The water source for The City of Winnipeg is Shoal Lake near the Manitoba-Ontario border, 145km east of the city, and is delivered by a gravity powered system known as the Winnipeg Aqueduct. It was built during World War 1. The system is 150km in length, primarily in an enclosed conduit operating under open channel flow, and crosses eight rivers. The project was built by the Greater Winnipeg Water District. The concept of the Water District, is administration, the design of the aqueduct’s components, the contract administration, and the construction procedures employed in implementing the system are explained. The purchase and topographical modification of land belonging to the First Nation residents of Shoal Lake Band 40 was essential to the development of the project. There are ongoing issues for this First Nation arising from that purchase.

The water source for The City of Winnipeg is Shoal Lake near the Manitoba-Ontario border, 145km east of the city, and is delivered by a gravity powered system known as the Winnipeg Aqueduct. It was built during World War 1. The system is 150km in length, primarily in an enclosed conduit operating under open channel flow, and crosses eight rivers. The project was built by the Greater Winnipeg Water District. The concept of the Water District, is administration, the design of the aqueduct’s components, the contract administration, and the construction procedures employed in implementing the system are explained. The purchase and topographical modification of land belonging to the First Nation residents of Shoal Lake Band 40 was essential to the development of the project. There are ongoing issues for this First Nation arising from that purchase.

Doctor of Philosophy / Biochemistry Interdepartmental Program / Antje Philine Wangemann / Mutations of SLC26A4 are the most common cause of the hearing loss associated with enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct. SLC26A4 encodes pendrin, an anion exchanger expressed in the cochlea, the vestibular labyrinth, and the endolymphatic sac of the inner ear. Slc26a4Δ/Δ mice, devoid of pendrin expression, develop an enlarged membranous labyrinth which leads to the failure to develop hearing, thereby recapitulating the human disease. Identifying the ionic composition of the endolymph and evaluating the importance of pendrin expression at various sites are initial steps towards developing strategies for preventing enlargement of the endolymph volume and subsequently restoring the inner ear functions. The major aims of the present study are 1) To determine the ionic composition of inner ear fluids during the developmental phase in which the enlargement of the endolymph volume occurs; 2) To test the hypothesis that pendrin expression in the endolymphatic sac is more important than its expression in the cochlea and the vestibular labyrinth. Here, we determined the Na+ and K⁺ concentrations in the cochlea and the endolymphatic sac with double-barreled ion-selective electrodes and generated a mouse model that restores pendrin expression in the endolymphatic sac while lacking expression in the cochlea and the vestibular labyrinth. High Na⁺ and low K⁺ concentrations were found in the cochlear endolymph during the embryonic stage. A rise of the K⁺ concentration along with a decline of the Na⁺ concentration occurred shortly before birth. The site-specific restoration of pendrin to the endolymphatic sac prevented enlargement and rescued hearing and balance. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that endolymph, in the phase of luminal enlargement during the embryonic development, is a Na⁺-rich fluid that is modified into a K⁺-rich fluid just before birth; restoration of pendrin in the endolymphatic sac is sufficient for developing normal inner ear function. Furthermore, these data suggest enlargement of endolymph volume caused by the loss of Slc26a4 is a consequence of disrupted Na⁺ absorption. Moreover, pharmacological strategies that correct fluid transport, as well as spatially and temporally limited restorations of pendrin, might restore normal inner ear functions in humans carrying mutations of SLC26A4.

The existence of two baths, if not more, in Roman Ankara reveals that a considerable amount of water was needed at least for the working of these baths. However, how and from where this water was supplied is not so clear because of the lack of both archaeological and historical evidence. In this regard, by bringing together all the archaeological data so far discovered and the available published information regarding the water supply scheme in order to see all this data collectively in a single picture, this thesis tries to investigate how and from where the water was supplied to Roman Ankara. In addition, this thesis reviews the available water potential of Ankara considering geography and hydrology of the site and also contains an analysis of how water was supplied in the more recent history of the city which is believed to contain invaluable information regarding the ancient water supply scheme of the city especially when the archaeological data is very scarce.

Melville wrote Bartleby the Scrivener as a literary portrayal of the Humoral theory of disease. Virchow disproved that theory five years after the novella was published, suggesting Melville was humanizing an unknown pathology. A clinical assessment of the text reveals low-grade lead poisoning, which best explains the strange behavior, abnormal appearance, and premature death of the character Bartleby as depicted by the author. In conjunction with the textual substantiation, historical evidence indicates that at the time Melville wrote the work, one in ten people he encountered suffered from the effects of the same disease. Informed with the identity of Melville’s unknown pathology, the work can be critically read in terms of the Kubler-Ross Grief Cycle as an archetypal first-person account of a population whose societal norms are disrupted when confronted with the victims of undiagnosed lead poisoning.

Master of Science / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / A. Philine Wangemann / SLC26A4 and its murine ortholog Slc26a4 code for pendrin, an anion-exchanger that is expressed in the inner ear. Patients with mutations in SLC26A4 have syndromic or nonsyndromic hearing loss that is associated with a prenatal enlargement of the membranous labyrinth. The mouse model Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/Δ recapitulates the enlargement, develops an enlargement of the inner ear and fails to acquire hearing. The vestibular labyrinth secretes fluid, accounting for enlargement of the membranous labyrinth. The objective of the current study was to measure K⁺ concentrations in the utricular endolymph of Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/+ and Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/Δ mice as a first step toward a mechanistic understanding of fluid secretion during perinatal development. Doublebarreled K⁺-selective electrodes were used to measure K⁺ concentrations of the utricular endolymph in vitro. Potassium concentrations were ~10 mM in both genotypes at embryonic (E) day 16.5. The K⁺ concentrations started to rise at E17.5 in Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/+ mice. There was a 1-day delay in Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/Δ mice. This delay may be the consequence of a larger fluid volume. K⁺ concentrations rose to 150 mM and 132 mM in Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/+ and Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/Δ adult mice, respectively. Consistently, expression of KCNQ1 and the Na⁺/2Cl⁻/K⁺ cotransporter SLC12A2 was found in the utricle at E19.5 in Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/+ and Slc26a4[superscript]Δ/Δ mice. In conclusion, the data suggest that K⁺ secretion is not the major driving force of fluid secretion in the utricle of the developing mouse inner ear.

No description available.

With the end of Western Roman rule and the emergence of new polities in the medieval world, it has been assumed that the technology of mortar reverted to a weak and friable building material. However, this period brought about the implementation of large-scale construction projects that still remain as a testament to their high quality construction techniques and materials. In order to meet the needs of its growing populace, the infrastructure of the new capital city of Constantinople was bolstered by these projects, many rivaling the scale and intricacy of Imperial Rome. A prime example of this is the extensive channel networks of the fourth and fifth centuries, built in the hinterland of Constantinople to supply fresh water from springs hundreds of kilometres away. In addition, the sixth century Long Wall of Thrace was built from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara as a first line of defense against increased aggression. This project examines the tradition of monumental construction in the Late Antique and early Byzantine world through laboratory analysis of mortars and valuations of the structural makeup of the Water Supply of Constantinople and Anastasian Wall. By investigating the material technology, scale, and labour requirements of these systems, a better understanding can be gained of two of the largest building project of the early medieval period.

Goal 6 of the United Nations Development Program’s new Sustainable Development Goals aims to ensure availability of clean water and sustainable management practices to all by the year 2030. Peace Corps Panama partners with communities in order to help provide sustainable water solutions to communities in need. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Volunteers spend at least two years living in a community to identify and implement solutions to water problems and train local water committees on how to maintain their improved systems. A common solution for unequal distribution of flow in the distribution network of a gravity flow water system is through the installation of flow reducers before each faucet. These can be sized with the help of NeatWork, a free, downloadable compute software. In Panama, flow reducers (also referred to as orifices) are manufactured to create a perforated plastic diaphragm fitting placed in the distribution pipe or union section upstream of a faucet. They help ensure longevity of the aqueduct by balancing the flows between houses, thus, enabling continuous water flow for all users. An important characteristic of flow reducers is that while they can be installed in new water sys-tems, they can also be installed in existing systems to fix inequalities from inadequate original designs or extensions to the systems. However, little guidance exists for volunteers or commu-nities to ensure the sustainability of these projects. Accordingly, the object of this thesis was to investigate how adding houses to existing aqueducts would affect its serviceability and how to determine a way for communities to size the flow reducers for future houses. The existing gravity flow water system in Santa Cruz, Panamá was surveyed including all the potential houses which were then analyzed using NeatWork. The results demonstrate that while it is better to include all potential locations during the initial survey, if it expands at an average growth rate, additional houses may decrease serviceability, but in a negligible way that will not affect the overall reliability of the distribution system. Utilizing NeatWork, this research showed it is able to determine ideal sizes of flow reducers for additional houses that could be added. Patterns were identified and used to simplify flow reducer sizing so that community members could do it themselves. While most of the time, the ideal flow reducer size for a new house will be the same size as the flow reducer size that is installed in the closest house that is already connected to the aqueduct, sometimes this is not the case. This typically occurs towards the end of branches and in areas where not all flow reducer sizes are present. These areas are clearly identified to the water committee on a map of the distribution system that was provided to various water committee members. With this map and simple instructions, the Santa Cruz water committee can continue correctly adding flow reducers to new houses. Through the research of this thesis, fabricating and installing flow reducers in the Santa Cruz water distribution system, and working alongside community members many lessons were learned about flow reducers and best practices. This knowledge has been converted into a guide about sustainable flow reducer projects. It has been left with current volunteers and the director of training for the WASH sector of Peace Corps Panama so that the volunteers can adapt the developed tools in their own communities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate further the characteristics of hearing loss in ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunted hydrocephalus. Twelve (VP) shunt treated hydrocephalus children participated in this study. The etiology of the hydrocephalus was either intraventricular hemorrhage or spina bifida. A recent neurological examination reported the shunt to be patent in each child. Audiometric examination included pure tone air conduction thresholds, tympanometry, contralateral and ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEʹs). A unilateral, high frequency, sensorineural hearing loss was found in the ear ipsilateral to shunt placement in 10 (83%) of the 12 shunt treated hydrocephalic children. No hearing loss was observed the ear contralateral to shunt placement. Based on the pure tone findings coupled with the decrease in DPOAE amplitude in the shunt ear, the hearing loss appears to be cochlear in nature. It is hypothesized that the cochlear hydrodynamics are disrupted as the result of fluid pressure reduction within the perilymph being transmitted via a patent cochlear aqueduct as a reaction to the reduction of CSF via a patent shunt. In addition, a concomitant brainstem involvement is evidenced in the ART pattern possibly produced by the paten shunt draining CSF from the subdural space resulting in cranial base hypoplasia.