Intitulé"Le regard chez Jean-Paul Sartr e: pur duel de violence entre consciences libres, ou solidarité généreuse?" ce mémoire a pour but d'analyser la conversion de la conscience chez le second Sartre des «Cahiers pour une morale». Dans ce livre, le philosophe redéfinit la notion de la liberté après avoir constaté l'impasse et l'échec vers lesquels menait l'ontologie. Nous voulons décortiquer minutieusement la violence dans le concept du"Regard" afin de savoir si la conversion de la conscience provient de la responsabilité et si elle entraîne manifestement une complicité des libertés? Ainsi nous démontrerons que l'ontologie sartrienne de"L'être et le néant" (1943) était vouée à un cul-de-sac, d'où la métamorphose obligée de l'auteur en 1947 qui a abordé la liberté sous un nouvel angle : la responsabilité. Le premier chapitre portera sur la réduction des consciences, le rapport à"Autrui" et les relations adoptées à son égard. Le second chapitre portera sur"Les carnets de la drôle de guerre", oeuvre par laquelle nous montrerons que Sartre était déjà visionnaire de la conversion de la conscience lorsqu'il ébauchait son existentialisme athée lors de la mobilisation en septembre 1939. Quant à eux, les"Cahiers pour une morale" s'intéresseront à la notion de responsabilité et aborderont la nature et le fondement, les motifs et les enjeux de la conversion de la conscience. Cette oeuvre propose une nouvelle définition de la liberté, basée sur la solidarité intersubjective. La liberté du second Sartre, qui vise à inclure"Autrui" et non plus à l'exclure catégoriquement est plus authentique puisqu'elle permet une solidarité des"Pour- Soi", tout en marquant le début d'une éthique existentielle.

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La pratique de l’assistance spirituelle en milieu hospitalier consiste, selon les textes législatifs, à répondre aux besoins spirituels du patient. Mais l’attente qu’éprouve un patient en fin de vie ne peut se réduire ni à un pur besoin, ni à un pur désir. A partir d’un travail anthropologique, philosophique et d’analyse des dialogues d’accompagnement, les notions d’hospitalité, de silence, de soin, de désir et d’éveil éclairent cette recherche. La présence silencieuse répond en premier lieu à un appel exprimé par le patient. Cette hospitalité est un espace ouvert à une reconnaissance mutuelle de la vulnérabilité présente dans l’altérité.Le soin spirituel met en jeu le courage d’un travail intérieur. Il représente un secours capable de faire basculer la souffrance en clarté même en fin de vie ; il est une invitation au repos, à la confiance. Seul le silence peut signifier au patient, la nature de ce souffle qui l’habite et le transcende. Dans son accueil de l’impuissance, la présence silencieuse, comme soin spirituel, révèle la capacité d’éveil de la vie du patient jusqu’au dernier souffle comme un don. / Summary not transmitted. The practice of the spiritual assistance(audience) in a hospital environment consists, according to the legislative texts, in answering the spiritual needs for the patient. But the wait(expectation) which feels(experiences) a patient at the end of life can be reduced neither to a pure need, nor to a pure desire. From an anthropological, philosophic work and from an analysis of the dialogues of support(accompaniment), the notions of hospitality, silence, care, desire and awakening light(enlighten) this search(research). The silent presence answers first of all a call(appeal) expressed by the patient. This hospitality is a space open to a mutual gratitude(recognition) of the present vulnerability in the otherness. The spiritual care involves(puts at stake) the courage of an internal work. He(it) represents a help capable of making tip over the suffering in clarity(brightness) at the end of life; it is an invitation in the rest, in the confidence(trust). Only the silence can inform the patient, the nature of this breath which lives in him(it) and transcends him(it). In its welcome(reception) of the powerlessness(impotence), the silent presence, as spiritual care, reveals the capacity of awakening of the life of the patient until the last breath as a gift(donation). [Translation made by the web site Reverso]

Dietary fish oil supplementation has long been shown to have significant health benefits, largely stemming from the anti-inflammatory activity of the ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in fish oils. The anti-inflammatory properties of these fatty acids has been linked to beneficial health effects, such as protecting the heart, in individuals consuming diets rich in fish, or supplemented with fish oils. These effects are highly notable in the Māori people native to coastal regions of New Zealand; the significantly lower rates of heart problems compared to the inland populous has been attributed to the consumption of the green lipped mussel Perna Canaliculus. Commercially available health supplements based on the New Zealand green lipped mussel include a freeze-dried powder and a lipid extract (Lyprinol®), the latter of which has shown anti-inflammatory properties comparable to classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Naproxen. GCMS analysis of Lyprinol by Murphy et al. showed the presence of a class of ω-4 and ω-6 PUFAs bearing a highly electron rich tri- or tetra-alkyl furan ring, which were designated furan fatty acids (F-acids). Due to their instability, isolation of F-acids from natural sources cannot be carried out and a general synthetic route toward this class of natural products was required. To accomplish this, the biosynthesis of F-acids was mimicked by utilising an oxidation of 1,3-dienes, followed by a dehydration/aromatisation to generate the heterocyclic furan ring. Singlet oxygen was chosen as the means of oxidising the conjugated dienes giving endoperoxides. To mimic the biological aromatisation of the peroxide intermediates the Appel reagent was chosen and, in a novel application of the reagent, was exploited as a mild, metal free method of dehydrating the cyclic peroxides to their corresponding furans. The biomimetic furan synthesis was applied toward a selection of 1,3-diene substrates bearing a range of pre-installed functionalities and substitution patterns including alkyl, aryl, alkenes, cyclopropyl rings, silyl ethers, and esters, alongside being applied to the total synthesis of the furan fatty acid F5. A brief exploration of the possibility of performing the aromatisation reaction under catalytic conditions was carried out, to determine whether endoperoxides could be converted to furans without needing a stoichiometric quantity of Appel reagent, by harnessing a catalytic quantity of triphenylphosphine oxide and regenerating the active P(V) species via reaction with oxalyl chloride. Furthermore, an optimisation study was carried out using a simple design of experiments procedure to ascertain the ideal conditions for carrying out the Appel-type dehydration of endoperoxides. Finally, the scope of the reaction sequence was expanded to be performed in a continuous flow reactor, with telescoping of the singlet oxygen diene oxidation and Appel-type aromatisation to increase oxidation yields and to omit the requirement for isolation of peroxide intermediates, and was applied to the synthesis of a selection of 2,5-diaryl furan motifs.

The foundation of term rewriting is equational logic but for the sake of efficiency, the equations are oriented and become the rules of a term rewriting system. Term rewriting form a model of computation on algebraic data structures (terms). Term rewriting systems play an important role in various domains of computer science such as automated theorem proving, functional programming, code generation, problem formalization (security of cryptographic protocols). Rewriting starts with a ground term, and consists of repeatedly replacing a redex (an instance of a left-hand side) by its contractum (the corresponding right-handside after applying the substitution). Rewriting may eventually yield a term in normal form which is a term containing no redex. Natural questions in term rewriting are: * is the system terminating" (i.e. there are no infinite rewrite sequences)? * "is the system confluent" (if a term rewrites independently to two terms t1 and t2 , there exists a term s such that both t1 and t2 rewrite to s)? We are interested in systems which can be used as programs so we want to allow non-terminating computations. Confluence implies unicity of normal forms but does not imply termination. Confluent systems form a good framework for deterministic programming. They have the power of Turing machines. However confluence is not a decidable property for term rewriting systems. Orthogonal systems (i.e. linear and non-overlapping left-hand sides) which are always confluent form the framework of all this work, although some results may apply to the more general class of left-linear systems (linear left-hand sides). The first point we want to address is "how to compute the normal form?" and not end up in an infinite computation when the normal form exists. The second is "how to do that efficiently?". The following theorem of Huet and Levy [HL91] forms the basis of all result on optimal normalizing rewrite strategies for orthogonal term rewrite systems: "Every reducible term contains a needed redex, i.e., a redex which is contracted in every rewrite sequence to normal form, and repeated contraction of needed redexes results in a normal form, if the term under consideration has a normal form". Unfortunately, needed redexes are not computable in general. Hence, in order to obtain a computable optimal rewrite strategy, we are left to find (1) decidable approximations of neededness and (2) decidable properties of rewrite systems which ensure that every reducible term has a needed redex identi-fied by (1). Starting with the seminal work of Huet and Levy [HL91] on strong sequentiality, these issues have been extensively investigated in the literature [Com00, Jac96b, JS95, KM91, NST95, Oya93, Toy92]. In all these works Huet and Levy's notions of index, omega-reduction, and sequentiality figure prominently. We present here our contributions to this domain.

Thèse de doctorat : DROIT PRIVE : Metz : 2000. / 2000METZ002D. 428 ref.

Thèse de doctorat : Droit des affaires : Strasbourg 3 : 2008. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. p. 375-392.

Thèse d'État : Droit public : Artois : 2007. / Notes bibliogr. Bibliogr. p. 419-489. Index.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de Gestion : Lille 2 : 2007. / Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé.

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