O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito que a alteração na sensibilidade ou metabolismo hormonal em uma planta hospedeira poderia ter sobre o desenvolvimento de micorrizas arbusculares (MAs). Para tal, uma coleção de mutantes hormonais de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) introgredidos na cultivar miniatura Micro-Tom foi inoculada com o fungo Glomus clarum, em dos níveis de P no substrato. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, com os genótipos Never ripe (parcialmente insensível ao etileno), epinastic (superprodutor de etileno), bushy root (parcialmente insensível a citocinina), diageotropica (parcialmente insensível a auxina), procera (supersensível a giberelina) e notabilis (deficiente em ABA). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca da raiz em condições de P suficiente e insuficiente. Com os genótipos que apresentaram maiores alterações no desenvolvimento de MAs, Never ripe e epinastic , foram conduzidas análises morfológicas por meio de microscopia de luz, dosagem de P na parte aérea e estudos de expressão gênica através da técnica de PCR em tempo real (PCR Real-Time). Concluiu-se que, nas condições do presente trabalho, o grupo hormonal que mostrou a maior influencia sobre a formação de MAs foi o etileno, sendo que o seu efeito parece ser tanto estimulatório quanto inibitório. Contudo, os resultados de expressão de genes de defesa não permitem explicar as diferenças observadas. / The aim of the present work was to study the effect that alterations in hormonal sensitivity and metabolism in a host plant could have in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). In this regard, a series of hormone-related mutants introgressed in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar Micro-Tom were inoculated with the fungus Glomus clarum, in two different levels of substrate P. Three experiments were performed, using the genotypes Never ripe (partially insensitive to ethylene), epinastic (ethylene overproducer), bushy root (partially insensitive to cytokinin), diageotropica (partially insensitive to auxin), procera (gibberellin hypersensitive) and notabilis (ABA-deficient). The following parameters were assessed: mycorrhizal colonization percentage, shoot and root dry mass, under conditions of either sufficient or insufficient P on the substrate. Further analyses, such as root morphology, P dosage and gene expression quantification (through Real-Time PCR), were performed on the genotypes which presented the most alterations in mycorrhizal development, namely Never ripe and epinastic. It was concluded that the hormone showing most influence on AM formation was ethylene. Its effect appears to be either stimulatory o inhibitory. In any case, defense gene expression alone could account for the observed differences.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Banca: Marco Eustaquio de Sa / Banca: Martha Regina Lucizano Garcia / Resumo: A competição entre as plantas é uma concorrência constante entre as espécies que vivem em comunidades, porém a capacidade de certas espécies interferirem na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plantas por meio dos efeitos alelopáticos provenientes de substâncias que liberam na atmosfera ou, quase sempre, no solo, ainda é pouco compreendida no meio agronômico. Muitas destas espécies vegetais podem influenciar a vegetação de um local, sucessão de plantas, indução de dormência, preservação e germinação de sementes, atividade microbiana, produtividade de culturas, entre outros fatores. Visando melhor entender possíveis interferências de restos vegetais nos cultivos subseqüentes, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os possíveis efeitos alelopáticos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) e soja (Glycine max L.), como cobertura vegetal, sobre a emergência, micorrização, atividade microbiana e crescimento de milho (Zea mays L.), soja (G. max L.) e feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas dependências da fazenda experimental da UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira. Foram avaliadas a emergência de plântulas e sua taxa de crescimento, população final da cultura, ocorrência, identificação e quantificação de plantas daninhas nas áreas, produção de grãos, colonização micorrízica e número de esporos, carbono de CO2 liberado. Os compostos alelopáticos liberados na decomposição das coberturas de milheto, sorgo e soja, interferirem positivamente na COL micorrízica em milho e negativamente em feijão e soja. As coberturas vegetais testadas liberam aleloquímicos que desestabilizam o meio, proporcionado um aumento na esporulação micorrízica nas culturas testadas. Os agentes aleloquímicos liberados pelas coberturas vegetais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The competition between plants species that lives in the same community is constant. However some species can interfere in the seed germination and plant development through allelophatic effects that occurs because plants release substances in atmosphere or in the soil. This capacity that certain species have is not well understood in the agricultural area. Many of those species can influence the local vegetation, ensuing plantations, dormancy, preservation and seed germination of seeds, microbial activity, cultures productivity and other factors. To a better understanding of possible interferences of vegetable rests in ensuing croop, this work aims to evaluate possible allelophatic effects of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown) and soy (Glycine max L.) when used as vegetable covers under mycorrhization, microbial activity and the growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiments were carried out in the experimental farm of UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira and could evaluate the seedling emergence and its growth rate, final population of croop; occurrence, identification and quantification of weed plants in the area, seed production, mycorrhizal colonization, spore number and carbon of CO2 released. In the decomposition of the covers millet, sorghum and soy some allelophatic compounds were released and interfered positively in the mycorrhizal harvest of corn but interfered negatively for bean and soy. The vegetable covers that were tested released allelochemics that destabilized the environment providing an increase of mycorrhizal fungi in tested cultures. The allelochemic agents released by the vegetable covers interfered negatively in the carbon of CO2 released. When used as a dead cover sorghum interferes negatively... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Bibliography: leaves 172-197.

Bibliography: leaves 172-197. / xvii, 197 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil and Water, 2002?

<p>The Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an endosymbiont of higher plant roots. Most land plants and cultivated crops are concerned to AM symbiosis. This endosymbiosis is based on the mutual exchange of nutrients between plant and fungus. Therefore, AM symbiosis leads to an increased demand for photosynthetic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathway used by plants during AM symbiosis to increase photosynthetic performance. Therefore, we have carried out a systematic characterization of photosynthesis in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), which is a model legume. We observed colonization by the fungus in roots and that AM symbiosis increases the fresh and dry plant biomass. This could be attributed to an increase in both photosynthetic efficiency and capacity in AM plants. Consistent with these observations, AM symbiosis enhanced phosphorus uptake from the soil into roots, stems and leaves, as based on analyses of phosphorus content. Based on equal chl loading, no differences were found regarding D1, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 protein content in four plant groups. This indicates similar ratio between chl and PSII proteins. Furthermore, AM symbiosis increases the amount of chlorophyll, steady state oxygen evolution activities, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), and photosynthetic electron transport rate (about 5 fold). Nevertheless, photoprotection was not affected by AM symbiosis. We observed an increase in weight of seed/fruit and weight of seed/plant in AM plants (about 2 fold). Based on these results, we propose that AM symbiosis increases both the efficiency and the capacity of photosynthetic apparatus in the M. truncatula.</p>

No description available.

For the first time the transcriptional reprogramming of distinct root cortex cells during the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis was investigated by combining Laser Capture Mirodissection and Affymetrix GeneChip® Medicago genome array hybridization. The establishment of cryosections facilitated the isolation of high quality RNA in sufficient amounts from three different cortical cell types. The transcript profiles of arbuscule-containing cells (arb cells), non-arbuscule-containing cells (nac cells) of Rhizophagus irregularis inoculated Medicago truncatula roots and cortex cells of non-inoculated roots (cor) were successfully explored. The data gave new insights in the symbiosis-related cellular reorganization processes and indicated that already nac cells seem to be prepared for the upcoming fungal colonization. The mycorrhizal- and phosphate-dependent transcription of a GRAS TF family member (MtGras8) was detected in arb cells and mycorrhizal roots. MtGRAS shares a high sequence similarity to a GRAS TF suggested to be involved in the fungal colonization processes (MtRAM1). The function of MtGras8 was unraveled upon RNA interference- (RNAi-) mediated gene silencing. An AM symbiosis-dependent expression of a RNAi construct (MtPt4pro::gras8-RNAi) revealed a successful gene silencing of MtGras8 leading to a reduced arbuscule abundance and a higher proportion of deformed arbuscules in root with reduced transcript levels. Accordingly, MtGras8 might control the arbuscule development and life-time. The targeting of MtGras8 by the phosphate-dependent regulated miRNA5204* was discovered previously (Devers et al., 2011). Since miRNA5204* is known to be affected by phosphate, the posttranscriptional regulation might represent a link between phosphate signaling and arbuscule development. In this work, the posttranscriptional regulation was confirmed by mis-expression of miRNA5204* in M. truncatula roots. The miRNA-mediated gene silencing affects the MtGras8 transcript abundance only in the first two weeks of the AM symbiosis and the mis-expression lines seem to mimic the phenotype of MtGras8-RNAi lines. Additionally, MtGRAS8 seems to form heterodimers with NSP2 and RAM1, which are known to be key regulators of the fungal colonization process (Hirsch et al., 2009; Gobbato et al., 2012). These data indicate that MtGras8 and miRNA5204* are linked to the sym pathway and regulate the arbuscule development in phosphate-dependent manner. / Die Leguminose Medicago truncatula (gehört zur Gattung des Schneckenklees) ist in der Lage sowohl eine Symbiose mit stickstofffixierenden Bakterien (Rhizobien), als auch mit Mykorrhiza-Pilzen einzugehen. Der Mykorrhiza-Pilz Rhizophagus irregularis dringt in die Wurzelrindenzellen ein und bildet Strukturen aus, die als Arbuskeln bezeichnet werden. Diese ermöglichen den Transfer von Nährstoffen, wie Phosphat in die Wurzelzellen. Die Pflanze liefert hingegen bis zu 20 % ihrer Photosyntheseprodukte an den Pilz. Da die Lebenszeit der Arbuskeln nur wenige Tage beträgt, können Wurzelrindenzellen mehrere Arbuskeln nacheinander beherbergen. Somit können neben arbuskelhaltigen, auch nicht-arbuskelhaltige Zellen in kolonisierten Wurzeln auftreten. Die nicht-arbuskelhaltigen Zellen beeinträchtigen die Sensitivität von Genregulationsanalysen, wenn die Genregulation während der Mykorrhiza-Symbiose anhand von ganzen kolonisierten Wurzeln untersucht wird. In dieser Arbeit konnte eine Zelltyp-spezifische Analyse der Genregulation von arbuskelhaltigen und nicht-arbuskelhaltigen Zellen durchgeführt, und eine Erhöhung der Sensitivität erreicht werden. Mittels Laser Capture Microdissection wurden Zellen aus Gefrierschnitten von Wurzeln isoliert. Aus den so gewonnen Zellen konnte RNA von ausreichender Qualität und Quantität extrahiert werden, um das Transkriptom der beiden Zelltypen mittels Mikroarrayhybridisierung zu untersuchen. Transkriptionsfaktoren (TFs) spielen wahrscheinlich eine Schlüsselrolle in der Umprogrammierung von Wurzelzellen während der Mykorrhiza-Symbiose. Daher wurde die Genregulation von TF-Genen in den zwei Zelltypen gezielt untersucht. Anhand von quantitativer RT-PCR und Promoter-Reporter-Fusionen wurde die differentielle Expression von mehreren TF-Transkripten in den verschiedenen Zelltypen bestätigt. Die Charakterisierung eines potentiellen GRAS TF (MtGRAS8) konnte eine stark Symbiose- und Phosphat-abhängige Induktion von Transkripten bestätigt werden. Mutanten mit verringerter MtGras8 Transkriptmenge wiesen eine verringerte Arbuskelzahl und deformierte Arbuskeln auf. MtGras8 scheint daher an der Arbuskelentwicklung beteiligt zu sein. Vorherige Experimente zeigten, dass MtGras8 Transkripte, von der Phosphat-regulierten MikroRNA5204* geschnitten werden (Devers et al., 2011). Dies konnte durch Überexpression der MikroRNA5204* in vivo bestätigt werden. Weiterhin konnten Protein-Protein-Interaktionen von MtGras8 mit bekannten GRAS TFs (NSP1, NSP2, RAM1) nachgewiesen und daraus eine Verbindung zu bekannten Symbiose-induzierten Signalkaskaden geschlossen werden. In dieser Arbeit wurde erstmals die Umprogrammierung von nicht-arbuskelhaltigen Zellen untersucht und neue Regulationselemente für die Kontrolle der Arbuskelentwicklung, wie MtGRAS8 und MikroRNA5204*, charakterisiert.

The study examined interactions between morogo plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Fusarium species. Morogo refers to traditional leafy vegetables that, together with maize porridge, are dominant staple foods in rural areas of the Limpopo Province such as the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS). Morogo plants grow either as weeds (often among maize), occur naturally in the field or are cultivated as subsistence crops by rural communities. Botanical species of morogo plants consumed in the DDSS were determined. Colonisation of morogo plant roots by AMF and Fusarium species composition in the immediate soil environment were investigated in four of eight DDSS subsistence communities, Isolated AMF were shown to belong to the genera Acaulospora and Glomus. Twelve Fusarium species were isolated from soil among which Fusariurn verticilliodes and Fusarium proliferaturn occurred predominantly. Greenhouse pot trials were conducted to examine the effect of AMF on morogo plant growth (cowpea; Mgna unguiculata) and Fusarium proliferatum levels in soil, Interaction between plants and AMF, as well as tripartite interactions of cowpea plants, AMF and Fusarium proliferatum were investigated. Non-inoculated cowpea plants served as controls for the following inoculations of cowpea in pots: (i) Fusarium proliferatum; (ii) commercial AMF from Mycoroot (PTY) Ltd. (a mixture of selected indigenous Glomus spp referred to commercial AMF for the purpose of this study); (iii) indigenous AMF obtained from DDSS soil (referred to iocal AMF for the purpose of this study); (iv) commercial AMF plus Fusarium proliferatum; (v) local AMF plus Fusariurn proliferatum. Results showed reduced root colonization by local as well as commercial AMF when Fusarium proliferatum were present. Local AMF significantly enhanced cowpea growth while commercial AMF apparently reduced the level of Fusarium proliferatum in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil. Results suggest that AMF may have potential as biological growth enhancers and bioprotective agents against Fusarium proliferatum. / Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Most tomato cultivars used for commercial food production are imported into South Africa. Optimal growing conditions for these specific cultivars need to be determined, as wrong cultivar choices can lead to great financial losses. Lack of information on selecting well-performing cultivars may lead to lower yield or unacceptable fruit quality. Information on the performance of tomato cultivars under South African conditions, utilizing plastic tunnels or shadenet structures under soilless cultivation is still very limited. Soilless cultivation of vegetables is becoming a preferable over in-soil cultivation due to the improved yield and quality of produce, efficient water and nutrients usage by the crop; furthermore, the grower can regulate nutrient solution, electrical conductivity and pH of the nutrient solution. To identify the optimal system for growing tomatoes hydroponically, the performance of four tomato cultivars (‘FA593’, ‘Miramar’, ‘FiveOFive’ and ‘Malory’) under different growing conditions was evaluated: directly planted in soil under 40% shadenet with drip irrigation, a closed hydroponic system under 40% shadenet, an open bag system under 40% shadenet, or an open-bag system in a temperature controlled as well as a non-temperature controlled tunnel. The study revealed that ‘Miramar’ performed better than the other cultivars in all production systems, with the exception of soil cultivation where there were no differences amongst the four cultivars. Fruit cracking was found to be directly correlated with fruit size, as the large-sized cultivars ‘Malory’ and ‘FA593’ were more susceptible than the other two cultivars. Plants grown under shadenet were prone to fruit cracking and raincheck as well as early blight. Higher yields were obtained when plants were produced in the open bag system under temperature controlled conditions and in the closed system under shadenet. Growing tomatoes in the non-temperature controlled tunnel resulted in high incidences of fruit cracking, poor yield and pre-mature fruit ripening probably due to high and fluctuating temperatures under such conditions. The average marketable yield was 88% and 59% of the total yield in the temperature controlled and non-temperature controlled tunnels, respectively. A further experiment was carried out to improve yield and quality of tunnel tomatoes using beneficial micro-organisms, i.e., arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) at different nutrient concentrations. Tomato seedlings were treated with Mycoroot™ containing four mycorrhiza species (Glomus etunicatum, Paraglomus occultum, Glomus clarum and Glomus mossea) at transplanting and subsequently transferred to either a temperature controlled or a non-temperature controlled tunnel under the recommended (100%) or reduced (75 and 50%) nutrient concentrations. Sawdust was used as a growing medium in this experiment. Application of AMF neither enhanced plant growth, yield, nor fruit mineral nutrient concentrations; although fruit Mn and Zn concentrations in the temperature controlled tunnel increased significantly following AMF application. Plants grown in the non-temperature controlled tunnel had significantly poorer plant growth, and lower yield and lower fruit mineral concentrations, compared with fruit from plants in the temperature controlled tunnel. Tomato plants in the non-temperature controlled tunnel had higher levels of micro-elements in leaf tissue, compared with those in the temperature controlled tunnel. The highest yields were obtained from plants fertigated with 75% of the recommended nutrient concentration, as compared with the 100 and 50% nutrient concentrations. When coir was subsequently used as the growing medium, Mycoroot™ applied at seeding and transplanting did not enhance mycorrhizal colonization or fruit quality. Growing tomatoes under reduced nutrient supply reduced the total soluble solids in the juice of the fruit, but improved total and marketable yield, as well as the number of marketable fruit. This effect was more substantial in the temperature controlled than in the non-temperature controlled tunnel. Fruit firmness and leaf chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher in plants grown in the temperature controlled tunnel. Growing tomatoes in sawdust improved the leaf Mn and Ca concentration over that of tomato plants grown in coir. Mycorrhizal colonisation did not have a beneficial effect on tomato yield and quality. The study indicated that cultivar selection was important in obtaining the highest yield and quality of tomato using the closed hydroponic system under shadenet and the open bag hydroponic system in the temperature controlled tunnel. Temperature controlled tunnels with a pad–and-fan cooling system are still an effective way of cooling the tunnel environment which resulted in high yield and high quality of tomatoes with a higher fruit mineral content than that obtained under non-temperature controlled conditions where only natural ventilation is relied on. Results also demonstrated that mycorrhizal colonization in soilless condition has limited beneficial effects in allowing for better nutrient uptake and thereby for improved yield and quality of tomatoes. Further studies, including different media, nutrient composition and concentrations, need to be carried out to investigate the possible causes of AMF failure to improve yield, despite good AMF root colonization. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.