de Mars. Une méthode inverse est développée pour calculer les paramètres de sources crustales dipolaires. Des tests avec des données synthétiques et l'étude d'un cas terrestre prouvent l'efficacité de notre approche. Les anomalies magnétiques de 3 régions de Mars sont ensuite étudiées. L'intense (1 à 140 A/m) et profonde (30 à 145 km) aimantation de la lithosphère martienne est mise en évidence. Un modèle de serpentinisation de la lithosphère précoce de Mars est proposé pour expliquer ces résultats. En outre, les paléopôles dérivés des directions d'aimantation sont concentrés dans l'hémisphère nord-ouest de Mars, autour du complexe volcanique Tharsis. Celui-ci a pu jouer un rôle dans la réorientation de la planète, provoquant le mouvement apparent de ces pôles.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

第23回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成22(2010)年度報告

Understanding the patterns and processes that create differences among individuals in components of fitness, like the probability of survival or reproductive rates, is essential to our knowledge of population dynamics and for informing conservation efforts. For organisms in seasonal environments, early-breeding individuals regularly attain higher fitness than their late-breeding counterparts. Two primary hypotheses, related to quality and date, have been proposed to explain lower reproductive success of late breeders, but the veracity of these ideas has not been fully resolved. I tested predictions associated with these hypotheses to assess the effects of indices of parental and environmental quality on nestling quality and survival in an insectivorous passerine, the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), at two widely separated breeding locations in western Canada. I combined experiments and statistical modelling of observational data to evaluate two mechanisms proposed to contribute to seasonal decline in environmental quality: an increase in nest parasite abundance and a decrease in food abundance with later breeding dates. A parasite reduction experiment revealed a disproportionate benefit of parasite removal on length of primary feather for early-hatched nestlings, suggesting greater energetic constraints early in the breeding season. Furthermore, late-hatched nestlings from parasite-reduced nests had longer head-bill lengths than their control counterparts, and developed head-bills of similar length to those of early-hatched nestlings. Other than these findings, there were few detectable effects of parasites on nestling size, growth and immunity, as has been reported from several previous studies. Indeed, negative effects of parasites were only apparent when food (i.e., insect) biomass was considered. In a second series of experiments in which parental quality was controlled, I also tested whether food abundance declined during the breeding season, as predicted if environmental conditions deteriorate seasonally (i.e., date). Reduced reproductive success of late-breeding individuals was causally related to a seasonal decline in environmental quality. Declining insect biomass and enlarged brood sizes resulted in nestlings that were lighter, in poorer body condition, had shorter head-bills, shorter and slower growing ninth primary feathers and that were less likely to survive to fledge. Next, I asked whether results obtained from long-term mark-recapture data corroborated findings of short-term manipulations. I examined seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival to investigate the relative influence of large-, small- and individual-scale factors associated with the quality and date hypotheses. Although parental quality was an important predictor of first-year apparent survival of tree swallows, my results further suggested that quality of parents was not the primary factor influencing seasonal variation in first-year apparent survival. Rather, findings were most consistent with the date hypothesis. The relationship between apparent survival and a direct measurement of environmental quality indicated that annual variation in moisture had important consequences for first-year apparent survival of tree swallows in Saskatchewan. First-year apparent survival probabilities were higher during wet years and wetter conditions are generally linked to greater insect abundance. In British Columbia, nestlings from larger broods were less likely to survive, possibly as a result of receiving less food. Apparent survival probabilities were also higher when food was more abundant. I demonstrated that both parental and environmental quality influenced seasonal variation in fitness-related traits of tree swallows. However, the strongest evidence suggests that environmental quality, and in particular food abundance, had the greatest effect on seasonal variation in nestling quality, reproductive success and first-year apparent survival in tree swallows. My results highlight the importance of considering regional precipitation trends when projecting effects of climate change on demography of aerial insectivores.

The standard, EN12354-1 describes a simplified statistical energy analysis (SEA) model to predict the apparent sound reduction index between two rooms inclusive of the contributions of the flanking paths. There is interest worldwide in applying the EN12354 model to lightweight building elements. However, lightweight elements typically do not meet the requirements of an SEA subsystem and therefore applying the EN12354 model to these elements may result in inaccurate predictions. The purpose of this investigation was to systematically evaluate the application of the EN12354 model to lightweight building constructions. The evaluation included the determination of the probability density functions and the propagated uncertainty of the calculations. Knowledge of the probability density functions resulted in alternative calculations of the structure-borne sound transmitted through the constructions. The uncertainty analysis revealed that the uncertainty of the predictions is directly affected by the variance of the vibratory field measured on the elements. The vibratory fields of lightweight elements typically show large variances and therefore the propagated uncertainty of the EN12354 predictions for these elements can be significant. The investigation included measurements both in the laboratory and in the field. The results of the laboratory measurements were compared to both predictions using the EN12354 methods and ESEA models which included higher order flanking paths and non-resonant transmission paths. The field measurements included in this investigation were unique because the flanking intensity sound reduction indices of the elements in the source room were measured. The measurements allowed for the EN12354 predictions for each flanking element to be assessed instead of just the apparent sound reduction index between the rooms. The study resulted in proposed correction factors for when reciprocity does not hold and proposed changes to ISO10848 to improve the accuracy of the predictions when the EN12354 method was applied to lightweight building elements. However, neither the proposed correction factors nor the proposed changed to ISO10848-1 could correct for the potentially large differences between the predicted and the measured results. Based on the findings of this study, the use of the EN12354 model for the calculation of the apparent sound reduction index of lightweight elements is not endorsed. Lightweight constructions may not be categorized as ideal SEA subsystems due to the lack of diffuseness of the vibratory field. Furthermore, in order for EN12354 to be applied to lightweight constructions, a reliable method of calculating the resonant component of the sound reduction index of double-leaf elements is required. Therefore, statistical methods including the EN12354 method may be unsuitable for use for the prediction of flanking noise for lightweight building constructions.

Ocean optical studies have been conducted extensively in open ocean waters but less so in coastal waters where the influence of human population is increasing dramatically. The waters of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, are very important to the rearing of young salmon and herring, and to the fishing industry of British Columbia overall. The oceanography and plankton communities of the Strait have been researched extensively, however the forces behind the frequent occurrence of phytoplankton blooms in these waters still causes debate among researchers. In order to shed some light onto this topic and increase our knowledge of the characteristics of the waters of the Strait of Georgia, optical and bio-physical data were measured in the euphotic waters of the Strait in late spring and early summer of 2006. Hyperspectral optical data were measured for the first time in these waters using in situ optical profilers to collect inherent optical properties and radiometric quantities that were later used to derive apparent optical properties. The inherent optical properties included absorption coefficient, spectral beam attenuation coefficient, chromophoric dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient, particulate absorption coefficient, and particulate scattering coefficient. In situ irradiances and radiances were used to derive various diffuse attenuation coefficients. Water masses in the euphotic zone of the Strait of Georgia were then classified into three optical water masses according to their inherent optical properties using a clustering algorithm. OM1 waters were characterized by high and spectrally-invariant particulate scattering due to inorganic particles carried by the Fraser River plume. Absorption and scattering showed some spectral dependence in OM2 waters, with particles and chromophoric dissolved organic matter contributing equally to light absorption. The deepest waters, OM3, were the least influenced by the Fraser River, and the contribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter to absorption was greater than in OM1 and OM2. A radiative transfer model, Hydrolight, was used to model some of the optical properties that were not collected in situ and then used to assess the magnitude of light available to phytoplankton in the Strait. Based on the minimum light requirements for photosynthesis of two of the main phytoplankton species in the Strait, the analysis presented here showed that there was enough light available for photosynthesis in the photosynthetically-available radiation range for the two phytoplankton species in all three optical water masses.