La presente investigación cualitativa descriptiva, tuvo como objetivos: describir y analizar las fortalezas e inminencias en la labor de las enfermeras de Central de Esterilización del Hospital Regional Lambayeque, 2019. Materiales y método: La presente investigación fue de tipo cualitativa, con abordaje descriptivo. Los sujetos de estudio fueron doce enfermeras que tuvieron como mínimo de 3 años de experiencia en el servicio, la muestra fue no probabilística determinada por la técnica de saturación y redundancia; los datos fueron obtenidos mediante la entrevista semiestructurada, previamente validada por juicio de expertos. Se usó el análisis de contenido temático, los criterios de rigor científico y los principios de la bioética personalista. Resultados: del análisis emergieron dos categorías: A) Fortalezas en la labor de las enfermeras: Personales e institucionales, B) Mantenimiento preventivo, abastecimiento y cumplimiento del Marco legal de la salud ocupacional para vulnerar las inminencias en la labor de las enfermeras. Conclusiones: a través de la capacitación y entrenamiento continuo, las enfermeras han adquirido fortalezas como: experticia, trabajo en equipo, toma de decisiones, liderazgo, aplicación de la ética, y que estos aspectos, junto a la moderna infraestructura y equipos tecnológicos, les permite detectar inminencias de manera cotidiana con enfoque de prevención de riesgos; sin embargo, surge la necesidad de efectivizar un mantenimiento preventivo a equipos, abastecimiento de insumos y materiales, y el cumplimiento del marco legal de salud ocupacional, para seguir garantizando el éxito de los procesos, en la central de esterilización.

El caso de estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las habilidades gerenciales presentes en las 35 jefaturas de la empresa Alfredo Pimentel Sevilla S.A., la misma que tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, nivel descriptivo no experimenta de corte transversal, fundamentado en un cuestionario con 31 preguntas valoradas según Escala de Likert. Dicha encuesta; que cuenta con una confiabilidad según alfa de Cronbach de 0,952, fue la autoevaluación que los integrantes de dicha organización percibieron respecto a sus destrezas organizativas. Las respuestas de esta fueron transportados al paquete estadístico SPSS V28, para cuantificar las respuestas obtenidas; y, posteriormente a ello se unificó la información en Microsoft Excel en donde se elaboraron las gráficas para un mayor entendimiento. Los resultados manifestaron que el 80% de la población obtuvo una valoración adecuada respecto a sus habilidades conceptuales, al igual que las habilidades humanas con el 77.1%; mientras que, las habilidades técnicas son desarrolladas en un nivel regular pues representa el 57.1% de manifestado por los encuestados. Es así como se demostró que las habilidades gerenciales de las jefaturas en dicha organización son adecuadas.

O trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para caracterização de aptidões e restrições do meio físico, considerando a variação contínua dos atributos e também a existência de gradação nos contatos entre as unidades. Os mapas do substrato rochoso e dos materiais inconsolidados foram obtidos utilizando-se de procedimentos da lógica fuzzy para representação da gradação nos contatos. As cartas de declividade, de menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, de potencial de escoamento superficial, de susceptibilidade à erosão e de potencial agrícola foram obtidas utilizando-se mapas numéricos e a variação contínua dos atributos. Para realização das operações de geoprocessamento foram utilizados o sistema de informação geográfica SPRING e a linguagem de programação LEGAL, que permitiram, tanto a representação dos contatos gradacionais (fuzzy) quanto a classificação contínua e o cruzamento das informações. Para avaliação de alterações introduzidas no meio, foi proposta a aplicação do atributo resistência à penetração do solo como geoindicador ambiental. As medidas de resistência à penetração foram feitas utilizando-se um novo equipamento, que consiste de um penetrômetro de solo acoplado a uma sonda TDR. Este procedimento permitiu a caracterização de modificações das condições naturais de compactação dos solos da bacia, frente às atividades de uso do terreno vigentes, bem como forneceu um parâmetro para comparação frente a modificações de uso futuras. O zoneamento da área foi obtido a partir da adoção das unidades de lanforms como unidades de compartimentação, o que possibilitou a caracterização das aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso / This study presents a methodological technique to characterize environmental restrictions and aptitudes considering continuous variation in the attributes and gradation in contato between units. Fuzzy logic procedures were used to generate representation of contact gradation for rocky substratum and unconsolidated materials maps. Continuous attribute variation and numerical maps were used to produce slope least water runoff distance, runoff potential, erosion susceptibility and agricultural potential charts. Geoprocessing operations using the SPRING geographical information system and its LEGAL programming language permitted the representation of gradation in contac (fuzzy), continuous classification nad information crossing. Soil penetration resistance was proposed as the environmental geondicator to evaluate environmental changes. Measurement of soil penetration resistance by a soil penetrometer connected to a TDR proble permitted the characterization and specification of natural basin soil compaction conditions and the comparison of different occupation activities on the soil. A parameter for future changes due to soil occupation was therefore identified by this procedure. Area zoning was attained by the adoption of landform units as segmentation units. The characterization of aptitudes, restrictions and conflicts in occupation were achived by this procedure

Grâce aux apports de la sociologie de l’action publique, des groupes professionnels et de l’institution, on cherche à comprendre dans cette recherche, consacrée à une sociogenèse du métier de conseiller d’orientation de 1959 à 1993, l’échec (relatif) des conseillers d’orientation pour imposer, et, corrélativement, occuper un domaine de compétences stable, reconnu et valorisé, au sein de l’enseignement secondaire, de 1959 à 1993. Convoitant le champ de compétences du cycle d’observation des aptitudes des élèves – apparaissant dans l’Entre-deux-guerres -, les conseillers d’orientation n’intègrent qu’officiellement l’enseignement secondaire en 1959 avec la réforme de l’enseignement Berthoin. Néanmoins, l’examen du processus d’élaboration des politiques scolaires des années 1950 montre que leurs savoirs et pratiques professionnelles, hérités de la psychologie expérimentale, se heurtent aux logiques dominantes structurant les politiques scolaires, à savoir la préservation de l’ordre scolaire, « menacé » par l’explosion scolaire, et la recherche d’une adéquation de l’École avec l’économie. Ces finalités génèrent une redéfinition du métier de conseiller d’orientation dans les années 1960 neutralisant du même coup les dimensions critiques de leur expertise psychologique. Le conseiller d’orientation est alors censé dépister les « inadaptés scolaires » et informer les élèves des débouchés professionnels. Profitant de la critique de l’arbitraire, dénoncé notamment durant Mai-Juin 68, et de l’avènement de l’échec scolaire comme problème public légitime au début des années 1970, les conseillers d’orientation réussissent à préserver l’unité relative de leur métier et à occuper le champ d’intervention professionnelle de l’échec scolaire. Pour les acteurs des politiques scolaires, ils doivent participer à la fabrication du consentement des élèves à leurs destins scolaires et professionnels, mais doivent également assurer l’information professionnelle des jeunes. Le métier de conseiller d’orientation oscille entre ces deux finalités, y compris de 1981 à 1989. Sous le ministère de l’Education nationale de Lionel Jospin, l’idée du nécessaire consentement de l’élève à son devenir scolaire et professionnel est à nouveau au cœur de la politique scolaire. Elle s’inscrit dans le sillage de l’entreprise de modernisation de l’Ecole, nouvelle thématique au milieu des années 1980. C’est dans ce contexte que s’organise la revendication des porte-paroles des conseillers d’orientation d’être reconnu comme psychologue, statut protégé par la loi de mars 1985. Garantissant leur légitimité à intervenir dans le champ d’intervention professionnelle de l’échec scolaire, le statut de psychologue prémunit le groupe professionnel de redéfinitions illimitées de leur métier ou, du moins, en délimite le champ des possibles. / Thanks to the contributions of the sociology of public policy, of professions and of the institution, we try to understand in this research, devoted to a sociogenesis of the profession of guidance counsellor from 1959 to 1993, the (relative) failure of guidance counsellors to impose, and, correlatively, to occupy a stable, recognized and valorised jurisdiction within secondary education from 1959 to 1993.Claiming the tasks areas of the pupils' abilities observation cycle – appearing in the inter-war period -, the guidance counsellors only officially incorporate middle school in 1959 with the Berthoin education reform. Nevertheless, the examination of the school policy-making process of the 1950s shows that their professional knowledge and practices, inherited from experimental psychology, are confronted with the dominant logic of school policies, namely preservation of the school system, “threatened” by the school explosion, and the search for adequacy of the School with the economy. These aims generate a redefinition of the profession of guidance counsellor in the 1960s, neutralizing at the same time the critical dimensions of their psychological expertise. The guidance counsellor is then supposed to detect the "unsuitable pupils" and to inform the pupils of the career opportunities. Taking advantage of the criticism of arbitrariness, denounced in particular during the events of May-June 1968, and the advent of academic failure as a legitimate public problem in the early 1970s, guidance counsellors succeeded in preserving the relative unity of their expertise and in occupying the field of professional intervention of school failure. For policy-makers, they must be involved in making pupils' consent to their academic and professional destiny, but must also ensure the professional information of young people. The profession of guidance counsellor oscillates between these two purposes, from 1981 to 1989. Under the Lionel Jospin's Ministry of Education, the idea of the necessary consent of the pupil to his educational and professional future is once again at the heart of school policy. It is in line with the modernization of the School system, a new theme of the mid-1980s. In this context the claim of spokespersons of counsellors is organized. It aims at the recognition of counsellors as psychologists, a status protected by the law of March 1985. Guaranteeing their legitimacy to intervene in the tasks areas of academic failure, the status of psychologist protects the professional group from unlimited redefinitions of their profession or, at least, delimits the scope of possibilities

O trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para caracterização de aptidões e restrições do meio físico, considerando a variação contínua dos atributos e também a existência de gradação nos contatos entre as unidades. Os mapas do substrato rochoso e dos materiais inconsolidados foram obtidos utilizando-se de procedimentos da lógica fuzzy para representação da gradação nos contatos. As cartas de declividade, de menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, de potencial de escoamento superficial, de susceptibilidade à erosão e de potencial agrícola foram obtidas utilizando-se mapas numéricos e a variação contínua dos atributos. Para realização das operações de geoprocessamento foram utilizados o sistema de informação geográfica SPRING e a linguagem de programação LEGAL, que permitiram, tanto a representação dos contatos gradacionais (fuzzy) quanto a classificação contínua e o cruzamento das informações. Para avaliação de alterações introduzidas no meio, foi proposta a aplicação do atributo resistência à penetração do solo como geoindicador ambiental. As medidas de resistência à penetração foram feitas utilizando-se um novo equipamento, que consiste de um penetrômetro de solo acoplado a uma sonda TDR. Este procedimento permitiu a caracterização de modificações das condições naturais de compactação dos solos da bacia, frente às atividades de uso do terreno vigentes, bem como forneceu um parâmetro para comparação frente a modificações de uso futuras. O zoneamento da área foi obtido a partir da adoção das unidades de lanforms como unidades de compartimentação, o que possibilitou a caracterização das aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso / This study presents a methodological technique to characterize environmental restrictions and aptitudes considering continuous variation in the attributes and gradation in contato between units. Fuzzy logic procedures were used to generate representation of contact gradation for rocky substratum and unconsolidated materials maps. Continuous attribute variation and numerical maps were used to produce slope least water runoff distance, runoff potential, erosion susceptibility and agricultural potential charts. Geoprocessing operations using the SPRING geographical information system and its LEGAL programming language permitted the representation of gradation in contac (fuzzy), continuous classification nad information crossing. Soil penetration resistance was proposed as the environmental geondicator to evaluate environmental changes. Measurement of soil penetration resistance by a soil penetrometer connected to a TDR proble permitted the characterization and specification of natural basin soil compaction conditions and the comparison of different occupation activities on the soil. A parameter for future changes due to soil occupation was therefore identified by this procedure. Area zoning was attained by the adoption of landform units as segmentation units. The characterization of aptitudes, restrictions and conflicts in occupation were achived by this procedure

This thesis presents student case studies from a third grade class at an Albany, Texas elementary school. Students with insecurity issues are described and remedial treatments are suggested.

Los estudiantes en etapa escolar están expuestos a diversas situaciones que requieren de un mejor rendimiento académico, y en este sentido, el desarrollo de la atención es fundamental para su logro. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si existe relación entre la atención y la aptitud musical según la etapa de formación musical en niños y niñas de 10 y 11 años dentro de la ONG Sinfonía por el Perú. Esta investigación es descriptivo-comparativo y correlacional, y con un muestreo no probabilístico intencional que incluyó a 45 estudiantes de ambos sexos. El nivel de atención se evaluó mediante el test de CARAS-R de forma online; y la aptitud musical, se midió creando una prueba de Aptitud Musical Básica con sus dimensiones: discriminación de tono, discriminación de duración, memoria rítmica y memoria melódica, que se aplicó de manera virtual. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron en los participantes un 68% en el nivel alto de atención y un 46% en el nivel medio de la aptitud musical. En cuanto a la relación entre la atención y la aptitud musical, se observó una correlación positiva general y desde la dimensión de las aptitudes perceptivas al nivel de p<0,01, aunque no sé encontró diferencia desde la dimensión control de la impulsividad. Por otro lado, para la comparación según la etapa de formación musical, se obtuvo que no existe diferencia significativa en la variable atención, mientras que sí en la escala total de la aptitud musical. En conclusión, existe relación significativa entre la atención y la aptitud musical, por lo que, a medida que se desarrolle la formación musical en los niños durante la educación primaria, la aptitud musical aumentará y, a su vez, se incrementaran los niveles atencionales. / Students in the school are exposed to various situations that require better academic performance, and in this sense, the development of attention is essential for their achievement. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between attention and musical aptitude according to the level of musical training in boys and girls from 10 to 11 years old within the NGO Sinfonía por el Perú. This research is descriptive- comparative and correlational, and with a simple random sampling that included 45 students of both sexes. The level of attention was evaluated using the CARAS-R test online; and musical aptitude was measured by creating a Basic Musical Aptitude test with its dimensions: pitch discrimination, duration discrimination, rhythmic memory and melodic memory, which was applied virtually. The results obtained showed 68% of the participants at the high level of attention and 46% at the medium level of musical aptitude. Regarding the relationship between attention and musical aptitude, a general positive correlation was observed and from the dimension of perceptual aptitudes at the level of p<0.01, although no difference was found from the dimension impulsivity control. On the other hand, for the comparison according to the stage of musical training, it was found that there is no significant difference in the attention variable, while there is in the total scale of musical aptitude. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between attention and musical aptitude, therefore, as musical training develops in children during primary education, musical aptitude will increase and, in turn, attentional levels will increase.

Desde hace algunos años, la matrícula escolar en centros educativos privados ha incrementado considerablemente; así, para el año 2014, de acuerdo a datos del Ministerio de Educación, los alumnos inscritos en ella representaron el 26% de todo el Perú, y el 50% sólo entre los estudiantes de Lima metropolitana. Sin embargo, pese a este paulatino y considerable posicionamiento de la escuela privada en el contexto peruano, aún son pocas las investigaciones sociales que la han explorado, representando un vacío al que este estudio busca aportar. / Tesis

L’entre-deux-guerres se caractérise par la tentative de mise en œuvre de réformes s’inscrivant dans l’idéal d’instauration de l’école unique et visant la démocratisation de l’enseignement, en particulier de l’enseignement secondaire. Parmi les réactions à ces réformes de l’enseignement, le "démo-élitisme" mis en évidence par A. Robert (2005) constitue une forme subtile de réponse. Elle est d’autant plus efficace qu’elle se positionne au moins en apparence dans le camp des promoteurs de la réforme, puisqu’il s’agit de défendre l’idée de démocratisation de l’enseignement. Cette attitude est d’ailleurs souvent portée par des personnalités dont les options politiques sont proches de celles des réformateurs eux-mêmes.L’attitude démo-élitiste, dans la mesure où elle ne s’oppose pas de manière frontale et radicale aux projets de réforme, réussit à freiner, voire à empêcher la mise en œuvre effective des mesures envisagées. Cette position est facilitée par le fait que le projet des réformateurs peut lui-même être chargé d’ambiguïtés. Cette question des réformes et des réactions aux réformes est étudiée à travers deux moments essentiels : la mise en œuvre des classes amalgamées en 1926, et celle des classes d’orientation en 1937. / The inter-war period is characterized by the attempt to implement reforms in the ideal introduction to the "école unique" and to developp the democratization of education, especially secondary education. Among the reactions to these education reforms, the "demo-élitisme" showed by A. Robert (2005) is a subtle form of response. It is most effective because it is positioned at least in appearance in the camp of the proponents of reform, as it is to defend the idea of democratization of education. This attitude is often carried by politics including political options are similar to those of the reformers themselves.The "demo-elitiste" attitude, since it does not oppose a frontal and radical reform projects, able to slow or prevent the effective implementation of the measures. This position is facilitated by the fact that the project of reforming itself may be full of ambiguities.This issue of reforms and reactions to reforms is examined through two key moments : the implementation of the “classes amalgamées” in 1926, and of the “classes d’orientation” in 1937.

Les aptitudes du lait à la transformation en fromage sont étroitement liées à sa composition, notamment en protéines. Ces caractères, difficiles à mesurer directement, ont été prédits à partir des spectres moyen infrarouge (MIR) du lait pour la composition en protéines dans les 3 races bovines Montbéliarde, Normande et Holstein (projet PhénoFinlait) et pour 9 aptitudes fromagères et la composition fine du lait en race Montbéliarde (projet From’MIR). La méthode Partial Least Squares (PLS) a fourni des prédictions MIR plus précises que les méthodes bayésiennes testées.Une analyse génétique a été réalisée pour ces caractères prédits à partir de plus de six millions de spectres MIR de plus de 400 000 vaches.Les caractères fromagers et de composition du lait sont modérément à fortement héritables. Les corrélations génétiques entre caractères fromagers (rendements et coagulation) et avec la composition du lait (protéines, acides gras et minéraux) sont élevées et favorables.Les génotypes de 28 000 vaches ont été imputés jusqu’à la séquence complète grâce aux données du projet 1000 génomes bovins.Des analyses d’association (GWAS) révèlent de nombreux gènes et variants avec des effets forts sur la fromageabilité et la composition du lait. Un réseau de 736 gènes, par ailleurs associé à ces caractères, permet d’identifier des voies métaboliques et des gènes régulateurs fonctionnellement liés à ces caractères.Un prototype d’évaluation génomique a été mis en place en race Montbéliarde. Un modèle de type contrôles élémentaires, incluant les variants détectés par les GWAS et présumés causaux, donne les estimations des valeurs génomiques les plus précises. La simulation d’une sélection incluant les caractères fromagers montre qu’il est possible d’améliorer la fromageabilité du lait avec un impact limité sur le gain génétique des autres caractères sélectionnés.Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont abouti 1) à la détection de gènes (dont certains jamais décrits auparavant) et de variants candidats pour la composition et la fromageabilité du lait et 2) à la mise en place d’une évaluation génomique de la fromageabilité du lait en race Montbéliarde dans la zone AOP Comté. / The ability of milk to be processed into cheese is closely linked to its composition, in particular in proteins. These traits, which are difficult to measure directly, were predicted from milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectra for protein composition in 3 cattle breeds Montbéliarde, Normande and Holstein (PhénoFinlait project) and for 9 milk cheese-making properties (CMP) and composition traits in Montbéliarde cows (From’MIR project). The Partial Least Squares method provided more accurate predictions than the Bayesian methods tested.A genetic analysis was performed on these traits, predicted from more than six million MIR spectra of more than 400,000 cows.Milk CMP and composition traits are moderately to highly heritable. Genetic correlations between CMP (cheese yields and coagulation) and with milk composition (proteins, fatty acids and minerals) are high and favorable.The genotypes of 28,000 cows were imputed to whole genome sequences using the 1000 bovine genome reference population.Genome wide association studies (GWAS) reveal many genes and variants in these genes with strong effects on CMP and milk composition. A network of 736 genes, associated with these traits, enable the identification of metabolic pathways and regulatory genes functionally linked to these traits.A pilot genomic evaluation was set up in Montbéliarde cows. A test-day model, including variants detected by GWAS, provides the most accurate genomic value estimates. Simulation of a selection shows that it is possible to improve the cheesability of milk with a limited impact on the genetic gain of the traits that currently make up the breeding objective.The work presented in this thesis led to 1) the detection of genes (some of which have never been described before) and candidate variants for milk CMP and composition traits and 2) the implementation of a genomic evaluation of CMP predicted from MIR spectra in Montbéliarde cows of the Comté PDO area.