Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01 - capa_abstract.pdf: 243354 bytes, checksum: 16925925508f2aa300c66b038738c9bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Physic nut is a shrub of the Euphorbiaceae family that can be used as raw material for the production of biodiesel. Its rusticity, tolerance to draught, and low nutritional demand, among other traits, may be related to the mycorrhizal dependency of this plant. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) in physic nut plantations and to evaluate the effect of soil P levels on the nutrition and growth of mycorrhizal physic nut seedlings. Soil and root samplings were done in a nursery and in seven plantation sites located in the municipalities of Viçosa and Canaã, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The chemical characteristics of the soils in the plantation sites did not suppress mycorrhizal colonization, always higher than 70 %, although in some cases, significant negative correlations were observed between soil fertility and root colonization and spore numbers. Spore density varied from 8.5 to 47.4 spores per gram of dry soil. Nutrition and growth of mycorrhizal physic nut seedlings were evaluated in the greenhouse under different P levels. Seedling growth responded positively to phosphate fertilization and to mycorrhizal colonization. In general, AMF inoculation favored the total nutrient content and the leaf concentrations of N, P, K, Zn, and Fe. The inoculated plants showed mycorrhizal colonization percentages varying from 41 to 96 % and higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates than the non-inoculated control plants, even in the highest P level tested. The nutrient levels in the leaves indicated that the nature of the benefits brought about by AMF inoculation is due to a better plant nutrition. These results indicate that phosphate fertilization does not inhibit mycorrhizal colonization, even at 600 mg kg-1, suggesting that physic nut plants show a considerable level of dependency on the mycorrhizal association. / O pinhão manso é uma planta arbórea de pequeno porte da família das euforbiáceas, com grande potencial de uso como matéria-prima para produção de biocombustível. Possivelmente, características como rusticidade, tolerância à seca, baixa exigência nutricional, entre outras atribuídas à cultura, possam estar relacionadas ao nível de dependência micorrízica dessa espécie. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a ocorrência e a abundância de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em cultivos de pinhão manso e, avaliar o efeito de níveis de P no solo, na presença ou não de FMAs, sobre a nutrição e o crescimento do pinhão manso. Uma área de viveiro e sete áreas de cultivo de pinhão manso localizadas nos municípios de Viçosa e Canaã (MG) foram amostradas. As distintas características químicas dos solos sob estes cultivos, embora tenham em alguns casos apresentado correlações negativas significativas com a percentagem de colonização radicular ou com o número de esporos, não suprimiram a colonização micorrízica abaixo de 70 %. A densidade de esporos variou de 8,5 a 47,4 esporos por grama de solo seco. O efeito de níveis de P no solo, na presença ou não de FMAs, sobre a nutrição e o crescimento das plantas foi avaliado em casa de vegetação. O crescimento respondeu positivamente à adubação fosfatada e à colonização micorrízica. De um modo geral, a inoculação com FMAs favoreceu o acúmulo de nutrientes, influenciando também sobre os teores foliares de N, P, K, Zn e Fe. As plantas inoculadas apresentaram colonização micorrízica variando de 41 a 96 % e maiores taxas fotossintéticas e de transpiração que as plantas não inoculadas, mesmo nos níveis mais elevados de P no solo. Os teores foliares de nutrientes indicam que a natureza destes benefícios deve-se, em sua maior extensão, à melhor nutrição das folhas. Os resultados indicam que a adubação fosfatada não compromete a colonização micorrízica, mesmo em níveis de 600 mg kg-1, de solo, sugerindo que a planta apresenta considerável nível de dependência por essa associação.

Submitted by Renata Bruna dos Santos Coscolin null (rbscoscolin@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-01-16T22:27:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 definitivo tese 8_VF_Completa.pdf: 3379003 bytes, checksum: 659bf515460d03427a658914feaa471a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-01-19T18:33:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 coscolim_rbs_dr_bot.pdf: 3379003 bytes, checksum: 659bf515460d03427a658914feaa471a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-19T18:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 coscolim_rbs_dr_bot.pdf: 3379003 bytes, checksum: 659bf515460d03427a658914feaa471a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O amendoim é uma cultura de interesse econômico para o estado de São Paulo, principalmente para renovação de canaviais e pastagens na região oeste do estado. Nesta região, os crescentes custos de produção do amendoim acompanhados por baixo rendimento por área devido à suscetibilidade às variações climáticas são influências negativas e contribuem para desestimular a produção dessa cultura. Nesse âmbito, a associação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) e suplementação com bioestimulante a base de extrato solúvel de algas (Ascophyllum nodosum) (ESA) podem promover melhorias no crescimento e desenvolvimento da planta, além de atenuarem os efeitos negativos provocados pela deficiência hídrica. As plantas foram cultivadas em estufa agrícola, com monitoramento das relações hídricas além do estudo de trocas gasosas, análise de crescimento, análises microbiológicas e de produção, bem como das respostas metabólicas das plantas em função dos tratamentos. A presente pesquisa valida os benefícios para a cultura do amendoim quando em associação com os FMAs e / ou com a suplementação com o ESA, pois além de incrementarem o crescimento e taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono nas plantas em condições hidratadas, mantiveram o status hídrico das plantas e proveram também o acionamento de enzimas do complexo antioxidativo nas plantas em condições de deficiência hídrica moderada e severa. / Water is essential element for plant development and its absence or deficiency induces physiological changes with severe consequences for productivity. Peanut is a culture of economic interest to the State of São Paulo especially in the western region. In this region, the increasing of production costs in peanuts is associate by low yield due to susceptibility to climate variations, such as dry seasons. They are negative influences and do not contribute to production in that crop. In this context, the association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and supplementation with biostimulant based on soluble algal extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) (ESA) can promote improvements in plant growth and development, as well as attenuate the negative effects caused by water deficiency. The plants grown in a greenhouse with monitoring of water relations in addition to the study of gas exchange parameters, growth analysis, microbiological analysis, production, and metabolic responses of plants in the treatments. The present study validates the benefits for peanut cultivation with fungus and/or seaweed extract supplementation. Plants under hydrated conditions had better performance in growth and carbon assimilation rate and under conditions of moderate and severe water deficiency.of, they maintained water status of the plants and also provided the activation of enzymes of the antioxidative complex. / CNPq: 141167/2014-9

Orientador: Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato / Banca: Arnaldo Colozzi Filho / Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Resumo: Vem sendo adotado no cerrado, cada vez mais, sistemas de manejos conservacionistas, como o plantio direto ou cultivo mínimo, que auxiliam na recuperação e na busca da sustentabilidade do agrossistema. Estes sistemas favorecem numerosos processos bioquímicos que ocorrem no solo devido à atividade microbiana, com efeitos sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e reflexos sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade do ambiente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), o carbono do CO2 (C-CO2) liberado e a micorrização em função da calagem e do manejo do solo, em uma área de 20 anos de plantio direto, nas culturas de feijão (cultura de inverno) e milho (cultura de verão). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, constituídas de 2 tratamentos (principais), 2 doses de calcário e 4 repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - Plantio direto - calcário na superfície, sem incorporação; e T2 - Cultivo Mínimo - incorporação de calcário com o escarificador; e as doses de calcários foram: D1 - Testemunha (sem calcário) e D2 - 2000 kg ha-1 de calcário. O solo foi reclassificado como LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico. Após amostragem (de 0 - 0,10 m de profundidade), o solo foi seco, peneirado (2 mm) e enviado para análise das características químicas. O CBM foi avaliado pelo método de fumigação-extração e a atividade respiratória foi verificada pela quantificação do C-CO2 liberado. Para as avaliações da porcentagem de segmentos de raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares as raízes foram clareadas, acidificadas, coloridas com azul de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: There is a steady increase in the employment of conservation management systems such as no-tillage or minimum-tillage in the Brazilian 'cerrado', which help in the recovery and maintenance of the agrosystem sustainability. These systems benefits several biochemical processes that take place in the soil due to microbial activity, which impact its physical and chemical properties and reflect on the development of plants, agricultural yield and the environment quality. The objective of this research was to quantify the microbial biomas-C, the C-CO2 evaluated and the mycorrhization in relation to limestone application and soil management, in a site under no-tillage for 20 years. The experiment was deployed at the Teaching and Research Farm (Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The experimental design was a split plot, with two managements (main) and two levels of limestone, with four replications each. Treatments were T1 - No-tillage: surface limestone application, with no incorporation and T2 - Minimum-tillage: limestone incorporation with chisel plowing, while limestone levels were D1 - control (no limestone) and D2 - 2,000 kg ha-1 limestone. The soil was reclassified as a red 'latossol' (oxisol). After sampling the soil was dried, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analyzed for its chemical properties. The microbial biomass-C was estimated by the fumigation-extraction method and respiratory activity was estimated by the quantification of the C-CO2 evaluated. Roots were clarified, acidified, stained with 0.05 trypan blue and preserved in lactoglycerol in order to estimate the percentage of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The assessment of mycorrhizal colonization was performed in 40 segments (one cm long), for each replication and treatment, under a... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mrl_me_ilha.pdf: 144818 bytes, checksum: c7bfc6080d6e547db543086dc0ce6516 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Vem sendo adotado no cerrado, cada vez mais, sistemas de manejos conservacionistas, como o plantio direto ou cultivo mínimo, que auxiliam na recuperação e na busca da sustentabilidade do agrossistema. Estes sistemas favorecem numerosos processos bioquímicos que ocorrem no solo devido à atividade microbiana, com efeitos sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e reflexos sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produtividade agrícola e a qualidade do ambiente. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), o carbono do CO2 (C-CO2) liberado e a micorrização em função da calagem e do manejo do solo, em uma área de 20 anos de plantio direto, nas culturas de feijão (cultura de inverno) e milho (cultura de verão). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia, UNESP, Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas, constituídas de 2 tratamentos (principais), 2 doses de calcário e 4 repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1 - Plantio direto - calcário na superfície, sem incorporação; e T2 - Cultivo Mínimo - incorporação de calcário com o escarificador; e as doses de calcários foram: D1 - Testemunha (sem calcário) e D2 - 2000 kg ha-1 de calcário. O solo foi reclassificado como LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico. Após amostragem (de 0 - 0,10 m de profundidade), o solo foi seco, peneirado (2 mm) e enviado para análise das características químicas. O CBM foi avaliado pelo método de fumigação-extração e a atividade respiratória foi verificada pela quantificação do C-CO2 liberado. Para as avaliações da porcentagem de segmentos de raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares as raízes foram clareadas, acidificadas, coloridas com azul de... . / There is a steady increase in the employment of conservation management systems such as no-tillage or minimum-tillage in the Brazilian 'cerrado', which help in the recovery and maintenance of the agrosystem sustainability. These systems benefits several biochemical processes that take place in the soil due to microbial activity, which impact its physical and chemical properties and reflect on the development of plants, agricultural yield and the environment quality. The objective of this research was to quantify the microbial biomas-C, the C-CO2 evaluated and the mycorrhization in relation to limestone application and soil management, in a site under no-tillage for 20 years. The experiment was deployed at the Teaching and Research Farm (Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil) of the College of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, UNESP. The experimental design was a split plot, with two managements (main) and two levels of limestone, with four replications each. Treatments were T1 - No-tillage: surface limestone application, with no incorporation and T2 - Minimum-tillage: limestone incorporation with chisel plowing, while limestone levels were D1 - control (no limestone) and D2 - 2,000 kg ha-1 limestone. The soil was reclassified as a red 'latossol' (oxisol). After sampling the soil was dried, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analyzed for its chemical properties. The microbial biomass-C was estimated by the fumigation-extraction method and respiratory activity was estimated by the quantification of the C-CO2 evaluated. Roots were clarified, acidified, stained with 0.05 trypan blue and preserved in lactoglycerol in order to estimate the percentage of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The assessment of mycorrhizal colonization was performed in 40 segments (one cm long), for each replication and treatment, under a... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

nÃo hà / O pimentÃo (Capsicum annuum L.) à uma solanÃcea originada nas regiÃes tropicais do continente americano, possui alto valor nutritivo e està entre as hortaliÃas mais importantes economicamente cultivadas no Brasil. As cultivares mais plantadas sÃo as variedades All Big, Ikeda, Magali e AgronÃmico 10. O cultivo de plantas utilizando substrato à uma tÃcnica amplamente empregada na maioria dos paÃses de horticultura avanÃada, por apresentar vantagens, entre elas a de exercer funÃÃo de solo, fornecendo à planta sustentaÃÃo, nutrientes, Ãgua e oxigÃnio. O resÃduo da casca de coco (Cocus nucifera L.) em forma de pà vem sendo indicado como substrato agrÃcola por ser 100% natural, biodegradÃvel, ser um material leve, de baixa densidade aparente, alta porosidade e retenÃÃo de umidade. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo testar a hipÃtese de que o pà de coco, com suas propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas, pode ser um dos componentes na mistura do substrato recomendado na produÃÃo de mudas de pimentÃo nutricionalmente equilibradas e que a inoculaÃÃo com fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares (FMA) torna a planta mais eficiente na absorÃÃo de nutrientes, especialmente o fÃsforo. O experimento foi conduzido em casa- de- vegetaÃÃo situada no Campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, no perÃodo de julho a setembro de 2006. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, consistindo de dezoito tratamentos e quatro repetiÃÃes, assim distribuÃdos: T1 solo (90%) + pà de coco seco (10%) com FMA; T2 solo (80%) + pà de coco seco (20%) com FMA; T3 solo (70%) + pà de coco seco (30%) com FMA; T4 solo (90%) + pà de coco seco (10%) sem FMA; T5 solo (80%) + pà de coco seco (20%) sem FMA; T6 solo (70%) + pà de coco seco (30%) sem FMA; T7 solo (90%) + pà de coco verde (10%) com FMA; T8 solo (80%) + pà de coco verde (20%) com FMA; T9 solo (70%) + pà de coco verde (30%) com FMA; T10solo (90%) + pà de coco verde (10%) sem; T11 solo (80%) + pà de coco verde (20%) sem FMA; T12 solo (70%) + pà de coco verde (30%) sem FMA; T13 solo (100%) com FMA; T14 solo (100%) sem FMA; T15 pà de coco seco (100%) com FMA; T16 pà de coco seco (100%) sem FMA; T17 pà de coco verde (100%) com FMA e T18 pà de coco verde (100%) sem FMA. O solo utilizado na mistura de substrato foi um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo esterilizado em autoclave por duas horas, à 1 atm de pressÃo e 120ÂC, coletado no Campus do Pici. As plantas foram inoculadas por FMA (Glomus clarum, Glomus intraradices e Gigaspora margarita), provenientes do banco de inÃculos do LaboratÃrio de Microbiologia do Solo, do Departamento de CiÃncias do Solo da Universidade Federal do Cearà e da EMBRAPA do Cerrado, respectivamente. O experimento foi conduzido por 45 dias, durante os quais as plantas foram supridas semanalmente com soluÃÃo nutritiva de Hewitt isenta de P e ao final foram coletadas e submetidas à anÃlises dos seguintes parÃmetros: massa seca da parte aÃrea, nÃmero de folhas, altura da planta, diÃmetro do caule, nÃmero de esporos de FMA no substrato, colonizaÃÃo micorrÃzica na raiz, carbono biomassa microbiana, respiraÃÃo basal do solo, teores de macronutrientes e micronutrientes da parte aÃrea. Nos tratamentos T1 solo (90%) + pà de coco seco (10%) com FMA e T4 solo (90%) + pà de coco seco (10%) sem FMA, as mudas de pimentÃo apresentaram melhores resultados em massa seca da parte aÃrea, altura e diÃmetro do caule. Os maiores teores de macronutrientes na parte aÃrea das plantas foram encontrados nos tratamentos que nÃo eram misturas. Nos tratamentos T17 e T18 foram observados os maiores teores de Cmic e C-CO2. A maior presenÃa de esporos ocorreu nos tratamentos T13 solo (100%) com FMA e T8solo (80%) + pà de coco verde (20%) com FMA, enquanto o maior grau de colonizaÃÃo de raÃzes ocorreu nos tratamentos T7 solo (90%) + pà de coco verde (10%) com FMA e T8 solo (80%) com pà de coco verde (20%) com FMA. / The green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) it is a solanacea originated in the tropical region of the American continent, possesses high nutritional value and it is among the most important vegetables economically cultivated in Brazil. Your cultivate them more planted are the varieties All Big, Ikeda, Magali and Agronomic 10. The cultivation of plants using substratum is a technique thoroughly maid in most of the countries of advanced horticulture, for presenting advantages, among them the one of exercising soil function, supplying to the plant sustentation, nutritious, water and oxygen. The residue of the coconut (Cocus nucifera L.) in dust form it has been indicated as agricultural substratum by being 100% natural, biodegradable, to be a light material, of low density apparent, high porosity and humidity retention. The present work had for objective to test the hypothesis that the coconut dust, with their physiochemical properties, it can be one of the components in the mixture of the substratum recommended in the production of seedlings of green pepper balanced nutricionality and that the inoculation with arbuscular mychorrizal fungi (AMF) it turns the most efficient plant in the absorption of nutrients, especially the phosphorus. The experiment was carried in greenhouse located in the Campus of Pici, of the University Federal of Ceara, in the period of July to September of 2006. The experimental delineation was it of blocks casualized, consisting of eighteen treatments and four repetitions, distributed like this: T1→ soil (90%) + dust dry coconut (10%) with AMF; T2 → soil (80%) + dust dry coconut (20%) with AMF; T3 → sole (70%) + dust dry coconut (30%) with AMF; T4 → soil (90%) + dust dry coconut (10%) without AMF; T5 → soil (80%) + dust dry coconut (20%) without AMF; T6 → soil (70%) + dust dry coconut (30%) without AMF; T7→ soil (90%) + dust green coconut (10%) with AMF; T8 → soil (80%) + dust green coconut (20%) with AMF; T9 → soil (70%) + dust green coconut (30%) with FMA; T10 → soil (90%) + dust green coconut (10%) without; T11 → soil (80%) + dust green coconut (20%) without AMF; T12 → soil (70%) + dust green coconut (30%) without FMA; T13 → soil (100%) with AMF; T14 → soil (100%) without AMF; T15 → dust dry coconut (100%) with AMF; T16 → dust dry coconut (100%) without AMF T17 → dust green coconut (100%) with AMF and T18 → dust green coconut (100%) without AMF. The soil used in the substratum mixture was a Yellow Red Argissol sterilized in stelizer by two hours, to 1 atm and 120ÂC, collected at the Campus of Pici. The plant were inoculated by AMF (Glomus clarum, Glomus intaradices and Gigaspora margarita), coming of the bank of inoculum of the Laboratory of Microbiology of the Soil, of the Department of Sciences of the Soil of the University Federal of Ceara and EMBRAPA, respectively. The experiment was carried by 45 days, during which the plants were weekly supplied with nutritious solution of Hewitt exempt of P and at the end they were collected and submitted to analyses of the following parameters: mass dries of the aerial part, number of leaves, height of the plant, diameter of the stem, number of spores of AMF in the substratum, colonization mychorrizal in the root, carbon biomass microbial, basal respiration of the soil, contend of macronutrient and micronutrient of the aerial part of plant. In the treatments T1 (90% soil + 10% dust dry coconut + AMF) and T4 (90%soil + 10% dust dry coconut without AMF) the seedlings of green pepper presented better results in mass dries of the aerial part, height and diameter of the stem. The largest macronutrient contend in the aerial part of the plant were found in the treatments that were not mixtures. In the treatments T17 and T18 the largest contend of Cmic and C-CO2 were observed. The largest presence of spores, happened in the treatments T13 (100% soil + AMF) and T8 (80% soil + 20% dust green coconut + AMF), while the largest degree of colonization of roots happened in the treatments T7 (90% soil + 10% dust green cococnut + AMF) and T8 ( soil 80% + dust green coconut 20% with AMF).

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito que a alteração na sensibilidade ou metabolismo hormonal em uma planta hospedeira poderia ter sobre o desenvolvimento de micorrizas arbusculares (MAs). Para tal, uma coleção de mutantes hormonais de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) introgredidos na cultivar miniatura Micro-Tom foi inoculada com o fungo Glomus clarum, em dos níveis de P no substrato. Foram realizados 3 experimentos, com os genótipos Never ripe (parcialmente insensível ao etileno), epinastic (superprodutor de etileno), bushy root (parcialmente insensível a citocinina), diageotropica (parcialmente insensível a auxina), procera (supersensível a giberelina) e notabilis (deficiente em ABA). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca da raiz em condições de P suficiente e insuficiente. Com os genótipos que apresentaram maiores alterações no desenvolvimento de MAs, Never ripe e epinastic , foram conduzidas análises morfológicas por meio de microscopia de luz, dosagem de P na parte aérea e estudos de expressão gênica através da técnica de PCR em tempo real (PCR Real-Time). Concluiu-se que, nas condições do presente trabalho, o grupo hormonal que mostrou a maior influencia sobre a formação de MAs foi o etileno, sendo que o seu efeito parece ser tanto estimulatório quanto inibitório. Contudo, os resultados de expressão de genes de defesa não permitem explicar as diferenças observadas. / The aim of the present work was to study the effect that alterations in hormonal sensitivity and metabolism in a host plant could have in the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). In this regard, a series of hormone-related mutants introgressed in the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cultivar Micro-Tom were inoculated with the fungus Glomus clarum, in two different levels of substrate P. Three experiments were performed, using the genotypes Never ripe (partially insensitive to ethylene), epinastic (ethylene overproducer), bushy root (partially insensitive to cytokinin), diageotropica (partially insensitive to auxin), procera (gibberellin hypersensitive) and notabilis (ABA-deficient). The following parameters were assessed: mycorrhizal colonization percentage, shoot and root dry mass, under conditions of either sufficient or insufficient P on the substrate. Further analyses, such as root morphology, P dosage and gene expression quantification (through Real-Time PCR), were performed on the genotypes which presented the most alterations in mycorrhizal development, namely Never ripe and epinastic. It was concluded that the hormone showing most influence on AM formation was ethylene. Its effect appears to be either stimulatory o inhibitory. In any case, defense gene expression alone could account for the observed differences.

Abstract Most plants grow in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in their roots forming the so-called AM symbiosis. AM symbiosis is usually beneficial to the host as it improves plant survival and performance. However, AM symbiosis also entails a cost to the plant in terms of the carbon allocated to the fungus. In sexually dimorphic plants, more than one type of individual can be recognised with regard to their sexual expression or gender. The cost of reproduction in these plants will differ in relation to the relative investment in male versus female function, as the female and the male sexual functions incur different costs. This different cost of reproduction may be translated into differences in other plant functions between the sexes as all functions are connected through trade-offs. Therefore, since sexes differ in resource needs and allocation patterns, and AM mediate resource acquisition and allocation patterns through imposing both costs and benefits to the plant, the sexes of dimorphic plant species may possess, at least theoretically, a different relationship with their AM roots symbionts. In this thesis, I have investigated whether the sexes in sexually dimorphic plant species differ in their mycorrhizal relationship, and if so, in which ways. Several plant life history traits were studied in the dioecious species Antennaria dioica and also in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum using greenhouse, common-garden and field experiments. Resource acquisition, resource allocation, and both plant and fungal benefits from AM symbiosis were considered. Mainly beneficial effects of AM symbiosis were observed in both sexes of the two dimorphic plant species for most of the studied plant life history traits. Overall, both partners benefited from the AM association. However, several sex-specific benefits were detected which were not uniformly present in all experiments for any given trait. Moreover, the responses observed in certain life history traits were dependent on both the AM fungal and plant species involved in the symbiosis. Remarkably, plants gained sex-specific benefits from the same species of AM fungi and the fungal benefit differed depending on the sex of the host plant. In addition, mycorrhizal benefits were lost under certain environmental conditions. To summarise, the results obtained in this study highlight the complexity of AM interactions. My results suggest that the plant-mycorrhizal fungus relationship may differ depending on the sex of the host plant. Through sex-specific effects on survival, growth and reproduction of the hosts, AM fungi may play a role in the evolution of the life histories in the studied species. In addition, sex-specific relationships between plants and their mycorrhizal symbionts may have potential important consequences for the population dynamics of the sexual morphs and the coevolution of the mycorrhizal relationship.

La symbiose mycorhizienne à arbuscules (SMA) est le résultat de l'interaction entre les racines de plus de 80% des familles de plantes terrestres et les champignons MA. Divers types de membranes jouent un rôle crucial dans la mise en place et le fonctionnement de la SMA chez l’hôte végétal. Si l’électrophorèse bidimensionnelle (2-DE) reste la méthode la plus couramment utilisée pour des analyses protéomiques quantitatives dans la SMA, elle résout difficilement les protéines membranaires en raison de leur hydrophobicité, leur précipitation au point isoélectrique (pI) et leur faible abondance comparativement aux protéines cytosoliques. Donc peu nombreuses sont les protéines membranaires identifiées comme étant régulées en réponse à la symbiose. Afin d’avoir accès à cette catégorie de protéines et contourner les défauts de la 2-DE, l’application de nouvelles méthodes permet de réaliser des analyses quantitatives avec marquage chimique (comme l’iTRAQ) ou non (label-free). Dans ce contexte, deux méthodes de protéomique quantitative, iTRAQ-OFFGEL-CL-SM/SM et « label-free » 1-DE-CL-SM/SM, sont adoptées dans ce travail visant à identifier et quantifier les variations d’accumulation des protéines microsomales de racines de Medicago truncatula inoculées par Rhizophagus irregularis, préalable indispensable à l’analyse de leur rôle fonctionnel dans la SMA. Un protocole d’extraction donnant accès à des fractions radiculaires enrichies en protéines microsomales nécessaires pour les analyses ultérieures est décrit dans cette étude. En plus de l’analyse quantitative du protéome membranaire en réponse à la SMA, une approche méthodologique a été mise en place afin d’étudier l’impact du marquage iTRAQ sur le pI des peptides. / Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are widespread symbiotic associations between plant roots and AM fungi. Deep membrane alterations are the foremost morphological changes occurring in the host plant in response to AM symbiosis. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is the workhorse method in AM proteomics. Membrane proteins are under-represented in 2-DE because of their hydrophobicity, low abundance, and precipitation at their isoelectric point, thereby few are the identified membrane proteins involved in sustaining the AM symbiosis. Membrane proteomics is still challenging due to 2-DE related shortcomings, however latest trends and advancements in mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics offer enormous potential to monitor membrane protein change in abundance in large scale experiments. In the current work microsomal proteins of Medicago truncatula roots inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis were, for the first time, scrutinised by state-of-the-art MS-based proteomic approaches iTRAQ-OFFGEL-LC-MS/MS and label-free 1-DE-LC-MS/MS. The applied workflows combine two novel proteomic procedures, label-based and -free, targeting an insight view on the membrane proteome changes in AM symbiosis. A subcellular fractionation method is herein described to access the total membrane-associated proteins with sufficient recovery and purity for their subsequent in-depth analysis. In addition to the biological gain by shedding the light on candidate AM-related membrane proteins, a methodological approach was carried out in the present work in order to elucidate the iTRAQ labelling impact on peptide isoelectric points.

Fundamental processes underpinning the biotransformation of coal by fungal biocatalysts have been intensively investigated, however, limited large-scale industrial applications using such systems have been reported. The un-anticipated sporadic growth of Cynodon dactylon on the surface of un-rehabilitated discard coal dumps has been noted and this was found to be coupled with the breakdown of coal into a humic soil-like material in the top 1.5 metres of the dumps. Extensive fungal growth was observed to be associated with the Cynodon dactylon root system and examination of plant roots indicated the presence of mycorrhizal fungi. Analysis of the Cynodon dactylon plant roots around which coal biotransformation was occurring confirmed the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation with the species Glomus clarum, Paraglomus occultum, Gigaspora gigantea and Glomus mosseae identified to be associated with the plants. Further molecular characterisation of non-mycorrhizal rhizospheric fungi showed the presence of fungal species with coal-degrading capabilities that most likely played a role in the coal biotransformation observed. The discard coal dump environment was simulated in pot and column studies and coal biotransformation was reproduced, with this process enhanced by the addition of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal rhizospheric fungal inocula to the environment. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal species in the inoculum were re-isolated from the simulated environment fulfilling a number of Koch’s postulates and indicating a causal role in the biotransformation of coal. An inversion of conventional mycorrhizal colonisation was demonstrated in this system with reduction in extraradicular presence and an increase in intracellular colonisation compared to soil controls. A descriptive model was formulated suggesting a two-part fungal system involving organic carbon and nutrient exchange between the plant, mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal coal-degrading rhizospheric fungi ultimately resulting in the biotransformation of coal. The biotransformation observed was comparable to reports of “rock-eating fungi”. Results suggest that the biological degradation of coal in situ with the production of a soil-like substrate could provide a feasible method of discard coal dump rehabilitation as well as provide a humic-rich substrate that can be utilised in further industrial applications.

Le blé (genre Tritucum aestivum, famille des Poaceae) est une céréale d’intérêtagronomique très important. Certaines variétés très anciennes sont mise de côté pour desvariétés plus récentes souvent sélectionnées pour répondre à une culture intensiveconsommatrice de produits phytosanitaires. L’agriculture biologique, système de productionsupposant une réduction des intrants chimiques de synthèse afin de préserver l’écosystème,peut se définir comme une pratique où l’emploi d’engrais synthétiques, de pesticideschimiques et d’organismes génétiquement modifiés est prohibé.Cette pratique gagne de plus en plus en popularité et la superficie des terres cultivéesde cette manière a crû de 60 % entre 2000 et 2004, sur la planète. Les contraintes associées àla production de céréales biologiques comprennent la baisse de rendement attribuable auxcarences d’éléments nutritifs dans le sol et la concurrence des mauvaises herbes. Au cours des90 dernières années, les efforts internationaux d’amélioration du blé se sont concentrés sur lahausse du rendement et les paramètres de qualité.La mise en place d’une base de données des blé basées sur des critèresmorphologiques, taxonomiques et écologiques et l'introduction des mycorhizes à arbuscules(MA), connues pour aider à la sélection et induire une augmentation de rendement et dequalité de la production, dans l'optique de produire plus dans une agriculture respectueuse del’environnement pourrait constituer une partie intégrante d'une stratégie appropriée.Cependant, les effets mycorhiziens sur les rendement et la qualité de la production ne sont pastoujours prévisibles et les mécanismes qui régulent ces paramètres qualitatifs des mycorhizessont largement inconnus.Le criblage au champ de 53 variétés de blés anciens a montré des différences dans leuraptitude à développer des mycorhizes avec des champignons indigènes. Des plantesanalysées, seul cinq variétés étaient toutes mycorhizées au Tallage, alors que toutes l’étaientau stade Epiaison. Au stade Maturation des épis, dix-neuf variétés montraient une diminutionde la mycorhization.L’inoculation avec un inoculum de laboratoire lors de l’expérimentation en serre dansdes pots contenant d’une part leur terre habituelle de culture et de l’autre la terre d’Epoisses4montre, qu’ avec cet inoculum, toutes les variétés de blé se mycorhizent. Pour les variétéstestées, les variétés récentes utilisées en agriculture biologique mycorhizent mieux que lesanciennes, mais l’effet mycorhizien sur le rendement est observé uniquement chez desvariétés anciennes de blé. Démontrant ainsi un effet variétal sur le développement etl’expression de la symbiose. Les bénéfices de la symbiose sont plus accentués au niveau desphénomènes qualitatifs à savoir la viabilité des grains.L’apport d’un inoculum commercial lors d’expérimentation en serre dans des potcontenant le même sol, a modifié ces proportions. Cet inoculum a également permisl’amélioration du développement des blés et la qualité des graines de certaines variétésdémontrant à la fois l’importance du génome de la plante dans l’expression bénéfique de lasymbiose et de l’impossibilité des champignons mycorhizogènes indigènes à assurer ledéveloppement optimal de la symbiose. Au champ, l’effet variétal a été confirmé suite àl’apport d’un inoculum commercial ou, à l’exception d’une variété, l’inoculation a permis uneamélioration du rendement, particulièrement sensible chez la variété qui a été la plusproductive, soulignant l’intérêt qu’il y aurait à développer un projet de croisement pouraugmenter la réponse des blés aux mycorhizes. / Wheat (kind Tritucum aestivum, Poaceae family) is a very important cereal ofagronomic interest. Some very ancient varieties are set aside for recent varieties often selected to meet a consumer intensive cultivation of pesticides. Organic farming production system assuming a reduction of synthetic chemical inputs in order to preserve the ecosystem can be defined as a practice where the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified organisms is prohibited. This practice is gaining more and more popularity and the amount of land cultivated in this way has increased by 60% between 2000 and 2004. Constraints associated with the production of organic grains include lower yields due to nutrient deficiencies in the soil and weed competition. During the past 90 years, the international efforts in wheat breeding have focused on increasing yield and quality parameters The establishment of a wheat database based on morphological, taxonomic and ecological criteria and the introduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), known to help in the selection and induce an increase in yield and quality of production with a perspective to increase production in an agriculture that respects the environment, could be an integral part of an appropriate strategy. However, mycorrhizal effects on yield and quality of production are not always predictable and the mechanisms that regulate these qualitative parameters are largely unknown. Field screening of 53 ancient wheat varieties showed differences in their ability to interact with endogenous mycorrhizal fungi. Among the analysed plants, only five varieties were mycorrhized for all samples at tillering. All samples were mycorrhized at the heading stage for all varieties. Nineteen showed a decrease in the number of mycorrhized samples at the ears maturity. Inoculation with a laboratory inoculum during a greenhouse experiments in pots, containing either the wheat field soil or Ò EpoissesÓ soil, showed that all wheat varieties form mycorrhizal symbiosis. Between varieties tested, recent wheat varieties used in organic farming were better in forming symbiosis than the old, but the mycorrhizal effect on plant yield is seen only for old varieties. Demonstrating a variety effect on the development and 6 expression of symbiosis. The benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are more pronounced for the qualitative phenomena as the seed viability. The addition of a commercial inoculum in a similar greenhouse experiment modified these observations. This inoculum helped to improve wheat development but also the seed quality of some varieties, demonstrating both the importance of the plant genome in the beneficial expression of the symbiosis and the impossibility of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi to ensure optimal development of symbiosis. The previously observed field varietal effect was confirmed even after adding an exogenous inoculum as, excepted for one variety, inoculation has improved yield. This was especially noticeable in the variety that was most productive, stressing the importance to develop crossing strategies to increase the wheat response to mycorrhiza.