Abstract The system of arbitrators is an important study during the development of modern arbitration system. Arbitrators are those people who are responsible for taking charge of and dealing with arbitration cases and they should satisfy for some moral and specialization qualities. Therefore arbitrators' comprehensive qualities is a guarantee for the advantage of arbitration and is part of the arbitration system. The system of arbitrators on which the countries worldwide have different opinions and modus operandi, including China Mainland and Taiwan. So it is a preferable way for perfecting the system of arbitrators of China Mainland and Taiwan to attach importance to the research of the system of arbitrators between China Mainland and Taiwan and use for reference. The research is in favor of guaranteeing the exertion of arbitration function and directly affects the sound development of the arbitration industry.

Financial arbitrator This diploma thesis focuses on the institute of financial arbitrator, both from a theoretical point of view, i.e. on the institute of financial arbitrator in the sense of legislation, the meaning of its introduction and issues of proceedings before a financial arbitrator, and from a practical point of view, i.e. on decision-making in individual types of proceedings, whether it is the most widespread agenda of the financial arbitrator, which are disputes over consumer loans, as well as disputes such as loans and similar financial services. Its aim is to comprehensively describe the issue of proceedings before the financial arbitrator and the means used by the financial arbitrator in these proceedings, but the aim is also to point out the individual proceedings, resolving disputes under a specific legal title. Author has set himself the goal of dealing with both the person of the financial arbitrator and the proceedings before the financial arbitrator, but the aim of this work is also to try to bring the decision-making practice of the financial arbitrator closer to the general public. Author set himself the goal not only to describe the institute of financial arbitrator from a professional point of view and to deal with some legally more complex issues, but also the second goal,...

- Legal Status of an Arbitrator Main aim of this thesis is to describe the legal status of an arbitrator in international and national arbitration. Arbitration is an alternative dispute resolution which is nowadays very frequently used and which has been established in Czech Republic by Arbitration Act. Arbitrator is the most important person in arbitration because he leads the trial and makes binding and enforceable decisions. Thesis is divided into six parts which concern about alternative dispute resolutions, about arbitration generally, historical evolution of legal status of an arbitrator in Czech Republic, current legislation, legal status of an arbitrator and permanent arbitration courts and legal status of a financial arbitrator. The merit of this thesis is to grasp main problems which arise on the field of legal status of an arbitrator and describe the approach of courts and legal experts. Paper also contains comparison with the legal system of Slovakia, Germany and the United Kingdom and incorporates the latest amendments. of Arbitration Act.

Resumé This thesis on selected aspects of the resolution of the international investments disputes tackles the challenge of the arbitrator under the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States. Its main aim is to analyze current legal regulation of the arbitrator's qualification and the following challenge procedures. Further to analyze, how is current international practice with regard to issue of impartiality and independence of arbitrators in case law of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Upon such analysis to reveal shortcuts of the legal regulation and case law and propose future improvements for the whole system of the arbitrators' challenges. The thesis itself is dividing into chapters, the first chapter deals with the arbitrators' qualifications and challenges in the international investment arbitration. Further refers to the interpretation of relevant articles of the Washington Convention by arbitral tribunals and to conclusions formulated by them in challenge decisions. The second chapter is base on the comparison between arbitrators' challenges and qualifications in the international investment arbitration and the international commercial arbitration, where is main target to analyze differences of both systems....

in English In the past several decades, arbitration has become very popular method of settlement of international business disputes. One of the key factors behind this success is the possibility to choose the arbitrator. Nevertheless, the right of a party to select an arbitrator is subject to limitations as it may clash with some basic legal maxims such as the right to a fair trial. The specific definition of the right to a fair trial varies from one jurisdiction to another, but its essentials remain the same. In the context of selection of arbitrators, the right to a fair trial manifests itself in a form of the principle that all arbitrators must be and remain independent and impartial. That means that a person deciding a dispute must not be influenced by matters outside of the proceedings which would result in a bias towards or against either of the parties. In order to achieve this, rules applicable to arbitration contain a pro cedure to remove an arbitrator who fails to meet these requirements from the tribunal. One of the types of bias which impairs impartiality of an arbitrator is the so-called "issue conflict." This term refers to a relationship between an arbitrator and the subject matter of a case with a potential to cause prejudgment on certain issues. Various authorities, however,...

The Financial Arbitrator and alternative dispute resolution are the integral part of current decision-making practice. Their development is tendentious particularly in recent times. This diploma thesis aim is critically evaluate the institute of the Financial Arbitrator and compare it with arbitration and mediation. The thesis briefly describes the institutes themselves, their legal regulations and outlines their historical development. In my thesis I focused mainly on the similarities as well as differences of these institutes. Then I compared these decision-making practices with the court proceedings in the last fifth chapter, so the thesis gives a comprehensive overview of the possibilities of resolution making practice. The thesis focused on the situation in the Czech Republic and did not evaluate the foreign situation, although the author is aware of certain continuity with the development among the countries. The methodology of the thesis was adapted to the chosen topic. The basis was literary research. By comparing the problems, opinions, hypotheses and premise was possible to reach a final reasoned opinion. The principal methods were the method of analysis and synthesis. An important basis for this work was the annual reports of the Financial Arbitrator available from the finarbitr.cz...

O presente estudo tem como objetivo superar as diversas noções genéricas a respeito da imparcialidade do árbitro e assim atribuir-lhe um conceito próprio, estabelecido a partir do reconhecimento da vital importância do exercício da influência das partes na relação jurídica processual. O estudo parte da premissa de que todas as experiências pretéritas do árbitro (como as de qualquer indivíduo) constituem condição necessária para que este forme pré-conceitos e assim conheça e decida um conflito e que, por isso, tais experiências e conceitos pretéritos sempre existem e sempre influenciam o julgador. Também é premissa de análise o ambiente institucional em que a arbitragem se desenvolve e no qual os profissionais buscam auferir capital simbólico que lhes possibilite êxito nas nomeações para a função de árbitro. Essas premissas impedem que se aprove a noção genérica da imparcialidade como equidistância, ausência de interesse próprio na solução do litígio ou ausência de outras influências no convencimento do árbitro além dos argumentos lançados pelas partes no litígio, e impõem o reconhecimento de um conteúdo apoiado na inexistência de barreira à influência que os argumentos das partes exercerão na decisão do árbitro (a despeito, portanto, de quaisquer outras influências às quais o julgador como todo indivíduo está sujeito). A identificação de um conteúdo para a imparcialidade é, todavia, insuficiente para a solução de problemas práticos, razão pela qual o presente estudo sugere sua operacionalização por norma concreta extraída de regras vinculantes que imponham um comportamento (art. 14, caput, da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira) ou um estado de coisas (art. 13, § 6º da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira) que atenda a certas premissas de estrutura e de conteúdo. As premissas de estrutura têm como finalidade garantir a coerência e coesão sistemáticas da norma concreta, ao passo que as premissas de conteúdo (extraídas de casos reais) buscam a coerência interna da norma, ou seja, a coerência entre o juízo hipotético-normativo e o juízo sobre o evento fático subjacente. Essas premissas são examinadas à luz do ambiente institucional no qual a arbitragem se desenvolve, caracterizado principalmente pela interdependência e contínuo contato entre profissionais, a constante troca de papéis a que tais profissionais se sujeitam (ora como árbitros, ora como advogados) e a assimetria de informação. Propostos um conteúdo e um método de operacionalizá-lo para a solução de casos concretos, o presente estudo procura desatrelar a imparcialidade e seus efeitos da noção geral de independência do árbitro, sem apelar para a imprecisa dicotomia subjetividade-objetividade. Reconhece, ainda, que do árbitro são demandadas posturas diferentes daquelas preconizadas aos juízes, razão pela qual a aplicação de regras equiparativas (tal como o art. 14, caput, da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira), além de não esgotar todas as hipóteses de ataque à imparcialidade, deve ser precedida de diversas adaptações. Reconhece, também, o sentido e o alcance do binômio ciência-aceitação na prática arbitral. Por fim, o estudo trata da diversa natureza entre o dever de revelação e a imparcialidade impostos ao árbitro, de cujas violações derivam consequências também distintas. / The present study aims to overcome several general notions concerning the impartiality of the arbitrator and thus gives it a proper concept, drawn from the recognition of the vital importance of parties to exercise influence on the procedural legal relationship. The study assumes that all past experiences of the adjudicator (as any individual) constitute a necessary condition for him to create pre-conceptions and so understand and decide a conflict - and that therefore these experiences and past concepts always influence the adjudicator. The institutional environment in which the arbitration is developed and in which practitioners seek to derive symbolic capital that enables them to succeed in the nominations for the role of arbitrator is also a premise of analysis. This premise prevents from approving the generic notion of impartiality as \"equidistance\", \"the absence of self-interest in the outcome of the case\" or \"the absence of other influences in the convincing process of the adjudicator beyond the arguments submitted by the parties in dispute\", and requires the recognition of content based on the \"absence of barriers to the influence that the arguments of the parties shall exercise on the arbitrator\'s decision\" (regardless of any other influences to which the judge as any individual is exposed). Identifying content for impartiality is, however, insufficient for the solution of actual problems, and due to that, the study suggests its operation by a norm extracted from binding rules imposing conduct (art. 14, caput of Brazilian Arbitration Law) or a state of affairs (art. 13, § 6 of the Brazilian Arbitration Law) that meets certain premise of structure and content. The premise of structure is designed to provide systematic consistency and cohesion of the norm, and the premise of content (drawn from actual cases) seeks internal consistency of the standard, i.e., the consistency between the description of the event anticipated in the norm and the description of the underlying factual event. This premise is examined in the light of the institutional environment in which the arbitration is developed, mainly characterized by interdependence and continuous contact between professionals, the constant exchange of roles among such professionals (either as arbitrators or as lawyers) and information asymmetry. Proposed both a content and a method to operationalize it for the solution of actual cases, this study seeks to release fairness and its effects from the general notion of independence of the arbitrator, without resorting to imprecise objectivity-subjectivity dichotomy. It also recognizes that the institutional environment requires postures from the arbitrators that differ substantially from those required from judges; due to this reason, the application of rules that apparently prescribe the same standards or behaviors for both (such as art. 14, caput, the Brazilian Arbitration Law) does not fill all the hypothesis capable of menacing the impartiality and must be preceded by various adaptations. It also recognizes the meaning and scope of the binomial information-acceptance in arbitral practice. Finally, the study addresses the diverse nature of the duty of disclosure and impartiality imposed on the arbitrator, whose respective violations also imply different consequences.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo superar as diversas noções genéricas a respeito da imparcialidade do árbitro e assim atribuir-lhe um conceito próprio, estabelecido a partir do reconhecimento da vital importância do exercício da influência das partes na relação jurídica processual. O estudo parte da premissa de que todas as experiências pretéritas do árbitro (como as de qualquer indivíduo) constituem condição necessária para que este forme pré-conceitos e assim conheça e decida um conflito e que, por isso, tais experiências e conceitos pretéritos sempre existem e sempre influenciam o julgador. Também é premissa de análise o ambiente institucional em que a arbitragem se desenvolve e no qual os profissionais buscam auferir capital simbólico que lhes possibilite êxito nas nomeações para a função de árbitro. Essas premissas impedem que se aprove a noção genérica da imparcialidade como equidistância, ausência de interesse próprio na solução do litígio ou ausência de outras influências no convencimento do árbitro além dos argumentos lançados pelas partes no litígio, e impõem o reconhecimento de um conteúdo apoiado na inexistência de barreira à influência que os argumentos das partes exercerão na decisão do árbitro (a despeito, portanto, de quaisquer outras influências às quais o julgador como todo indivíduo está sujeito). A identificação de um conteúdo para a imparcialidade é, todavia, insuficiente para a solução de problemas práticos, razão pela qual o presente estudo sugere sua operacionalização por norma concreta extraída de regras vinculantes que imponham um comportamento (art. 14, caput, da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira) ou um estado de coisas (art. 13, § 6º da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira) que atenda a certas premissas de estrutura e de conteúdo. As premissas de estrutura têm como finalidade garantir a coerência e coesão sistemáticas da norma concreta, ao passo que as premissas de conteúdo (extraídas de casos reais) buscam a coerência interna da norma, ou seja, a coerência entre o juízo hipotético-normativo e o juízo sobre o evento fático subjacente. Essas premissas são examinadas à luz do ambiente institucional no qual a arbitragem se desenvolve, caracterizado principalmente pela interdependência e contínuo contato entre profissionais, a constante troca de papéis a que tais profissionais se sujeitam (ora como árbitros, ora como advogados) e a assimetria de informação. Propostos um conteúdo e um método de operacionalizá-lo para a solução de casos concretos, o presente estudo procura desatrelar a imparcialidade e seus efeitos da noção geral de independência do árbitro, sem apelar para a imprecisa dicotomia subjetividade-objetividade. Reconhece, ainda, que do árbitro são demandadas posturas diferentes daquelas preconizadas aos juízes, razão pela qual a aplicação de regras equiparativas (tal como o art. 14, caput, da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira), além de não esgotar todas as hipóteses de ataque à imparcialidade, deve ser precedida de diversas adaptações. Reconhece, também, o sentido e o alcance do binômio ciência-aceitação na prática arbitral. Por fim, o estudo trata da diversa natureza entre o dever de revelação e a imparcialidade impostos ao árbitro, de cujas violações derivam consequências também distintas. / The present study aims to overcome several general notions concerning the impartiality of the arbitrator and thus gives it a proper concept, drawn from the recognition of the vital importance of parties to exercise influence on the procedural legal relationship. The study assumes that all past experiences of the adjudicator (as any individual) constitute a necessary condition for him to create pre-conceptions and so understand and decide a conflict - and that therefore these experiences and past concepts always influence the adjudicator. The institutional environment in which the arbitration is developed and in which practitioners seek to derive symbolic capital that enables them to succeed in the nominations for the role of arbitrator is also a premise of analysis. This premise prevents from approving the generic notion of impartiality as \"equidistance\", \"the absence of self-interest in the outcome of the case\" or \"the absence of other influences in the convincing process of the adjudicator beyond the arguments submitted by the parties in dispute\", and requires the recognition of content based on the \"absence of barriers to the influence that the arguments of the parties shall exercise on the arbitrator\'s decision\" (regardless of any other influences to which the judge as any individual is exposed). Identifying content for impartiality is, however, insufficient for the solution of actual problems, and due to that, the study suggests its operation by a norm extracted from binding rules imposing conduct (art. 14, caput of Brazilian Arbitration Law) or a state of affairs (art. 13, § 6 of the Brazilian Arbitration Law) that meets certain premise of structure and content. The premise of structure is designed to provide systematic consistency and cohesion of the norm, and the premise of content (drawn from actual cases) seeks internal consistency of the standard, i.e., the consistency between the description of the event anticipated in the norm and the description of the underlying factual event. This premise is examined in the light of the institutional environment in which the arbitration is developed, mainly characterized by interdependence and continuous contact between professionals, the constant exchange of roles among such professionals (either as arbitrators or as lawyers) and information asymmetry. Proposed both a content and a method to operationalize it for the solution of actual cases, this study seeks to release fairness and its effects from the general notion of independence of the arbitrator, without resorting to imprecise objectivity-subjectivity dichotomy. It also recognizes that the institutional environment requires postures from the arbitrators that differ substantially from those required from judges; due to this reason, the application of rules that apparently prescribe the same standards or behaviors for both (such as art. 14, caput, the Brazilian Arbitration Law) does not fill all the hypothesis capable of menacing the impartiality and must be preceded by various adaptations. It also recognizes the meaning and scope of the binomial information-acceptance in arbitral practice. Finally, the study addresses the diverse nature of the duty of disclosure and impartiality imposed on the arbitrator, whose respective violations also imply different consequences.

Historiquement, l'arbitre et le juge sont un vieux couple. Cette union légale procède de l'assistance technique que ce dernier porte à l'arbitre. Les nombreux dysfonctionnements que connaissent les justices étatiques des États membres de l'OHADA poussent ces derniers à réorganiser cette institution phare des États. A l'instar des États-Unis, du Canada ou encore de la France, les États membres de l'OHADA peuvent également opter pour une déjudiciarisation qui, délesterait le juge étatique de toutes ses tâches supplémentaires, dont celles relevant de l'arbitrage, spécifiquement pour les États de cet espace juridique. Dans cette hypothèse, il s'agira de bâtir un système arbitral totalement affranchi de toute intrusion du juge étatique. Ces travaux s'inscrivent donc dans une logique de droit prospectif, l'objectif étant à terme de présenter un droit de l'arbitrage totalement émancipé de l'apport du juge et ainsi, véritablement conférer à cette justice privée son caractère indépendant tant vanté. / Historically, the referee and the judge are an old couple. This legal union proceeds from the technical assistance that the judge brings to the referee. The numerous issues faced by the state courts of the OHADA member states are forcing them to reorganize this all important institution. Just like in the United States, Canada or France, the OHADA member states can also opt for a judicial injunction, which would relieve the state judges of additional duties, including those related to arbitration specifically for the member States of this legal environment. In regard to this, it will be useful to build an arbitral system completely free from any intrusion of the state judge. This work is therefore part of a prospective-law approach, the ultimate goal being to present a right for arbitration totally liberated from the contribution of the judge and thus, truly confer to this private justice it’s independent character.

The theme of this thesis is the institute of arbitration in the Czech Republic. Arbitration is an institute enabling resolution of property disputes before an independent third. The result of an arbitration is publication of binding and enforceable arbitration award. Arbitration is a type of sui generis proceeding, meaning it differs both from the general court proceedings, as well as from other ADR methods. In this work I was mainly focused on a comprehensive analysis of Act no. 216/1994 Coll., on arbitration proceedings and enforcement of arbitral awards, in conjunction with the study of literature and case law. The thesis is divided into 9 chapters, which are further divided into subchapters. The thesis is further bounded by introduction and conclusion. The first chapter deals with the definition of arbitration and furthermore here we can find the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and explanations of theoretical concepts of arbitration. The second chapter focuses on the question of arbitrability of individual disputes. The third chapter examines in detail the process of conclusion of the arbitration agreement, including a description of requirements and division of arbitration agreements according to their nature. The fourth chapter deals with the figure of the arbitrator, the...