The thesis is focused on the topic of the Financial Arbitrator as an alternative dispute resolution body dealing with the disputes between financial institutions and their clients as well as the proceeding before it. Act No 229/2002 Coll., on financial arbitrator, as a special law adopted based on the requirements of the Directive 97/5/EC on Cross-Border Credit Transfers incorporated into the Czech legal system with effect from 2003 an institution, which is not by its nature and proceeding based on specific rules comparable to any other public authority in Czech republic. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the law identifying a status of the financial arbitrator including the process before it and on the basis of that facts subsequently assess, whether the adopted legislation enables to fulfil the requirements of the directives and if it genuine happens. The content of the thesis is divided into 5 parts, where the first one introduces the institution of the financial arbitrator as for the reasons of its establishing and intended purposes to serve as a stepping stone for further considerations and at the same time seeks to define the status of the institution as it has been given by the legislators. This part is also focused on the building blocks enabling a proper functioning of any institution,...

Case law influence on Czech national and international arbitration Proceedings Abstract Arbitration proceedings represent, besides civil judicial procedures, one of the methods for solution of material disputes in private-law relations. Arbitration proceedings have been used for quite a long time. In our territory they were used already under the rule of Charles IV. For example, Jakub Krčín and Štěpánek Netolický, who were well-known artificial lake engineers, belonged among highly appreciated arbitrators. Significant development of arbitration proceedings was registered after 1949, when the Steady Arbitration Court was established at the Czechoslovak Chamber of Commerce in May 1949 and exists up to now under the name "Arbitration Court attached to the Czech Chamber of Commerce and the Agricultural Chamber of the Czech Republic". Legal regulation of arbitration proceedings was undergoing various changes. A principal change occurred in 1964, when the Act no. 98/1963 Coll., on arbitration proceedings in international trade and on enforcement of arbitration awards entered into force, admitting arbitration proceedings only in international trade relations and only for legal entities, at that time foreign trade enterprises. Another principal change then occurred as at 1 January 2015, the effective date of the...

A non-experimental, descriptive study was conducted to examine the criteria by which ad hoc labor arbitrators are selected in the petroleum refining industry. Three factors — arbitrator background, recognition, and arbitration practice — were examined to determine their relative importance to advocates selecting ad hoc labor arbitrators. The population of the study consisted of management and labor union advocates in the petroleum refining industry who routinely select ad hoc labor arbitrators. Participating management and union advocates completed a questionnaire used to gather respondents' evaluations of criteria considered in the selection of ad hoc arbitrators. Responses to statements designed for measuring relative importance of the criteria considered were recorded. Descriptive statistics, discriminant analysis, and tests of significance were used in the treatment of the data.

L’autorité de la chose jugée est consubstantielle à l’idée même de justice. Si l’arbitrage est une justice privée et contractuelle mais une «justice quand même», elle doit logiquement composer avec l’autorité de la chose jugée. Il faut d’abord que les décisions issues de cette justice puissent bénéficier d’une telle autorité ; il faut ensuite que les juridictions arbitrales respectent l’autorité des décisions qui ont été rendues antérieurement. C’est ce second point qui est le cœur de notre étude.Du point de vue de l’arbitre du commerce international, la question de l’autorité des décisions, qu’elles soient arbitrales ou étatiques, présente des difficultés originales qui tiennent, pour l’essentiel, à la position autonome de l’arbitre. Investi d’une mission juridictionnelle ponctuelle par la volonté des parties, l’arbitre n’est a priori pas tenu par les considérations relatives à la cohérence d’un ordre juridique précis, à la paix sociale, à la bonne administration de la justice… Autrement dit, le seul caractère juridictionnel de sa mission ne lui impose pas nécessairement la prise en compte de la chose précédemment jugée. Tout bien analysé, il s’avère que c’est la volonté des parties à l’arbitrage qui conduit l’arbitre à reconnaître la normativité des décisions puis à leur attribuer une certaine autorité, à cette fin, il devra d’abord s’assurer de leur régularité avant de s’interroger sur l’étendue de leur autorité.Le fondement subjectif de l’obligation pour l’arbitre de respecter l’autorité de la chose déjà jugée et l’absence de contrôle étatique conduisent toutefois à reconnaître à l’arbitre une vaste liberté dans le choix des règles ou principes applicables. Nous verrons toutefois qu’à condition de distinguer les différentes formes empruntées par l’autorité de la chose jugée, le traitement de l’autorité de la chose jugée par les arbitres internationaux, s’il n’est pas homogène, est loin d’être aussi chaotique que l’on pourrait le croire, mieux encore, il apparaît que des pratiques raisonnables peuvent souvent être distinguées. / The force of res judicata is consubstantial with the very idea of justice / is an integral part of the idea of justice. If arbitration is private and contractual justice – but “justice nonetheless” – it logically needs to deal with the force of res judicata. Firstly, the decisions issued by arbitrators need to benefit from this force; secondly; arbitral tribunals need to respect the force of previous judicial decisions. Our study focusses on the latter aspect. From the point of view of the international commercial arbitrator, the question of the res judicata effect of arbitral or court decisions poses interesting questions and presents challenges, primarily with regards to the autonomous position of the arbitrator entrusted with an ad hoc judicial task in accordance with the intention of the parties, the arbitrator is not a priori bound to considerations regarding the coherence of a specific legal order, social peace or the sound administration of justice… In other words, the jurisdictional character of the arbitrators’ mission alone does not necessarily force them to take into account the force of res judicata. All things considered, it appears that it is the intention of the parties in the arbitration process which leads the arbitrator to acknowledge the normativity of the decisions, and to attribute them a certain force. To this end, the arbitrator will be required to check their conformity before reflecting upon the scope of their force. The subjective basis for the arbitrator’s obligation to respect the force of res judicata and the absence of state control nevertheless invite to consider the arbitrator’s significant amount of leeway in choosing which rules and principles to apply. However, we will show that, provided that a distinction is made between the different forms taken by the force of res judicata, the treatment of the force of res judicata by international arbitrators, if not exactly homogeneous, is far from being as chaotic as one might think, indeed, it appears that reasonable practices can even be observed.

Dans l’exercice de sa mission, l’arbitre se voit tantôt doté de pouvoirs analogues à ceux du juge étatique, tantôt de pouvoirs spécifiques, ou encore dépourvu de certains pouvoirs propres au juge. Ce triptyque résulte de la nature spécifique de la justice arbitrale. L’origine conventionnelle de l’institution retentit sur les pouvoirs de l’arbitre. Elle peut les étendre, mais également les restreindre. De même, l’aspect juridictionnel pose des limites aux pouvoirs de l’arbitre dans l’accomplissement de sa mission. Ce constant ne saurait pourtant signifier que les solutions relatives aux pouvoirs de l’arbitre sont toujours identiques en droit comparé. En effet, ces solutions dépendent largement des manières de concevoir le phénomène arbitral. Ainsi, étant donné que l’arbitrage est conçu en France comme un phénomène transnational, l’arbitre est autonome par rapport à tout ordre juridique. Par conséquent, il peut conduire la procédure et régler le fond du litige conformément aux règles qu’il estime appropriées. En revanche, les droits syrien et égyptien sont encore loin de cette représentation de l’arbitrage international. Selon ces droits, le siège de l’arbitrage se voit conférer un statut privilégié faisant un obstacle à la reconnaissance d’une autonomie suffisante au profit de l’arbitre. / In the performance of his mission, the arbitrator may have similar powers to that of a judge, he may enjoy specific powers, or he may be deprived of certain powers usually enjoyed by a judge. This trilogy is produced by the special nature of arbitral justice. The conventional origin of the institution controls the powers of the arbitrator. It may extend them, but also restrict them. The jurisdictional aspect also imposes restrictions on the powers of the arbitrator in the performance of his mission. All this does not mean that the solutions relating to the powers of the arbitrator are always identical in comparative law. In fact, these solutions depend largely upon how the arbitral phenomenon is visualized. In France, arbitration is conceived as a transnational phenomenon, the arbitrator is autonomous of any legal system, and therefore he can conduct the proceedings and decide the dispute in accordance with the rules he considers appropriate. In contrast, Syrian and Egyptian laws are far from this perception of the international arbitration. In these two laws, the seat of arbitration has a privileged status, which builds an obstacle to the recognition of sufficient autonomy for the benefit of the arbitrator.

En el contexto de las disputas de construcción bajo la Cláusula 20° de los modelos contractuales FIDIC, este artículo analiza una situación muy particular de conflicto entre las funciones de un dispute board y las atribuciones de un árbitro de emergencia y sus implicancias en el contrato.

This thesis is an in-depth discussion and analysis of the alternative dispute resolution process of arbitration in the United States. It begins by providing a basic explanatory overview of arbitration clauses and the arbitration process. It then goes on to highlight the various benefits over traditional court litigation that arbitration has to offer. From there, the paper presents a detailed discussion of the many shortcomings of the arbitration process. It identifies the overall lack of procedural fairness that exists in arbitration today due to the fact that arbitration currently tends to favor businesses over consumers and workers during dispute settlements. The paper then identifies the various negative potential consequences that exist as a result of the unfair nature of arbitration today. This thesis concludes by presenting various ways that the arbitration process can be improved upon to make for a fairer, more neutral dispute resolution alternative.

During the past twenty years, extensive research has been conducted concerning the judgmental processes of labor arbitrators. Previous research, sometimes referred to as policy capturing, attempted to identify the criteria or standards used by arbitrators to support their decisions. Much of the research was qualitative. Due to the categorical nature of the dependent variables, log-linear models such as logit regression have been used to examine decisional relationships in more recent studies. The decision cues used by arbitrators in 249 published alcohol- and drug-related arbitration cases were examined. The justifications for arbitrators' decisions were fitted into Carroll Daugherty's "seven tests" of just cause. The dominant cues were proof of misconduct, the appropriateness of the penalty, and the business necessity of management's action. Foreknowledge of the rule by the grievant and the consequences of a violation, equal treatment of the grievant, and an appropriate investigation by management were also important decision cues. In general, grievants in alcohol and drug arbitration cases fared as well as grievants in any other disciplinary arbitrations. However, when the cases were analyzed based on the legal status of the drug, illicit drug users were at a considerable disadvantage.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to identify and analyze the decision-making activities of the Financial Arbitrator as an out-of-court dispute resolution body for some of the consumer disputes in the area of financial services, both procedural and substantive points of view. The author discusses the importance and practical impacts of the decision-making activities of the Financial Arbitrator to the parties of the proceedings before the Financial Arbitrator taking into account recent legislative changes affecting this institution. At the same time, the author deals with some practical problems which the Financial Arbitrator faces by its decision making and discusses their solutions. Finally, the author examines and evaluates some of the decisions issued by the Financial Arbitrator in various areas of its competence. The actual text of this work is divided into five chapters, introduction and conclusion. In the first chapter the author briefly describes the origin and development of the institute of the Financial Arbitrator and its institutional framework as to emphasize the specifics of this institute, which is reflected in its decision-making and offers a view of foreign approaches in the creation of disputes dealing with an out-of-court resolution of disputes from financial services. In the...

Malgré l’importance de l’exigence d’impartialité et sa reconnaissance universelle, sa mise en œuvre en matière d’arbitrage reste entourée de nombreuses incertitudes. En effet, les normes sur l’impartialité de l’arbitre (ex. : standard du doute raisonnable sur l’impartialité) sont généralement trop vagues pour fournir des directives claires aux organes devant les appliquer dans des hypothèses très variées. Dès lors, une étude mérite d’être menée afin de fournir à l’organe chargé d’évaluer l’impartialité de l’arbitre un support lui permettant de mieux accomplir sa mission. Pour ce faire, nous commencerons par distinguer les deux conceptions envisageables de l’impartialité : une conception pure et consensuelle (résistance aux tentations de partialité) et une conception élargie et ambitieuse (ouverture d’esprit à l’égard du litige). Ensuite, nous examinerons les principales questions émanant de la pratique de l’arbitrage. Seront ainsi analysés : l’identification des risques de partialité de l’arbitre à partir de ses actes, liens et opinions préalables ; le degré d’impartialité du coarbitre ; la renonciation à invoquer le risque de partialité. En étudiant chaque question, nous mettrons en évidence ses enjeux (notamment le besoin de prendre en considération les exigences de l’efficacité et de la qualité de l’arbitrage ainsi que le « droit » de chaque partie de nommer un arbitre) pour pouvoir ensuite en envisager les réponses possibles, notamment en nous inspirant des solutions consacrées par la jurisprudence française et étrangère. / Despite its importance and universal recognition, the principle of arbitrators’ impartiality is surrounded by many uncertainties, the main reason being that the applicable rules (e. g. reasonable doubts test) are often too vague to offer clear guidance to the authorities, given the diverse situations they have to apply them to. In order to provide them with a clearer guidance, there is a need to conduct a study on the arbitrators’ impartiality. To begin with, we will distinguish the two possible understandings of impartiality : the pure and consensual understanding (resistance to temptation to be partial) and the enlarged and ambitious understanding (open-mindedness towards the dispute’s issues). Then, we will study the practical issues stemming from arbitral practice. These issues revolve around : the assessment of impartiality on the basis of arbitrators’ acts, relationships and expressed views (the issue conflict question) ; the impartiality of party-appointed arbitrators ; the waiver of the right to invoke the risk of partiality. While studying each issue, we will highlight its stakes (especially the need to ensure the efficiency and quality of the arbitral justice as well as the need to preserve the “right” of each party to appoint an arbitrator) in order to contemplate possible answers, especially in the light of what has been decided in French and foreign case-law.