Title: Evaluation of archers postural stabilization with provocation test using Propriomed and its correlation with the target-shooting Objective: Evaluation of archers postural stabilization level with provocation test using somatooscillatory aid Propriomed and to measure the level of postural stabilization depending on the successful target-shooting. Methods: To evaluate the level of postural stabilization was used somatooscillatory aid Propriomed and four accelerometers placed at key points of postural provocation test, where the acceleration was deducted. Measurement was performed in triplicate at each of the five measured positions and took 10 seconds. Record, display and data processing was carried out using the diagnostic system Microswing 5.0. Prior to obtain data from Propriomed were probands asked to shoot twenty sets of three arrows from the 20 pounds reflex bow over the 18 meters distance. The point archery evaluation, statistic data processing and reliance of postural stabilization and successful target-shooting were done in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results: Data analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the level of postural stabilization and points obtained in archery. All measured positions, except for the third, significantly correlated with the points...

Central nervous system stabilizes body in disturbance by means of anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments to maintain stable position. Disturbance effects in joint are reduced by activation of agonist and antagonist forearm muscles, the muscles allow consistency by steady posture during shot. Studies showed the importance of posture in the shot, but without focus on the anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments. The objective of this study was to analyze an electrical activity of archers during the shot an arrow with the bow. Participants consisted of 10 archers of the Brazilian National Team of archery. Electromyography captured electrical activity in 12 muscles. Accelerometer in handle indicated the beginning of the movement. Temporal pattern separated in 500 milliseconds pre and post clicker fall. Protocol started by Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction of 12 muscles. Archers release 3 blocks of 6-arrows in warm-up. Archers throw arrows for 12 blocks with 6-arrows with interval of 20 minutes after the block 6. One-way Analysis of Variance and Tukey Test compared temporal pattern. One-way Analysis of Variance with repeated measures compared temporal pattern and 6-arrows. Results showed that all muscles (except m. Lumbar Multifidus) increase in their demand with the proximity of the arrow release. The muscles decreased their activity due to reduced demand in compensatory and modulation phase. Comparison between 12 blocks of 6-arrows showed 3 ways of temporal pattern: 1) muscles affected by phases and muscles affected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows, 2) muscles affected by phases and muscles unaffected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows and 3) muscles unaffected by phases and muscles affected by all phases in the blocks of 6-arrows. Muscles were not affected by phases/blocks maintain muscle activity along intervals by similar muscular demand. Cross-correlation between motor muscles showed that forearm muscles obtained inverse relationship between them. Other motor muscles were strong correlation between them. Postural muscles m. Lumbar Multifidus, m. Latissimus Dorsi, m. Upper Trapezius were strong correlation with all postural muscles. Motor and postural muscles showed that m. Triceps Brachii, m. Pectoralis Major Clavicular Head and m. Posterior Deltoid showed strong correlation with all postural muscles. In conclusion, muscle activity increases in anticipatory phase and muscle activity decrease after clicker fall. There are 3 ways to compare phases and blocks: affected by phases and 1) muscles affected/2) muscles unaffected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows and 3) muscles unaffected by phases and affected by all phase in the blocks of 6-arrows. Correlation in motor muscles showed that forearm muscles obtained inverse relationship between them. Postural muscles m. Lumbar Multifidus, m. Latissimus Dorsi, m. Upper Trapezius were strong correlation with all postural muscles. Motor and postural muscles showed that m. Triceps Brachii, m. Pectoralis Major Clavicular Head and m. Posterior Deltoid showed strong correlation with all postural muscles / O sistema nervoso central estabiliza o corpo na perturbação por meio de ajustes posturais antecipatórios e compensatórios para manter a postura estável. Os efeitos da perturbação na articulação são reduzidos pela ativação dos músculos agonistas e antagonistas do antebraço, os músculos permitem a consistência no tiro pela postura estável. Os estudos mostram a importância da postura no tiro, mas não se concentrarem nos ajustes posturais antecipatórios e compensatórios. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a atividade elétrica muscular de arqueiros durante o atirar uma flecha com o arco. Os participantes foram 10 arqueiros da Seleção Brasileira de Tiro com Arco. A eletromiografia captou a atividade elétrica muscular de 12 músculos. O acelerômetro no punho indicou o início do movimento. As fases temporais foram separadas entre 500 milissegundos pré e pós queda do clicker. O protocolo iniciou pela Contração Isométrica Voluntária Máxima dos músculos. Arqueiros lançaram 3 séries de 6 flechas no aquecimento. Arqueiros lançaram 12 séries de 6 flechas com intervalo de 20 minutos após a série 6. Análise de Variância One-way e o Tukey compararam as fases temporais. Análise de Variância One-way com medida repetidas comparou as fases temporais e os blocos de 6 flechas. Os resultados mostraram que todos os músculos (exceção do m. Multifido Lombar) aumentaram a demanda com a proximidade de soltura da flecha. Os músculos diminuem sua atividade pela redução da sua demanda na fase compensatória e de modulação. A comparação entre blocos de 6 flechas mostrou 3 formas do padrão temporal: 1) músculos afetados pelas fases e músculos afetado por todos/alguns fases nos blocos de 6 flechas, 2) músculos afetados pelas fases e músculos não afetados por todos/alguns fases nos blocos de 6 flechas e 3) músculos não afetados pelas fases e músculos afetados por todas as fases nos blocos de 6 flechas. Os músculos não afetados fases pelas fases/blocos mantem a atividade elétrica muscular ao longo dos intervalos pela sustentação da demanda muscular. Correlação cruzada entre os músculos motores mostrou que os músculos do antebraço obtiveram relação inversa entre eles. Outros músculos motores apresentaram alta correlação entre eles. Músculos posturais m. Multifido Lombar, m. Latíssimo do Dorso, m. Trapézio Superior apresentaram alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais. Músculos motores e posturais mostraram que m. Tríceps Braquial, m. Peitoral Maior Clavicular e m. Deltoide Posterior teve alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais. Em conclusão, a atividade elétrica muscular aumenta a demanda na fase antecipatória e diminui na após queda do clicker. Existem 3 caminhos na comparação das fases e os blocos de 6 flechas: afetado pela fase e 1) músculo afetado/2) músculo não afetado por todos/algumas fases nos blocos, 3) músculo não afetado pelas fases e afetado por todos as fases nos blocos. A correlação cruzada entre os músculos motores mostrou que os músculos do antebraço obteram relação inversa entre eles. Músculos posturais m. Multifido Lombar, m. Latissimo do Dorso, m. Trapézio Superior foram altamente correlacionados com todos músculos posturais. Músculos posturais e motores mostraram que m. Triceps Brachial, m. Petoral Maior Clavicular e m. Deltoide Posterior mostraram alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais

Archery can be described as a static sport requiring strength and endurance of the upper body, in particular the shoulder girdle (Mann, 1984 / Mann &amp / Littke, 1989). To get a good record in an archery competition, one requires well-balanced and highly reproducible movements during the shooting (Nishizono, 1987). The bowstring is released when audible impetus is received from a device called &ldquo / clicker&rdquo / . As the fall of the clicker is an acoustic stimulus, it may evoke a sequence of potentials that can be recorded from the scalp of an archer. Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) occur at different latencies and with various relations to the auditory stimuli. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the Long-latency Auditory Evoked Potentials in Recurve Archery. Research questions can be stated briefly as follows: (1) What kind of Brain Potentials are Evoked by the Event (Fall of Clicker) during Archery Shooting? (2) Is there any significant difference between the characteristics of the potentials measured in laboratory conditions and during archery shooting? (3) Is there any significant difference between the successful and unsuccessful shots in terms of Auditory Evoked Brain Potentials? (4) Does Archery Shooting session have any effect on Auditory Evoked Brain Potentials? The subjects of the present study were 10 non-archers (N=6 males / N=4 females) for control trials and 15 archers (N=9 males / N=6 females) for archery shooting experiments. All subjects reported normal hearing, had medical histories free of significant neurological problems, and were not taking medication known to affect brain activity. Six different control paradigms have been created. Archery shootings were performed from 18 m that is official competition distance with target face.AEBPs were recorded 200 ms before and 800 ms after the trigger (fall of the clicker) over the vertex during the shots of each subject. Paradigm 1 and 5 was conducted just before and after the archery shooting to test the effect of archery shooting on AEBPs. The hit-area is defined as the rectangle between (x1, y1), (x1, y2), (x2, y1), (x2, y2) and the miss-area is the outer part of the hit-area on the target face. The preliminary analysis has shown that fall of the clicker evokes long latency auditory brain potentials with the latency of 100 msec and 200 msec. These responses are called as N1-P2 components. The means and standard deviations of both N100 and P200 amplitudes were as follows: N100 = 27,73 &plusmn / 16,82, P200 = -21,89 &plusmn / 20,46. The latencies of given brain responses were also summarized as: N100 = 141,93 &plusmn / 41,46 / P200 = 211,8 &plusmn / 43,97. N1 amplitude was significantly different in archery shooting than that of control conditions (p&lt / 0.05) except for trial 3, N1 latency was significantly different than that of trial 2 &ndash / 5 (p&lt / 0.05). P2 amplitude is significantly different in archery shooting than that of trial 6 (p&lt / 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in terms of P2 latency between archery shooting and control conditions (p&gt / 0.05). There was no significant difference between successful and unsuccessful shots in terms of N1-P2 components (p&gt / 0.05). An archery shooting session did not create any difference between these components recorded before and after the shot (p&gt / 0.05). Having higher N1 amplitudes during archery shooting can be explained by the known multi-component structure of this wave. Different lobes and regions of the brain can be active during the time of the scalp-recorded N1 and simultaneous involvement of several of these areas may be contributing to the electrical field recorded at scalp in the archery shooting paradigm.

This paper examines the relationship between Herodotus’ ethnographic account of the Persians and his narrative of their actions in the Histories. The first chapter analyzes the placement of this ethnography within the historian’s description of the fall of Croesus and the rise of Cyrus and then examines the language that Herodotus uses to describe the Persian customs. The second chapter focuses more narrowly on the elements of the Persian trivium (truth telling, archery, and horsemanship) and analyzes the way in which the historian incorporates these themes into his narrative. Finally, the third chapter of the report examines how Herodotus integrates all three elements of the trivium into an extended logos, that of the revolt of the Persian nobles against the usurper Magi and the subsequent ascension of Darius. This analysis thereby demonstrates that the multifaceted relationship between the historian’s Persian ethnography and his narrative connects the Persians’ successes with their adherence to their customs. / text

Orientador: Maria Beatriz Rocha Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:59:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tojal_RobertaHelenaVieira_M.pdf: 171338976 bytes, checksum: fcbde3f4aeadad124fe5f4b55404128d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Figuras dos arqueiros em pinturas... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Figures of archers in paintings... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

Part importante de l’armement préhistorique pour les périodes récentes (quantitativement et qualitativement), l’archerie représente un objet d’étude riche en développements problématiques. A l’aube de l’introduction progressive de la métallurgie dans les usages techniques, il est intéressant de saisir le ou les processus de transferts mis en œuvre. Transition chronologique (Néolithique/Age du bronze), transition matérielle (types de pièces produites et types de matériaux employés) et transition comportementale sont ainsi envisagées pour parvenir à préciser le statut de cet armement dans les sociétés concernées. En nous basant sur la caractérisation de la panoplie de l’archer, sur l’identification des contextes de fabrication, sur la reconnaissance des champs fonctionnels (utilisations et usagers) et sur l’analyse archéo-balistique des vestiges de traumatismes par flèches dans le cadre de violences interhumaines, il en résulte un ensemble exhaustif qui renouvelle sensiblement la perception de cet armement dans le temps et dans les usages. / For recent prehistory, the archery represents one of the main components of weaponry and, for this reason, it is interesting to examine its impact on societies. At the dawn of the progressive introduction of the metal industry in the technical uses, understanding the process of transfer or implemented is of major interest. Transition time period (Neolithic / Bronze Age), material transition (types of parts produced and types of materials used) and behavioral transition are thus considered for specifying the weapons status in the concerned societies. Here based on the characterization of the archer display, the identification of manufacturing contexts, the recognition of functional fields (uses and users) and the analysis of archaeological remains of ballistic arrow trauma in interpersonal violence contexts, we propose a new recovery of this research field, improving significantly our knowledge and apprehension of these weapons in both time and uses.

Central nervous system stabilizes body in disturbance by means of anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments to maintain stable position. Disturbance effects in joint are reduced by activation of agonist and antagonist forearm muscles, the muscles allow consistency by steady posture during shot. Studies showed the importance of posture in the shot, but without focus on the anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments. The objective of this study was to analyze an electrical activity of archers during the shot an arrow with the bow. Participants consisted of 10 archers of the Brazilian National Team of archery. Electromyography captured electrical activity in 12 muscles. Accelerometer in handle indicated the beginning of the movement. Temporal pattern separated in 500 milliseconds pre and post clicker fall. Protocol started by Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction of 12 muscles. Archers release 3 blocks of 6-arrows in warm-up. Archers throw arrows for 12 blocks with 6-arrows with interval of 20 minutes after the block 6. One-way Analysis of Variance and Tukey Test compared temporal pattern. One-way Analysis of Variance with repeated measures compared temporal pattern and 6-arrows. Results showed that all muscles (except m. Lumbar Multifidus) increase in their demand with the proximity of the arrow release. The muscles decreased their activity due to reduced demand in compensatory and modulation phase. Comparison between 12 blocks of 6-arrows showed 3 ways of temporal pattern: 1) muscles affected by phases and muscles affected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows, 2) muscles affected by phases and muscles unaffected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows and 3) muscles unaffected by phases and muscles affected by all phases in the blocks of 6-arrows. Muscles were not affected by phases/blocks maintain muscle activity along intervals by similar muscular demand. Cross-correlation between motor muscles showed that forearm muscles obtained inverse relationship between them. Other motor muscles were strong correlation between them. Postural muscles m. Lumbar Multifidus, m. Latissimus Dorsi, m. Upper Trapezius were strong correlation with all postural muscles. Motor and postural muscles showed that m. Triceps Brachii, m. Pectoralis Major Clavicular Head and m. Posterior Deltoid showed strong correlation with all postural muscles. In conclusion, muscle activity increases in anticipatory phase and muscle activity decrease after clicker fall. There are 3 ways to compare phases and blocks: affected by phases and 1) muscles affected/2) muscles unaffected by all/any phases in the blocks of 6-arrows and 3) muscles unaffected by phases and affected by all phase in the blocks of 6-arrows. Correlation in motor muscles showed that forearm muscles obtained inverse relationship between them. Postural muscles m. Lumbar Multifidus, m. Latissimus Dorsi, m. Upper Trapezius were strong correlation with all postural muscles. Motor and postural muscles showed that m. Triceps Brachii, m. Pectoralis Major Clavicular Head and m. Posterior Deltoid showed strong correlation with all postural muscles / O sistema nervoso central estabiliza o corpo na perturbação por meio de ajustes posturais antecipatórios e compensatórios para manter a postura estável. Os efeitos da perturbação na articulação são reduzidos pela ativação dos músculos agonistas e antagonistas do antebraço, os músculos permitem a consistência no tiro pela postura estável. Os estudos mostram a importância da postura no tiro, mas não se concentrarem nos ajustes posturais antecipatórios e compensatórios. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a atividade elétrica muscular de arqueiros durante o atirar uma flecha com o arco. Os participantes foram 10 arqueiros da Seleção Brasileira de Tiro com Arco. A eletromiografia captou a atividade elétrica muscular de 12 músculos. O acelerômetro no punho indicou o início do movimento. As fases temporais foram separadas entre 500 milissegundos pré e pós queda do clicker. O protocolo iniciou pela Contração Isométrica Voluntária Máxima dos músculos. Arqueiros lançaram 3 séries de 6 flechas no aquecimento. Arqueiros lançaram 12 séries de 6 flechas com intervalo de 20 minutos após a série 6. Análise de Variância One-way e o Tukey compararam as fases temporais. Análise de Variância One-way com medida repetidas comparou as fases temporais e os blocos de 6 flechas. Os resultados mostraram que todos os músculos (exceção do m. Multifido Lombar) aumentaram a demanda com a proximidade de soltura da flecha. Os músculos diminuem sua atividade pela redução da sua demanda na fase compensatória e de modulação. A comparação entre blocos de 6 flechas mostrou 3 formas do padrão temporal: 1) músculos afetados pelas fases e músculos afetado por todos/alguns fases nos blocos de 6 flechas, 2) músculos afetados pelas fases e músculos não afetados por todos/alguns fases nos blocos de 6 flechas e 3) músculos não afetados pelas fases e músculos afetados por todas as fases nos blocos de 6 flechas. Os músculos não afetados fases pelas fases/blocos mantem a atividade elétrica muscular ao longo dos intervalos pela sustentação da demanda muscular. Correlação cruzada entre os músculos motores mostrou que os músculos do antebraço obtiveram relação inversa entre eles. Outros músculos motores apresentaram alta correlação entre eles. Músculos posturais m. Multifido Lombar, m. Latíssimo do Dorso, m. Trapézio Superior apresentaram alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais. Músculos motores e posturais mostraram que m. Tríceps Braquial, m. Peitoral Maior Clavicular e m. Deltoide Posterior teve alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais. Em conclusão, a atividade elétrica muscular aumenta a demanda na fase antecipatória e diminui na após queda do clicker. Existem 3 caminhos na comparação das fases e os blocos de 6 flechas: afetado pela fase e 1) músculo afetado/2) músculo não afetado por todos/algumas fases nos blocos, 3) músculo não afetado pelas fases e afetado por todos as fases nos blocos. A correlação cruzada entre os músculos motores mostrou que os músculos do antebraço obteram relação inversa entre eles. Músculos posturais m. Multifido Lombar, m. Latissimo do Dorso, m. Trapézio Superior foram altamente correlacionados com todos músculos posturais. Músculos posturais e motores mostraram que m. Triceps Brachial, m. Petoral Maior Clavicular e m. Deltoide Posterior mostraram alta correlação com todos os músculos posturais

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This thesis is a study in the application of kinematics coupled with elastic body mechanics. Most studies in kinematics assume all mechanism links to be inelastic. Furthermore, the methods of kinematic synthesis have generally been developed to meet requirements of displacement, velocity and acceleration. The work presented in this thesis differs in two important aspects. First, one grounded link of a four-bar linkage is replaced by a cantilevered beam in flexure to produce a force generating mechanism. Second, the synthesis method presented here allows the generation of these mechanisms in closed form for prescribed force generation. A compound archery bow that incorporates four-bar linkages has been developed as an example. This design relies on the non-linear mechanical advantage of the four-bar linkage and the bow mechanics to provide a resistance curve that is more compatible with the human strength curve. In addition, by modifying the bow kinematics, more potential energy can be stored, and thus potentially more kinetic energy can be transferred to the arrow than with previous bows. / Master of Science

In the 1780s the medieval weapon of war; the English longbow, enjoyed a renaissance, as historical archery became a fashionable recreation among the English aristocracy. Later, during 1819-1845, longbow archery developed into a mass movement, as it spread downwards in the English class system, into the bourgeoning middle class. During the entire time period of 1780-1845, the “English warbow” was instrumental in producing a specific English (i.e. not British) nationalistic memory culture regarding the medievalmilitary triumphs of the “English bowmen” in battles of old, against French and Scottish forces, as well as reproducing a nationalistic narrative surrounding the English national hero and master-archer Robin Hood. The English longbow, as an object, became a mani- festation of English nationalism. An important fact was that both men and women were included as archers, despite the masculine context of the memory culture surroundingmilitary archery, the celebration of medieval English battlefield victories and the man- liness of the English “bowmen”. How did England come to view the female archer as an ideal for English women, while at the same time publicly upholding a patriarchal doctrine of a feminine “private sphere” womanhood, whereby women should be constrained to the domestic space as housewives, mothers and daughters? How was the English inclusion of females in the nationalistic public sphere of longbow archery made possible, communica- ted and reproduced? In summary, this study is about how longbow archery was manife- sted in the context of the rise of English modern nationalism and how women were inclu- ded – or rather included themselves – as English longbow archers. As the study shows, the answers exists in an inter-relating web of English memory culture regarding warfare and historical archery; gender constructions and female agency; constructions of English national identity and English nationalism within a British context; and class developments in English society. This accounts for how the Amazon Archers of England came to exist from 1780-1845. / På 1780-talet fick det engelska medeltida krigsvapnet; den engelska långbågen, en ovän- tad och plötslig renässans i England, när historiskt bågskytte blev en hobby på modet inom den engelska aristokratin. Efter Napoleonkrigens slut 1815 utvecklades skyttet till enfolklig massrörelse, inom den växande och allt mer inflytelserika engelska medelklassen. Under tidsperioden 1780-1845 blev den engelska långbågen (The English longbow ellerThe English warbow) instrumentell i produktionen av en specifikt engelsk – det vill sägainte brittisk – nationalistisk minneskultur, utifrån de medeltida engelska bågskyttarnassegrar på slagfälten, i krig mot franska och skotska arméer. Parallellt förstärktes de natio- nalistiska narrativen kring den engelske nationalhjälten och långbågeskytten Robin Hood. Den engelska långbågen, som objekt, blev en manifestation av engelsk nationalism. En viktig del av den engelska långbågskytterörelsen var inkluderingen av både kvinnor och män, trots skyttets karaktär av maskulin krigiskhet och militärhistoria, angående medel- tida krigståg, där ”the English bowman” hade triumferat. Faktum är att den kvinnliga bågskytten hyllades som ett ideal för engelska kvinnor, samtidigt som patriarkal brittisk doktrin dikterade att kvinnor borde hålla sig innanför hemmets väggar, i den privata sfä-ren, medan den offentliga sfären (yrkeskarriär, politik, idrott, etc.) borde vara ett exklusivtmanligt utrymme. Kvinnor skulle vara fruar, mödrar eller döttrar – inte krigare. Hur vardessa bägge kvinnoideal möjliga att förena? I denna fråga återfinns denna studies kärna. Hur konstruerades engelsk krigshistorisk nationalism 1780-1845 kring den engelska långbågen? Hur inkluderades kvinnor i denna maskulina nationalism? Hur producerades, kommunicerades och reproducerades kvinnlig agens i en militärhistorisk nationalistiskdiskurs, som i andra europeiska länder (exempelvis Sverige) ansågs självklart exklusivtmanlig? Sammanfattningsvis visar denna studie hur den engelska långbågen blev central för den gryende engelska moderna nationalismen 1780-1845, och hur kvinnor inkluderades – eller snarare inkluderade sig själva – i denna nationalism, som långbågeskyttar. Studien visar att svaren på forskningsfrågorna återfinns i en sammanflätad väv av engelskminneskultur, angående historiska krig och bågskytte; genuskonstruktioner och kvinnlig agens; konstruktioner av engelsk nationell identitet och engelsk nationalism; samt engel- ska samhällsutvecklingar under introduktionen av modernitet och industrialism. Allt detta berättar historien om hur de engelska bågskytte-amazonerna–The Amazon Archers of England–blev en realitet 1780-1845.