Questa ricerca propone una sistematica analisi dell’architettura di età augustea e giulio-claudia in Asia Minore. Il lavoro ha tratto spunto dall’analisi della decorazione architettonica della Tomba Bella a Hierapolis di Frigia attribuita ad età giulio-claudia, un edificio funerario monumentale ubicato nella Necropoli Nord di Hierapolis. Lo studio di questo monumento ha suggerito la necessità di ampliare l’area di indagine alla città di Hierapolis e alle contigue regioni di Caria e Ionia per individuare lo sviluppo delle tradizioni architettoniche comuni. È stata realizzata una schedatura sistematica degli edifici di prima età imperiale riconosciuti in questi territori attraverso un data-base, che consentisse di archiviare e gestire tutte le informazioni raccolte. Questo ha permesso di proporre dapprima un inquadramento tipologico degli elementi architettonici, con l’individuazione di specifici tipi di cui è stata riconosciuta la genesi e la distribuzione, e successivamente un esame contestuale solo per quei monumenti di cui fossero noti contesti e materiali architettonici. In conclusione si sono descritte le modalità in cui la tradizione microasiatica preesistente e le influenze della tradizione decorativa occidentale fossero intervenute nel linguaggio architettonico di prima età imperiale e, laddove possibile, è stata affrontata anche la questione delle committenze e delle maestranze. / The aim of the research is to make a systematic study of the architectonical decoration in Augustan and Julio-Claudian Asia Minor. This project had its origins from the analysis of the architectonical decoration of “Tomba Bella” a Julio-Claudian funerary monument located in the North Necropolis of Hierapolis in Phrygia. The research was focused on the architectonical decorations of Hierapolis monuments of the Augustan and Julio-Claudian phase. The evidence suggested the need to investigate also the surrounding area of Caria and Ionia, in which recent research pointed out monuments of the early imperial period. All the published monuments of this period were catalogued, using an informatic system, to develop a typological description of the architectural elements; a contextual analysis of the main cities and related buildings was carried out, focusing on the well edited monuments and their architectural decorations. The concluding observation regard how previous styles have influenced the architectonical solutions in the Julio-Claudian age and their connection with Rome’s traditions, that spread over in Asia Minor during the Augustan period.

“[…]Landscape” means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors; […]Acknowledging that the landscape is an important part of the quality of life for people everywhere: in urban areas and in the countryside, in degraded areas as well as in areas of high quality, in areas recognised as being of outstanding beauty as well as everyday areas[…]”. The starting point of this research is the innovative definition of landscape, given by the “European Landscape Convention”, that draws the attention to the need of: - examining the territory as a spatial and temporal continuity; - considering the territory transformations as a value; - giving equal dignity to ruined territory, refusing the idea that only beautiful landscape deserve to be protected. Among the several and diverse European studies on infrastructure and landscape relation, the research focuses on marginal areas created by the infrastructure for mobility (road and highway) in the landscape. These areas are lacking a clearly defined function, they are not anymore part of the landscape, but they have not become part of the infrastructure. These areas are defined as infrastructural refuses. The attention is shifted from the design of the road and from the aesthetic of mobility to the new spaces created by the infrastructure in the landscape. Moreover, the research tries to analyze the infrastructural refuses only ex-post, when these spaces have already been created by the construction and use of a road, or theoretically created in-fieri by an infrastructure project that has overlooked these areas, forgetting to design them, or simply not taking into account their existence. The first part of the research is devoted to define the identity of the infrastructural refuse through the critical analysis of the main theories of the protagonists of the international debate supported by the identification of literature related to the topic. The infrastructural refuse is then described through analytical tools (morphology and perception) that show the effects of infrastructural transformation focussing mainly on mobility infrastructure transformation in Trentino Alto-Adige. The case study analyzed is the trunk road 12 on the stretch called Tangenziale di Trento, and more specifically the transformation caused by the junctions close to urban areas. The Tangenziale is a great artery of traffic that often cuts through the surrounding areas leading to real marginal areas. The research then proceeds to the definition of refuse as a value and tries to highlight its potential for transformation mainly by analyzing the strategy of recycling. Different types of re-use of infrastructural refuses are described: the artistic-temporary use, the daily spontaneous use by the population, and finally the illegal use. The research analyzes the mobility infrastructural refuses: outlining possible transformations, design, re-inventions; illustrating the unexpressed features of the places; re-drawing with different connotation signs that have lost their original meaning; eventually reaching the “operatività dello scarto”. Negative actions like abandon, refuse, waste can become occasions to re-shape and re-think the landscape. The results of the research show the possibility to re-think the infrastructural refuse spaces as a reserves of soil, suggest alternatives to the mentality of the compensation and mitigation, calling for the evolution of the protocols of mobility infrastructure design.

This research has started from some issues affecting the debate in progress on policies for landscape and confronts itself with the actuality of a review of some paradigms of interpretation that could substantiate the practice of landscape transformation. The main questions that will be addressed is what the ordinary contemporary landscape is, experimenting the perception as a tool at first of interpretation, therefore potentially operating, from the demands of the European Landscape Convention, according to which “Landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors†. Assuming the landscape perception as a means of expression of the relationship between society and territory, this study develops and tests a methodology for its comprehension, through kaleidoscopic visions which interpret the variety of the situated looks. By means of the methodology we aim to explore how a variety of people experience landscapes and – as a consequence - how they perceive them. The proposed approach refers to the landscape perception as a complex system in its multiple dimensions (physical/natural, symbolic/cultural, personal/ collective) that becomes significant as expression of a contemporary condition of living places. It begets a thinking material to understand values and themes, on which could be possible basing actions and policies for landscape. The Kaleidoscope, which is here proposed as device to represent perceived landscapes, derives from the sense of this research. Actually, the explicit reference to ordinary landscapes implies the awareness that the contemporary landscape can not be understood through a tale made of synthetic and mimetic/typological representations, but is expressed predominantly in ordinary contexts, whose not consolidated images neither shared attributions of meanings exist. The Kaleidoscope has set as a composition of diagrams and narratives, which are translated in looks type and themes for action, contributing to reify the problems the landscape poses as challenges to planning and the perception is offering to return. The research is substantiated by a long experimental stage, when - through an experience of understanding the perceived landscape in a valley place in Trentino - the themes tackled in the theoretical-critical part pit themselves strength the realm of a contemporary landscapes and the specificity of the ordinary ones, which more than others claim the experimentation of interpretative and operational tools. The experience has been set up as a cognitive practice, able to be consolidated and repeatable in the ordinary planning processes. It can therefore be understood as a paradigmatic experience of approach to contemporary landscape.

Over the last few years, academic research and international aid organizations have been underlining the important role that the small towns of Sub-Saharan Africa have in promoting development in the surrounding rural areas and in reversing the polarization trend of major urban centers. Nevertheless, defining the particular characteristics of these towns—which the majority of African population lives in or refers to—and analyzing the relevant transformations that they are experiencing are still unsolved issues. Moreover, until now, policies, programs and projects related to African urban development have focused mainly on major urban centers, while small towns have an almost complete lack of planning on how to accommodate people coming from the surrounding rural areas and how to provide them with services. The aim of the research is to define a conceptual and methodological framework to support the spatial planning activity of local administrators and technicians in Mozambique small towns. To reach the objective of a spatial planning process that results from the thorough comprehension of this particular typology of human settlement, the research was based mainly on the analysis of case studies: Caia and Sena, two vilas rurales situated in a rural district in central Mozambique along the Zambezi River. Together with literature review, a field research was conducted by the author in the district of Caia that consisted of the analysis of already existing data and documents, direct observation, interviews with institutional and non-institutional actors, and a household survey in Sena. Afterwards, a SWOT analysis was used as a tool to manage such a greatly varied amount of information. The research process allowed to identify the main features of the small towns, that are here denominated as “rural towns”, and to understand the major trends related to the “rur-urbanization” process. The rural town is defined as a hybrid settlement pattern in which persisting elements of the rural world melt together with emerging urban characteristics. Vilas rurales, in fact, are traditionally rural contexts characterized by a dominance of vernacular settlement patterns and architectures. The socio-economic and cultural features of the towns, as well as their physical structure, are rapidly changing as a consequence of the ongoing “modernization”. The risk is that a rapid and uncontrolled urbanization process could threaten the natural, economic and cultural bases of the small towns without adequately replacing them. Thereby, some suggestions follow on how spatial planning can contribute to the sustainable growth of the rural towns. The central idea that is proposed herein is to preserve the rural characteristics, which are widely present within the rural towns, and to integrate them with the emerging “urban” features. This strategy aims to support the subsistence activities adopted by the majority of the population and to outline a spatial planning process that responds to the specific characteristics of this typology of human settlement by culturally appropriate means. The thesis consists of three parts. The first part presents the results of the literature review. The origin of the debate on small and intermediate urban centers of Third World countries in the late 1970s is presented in Chapter 1 while Chapter 2 actualizes this debate, also in the light of major processes occurring at global level and affecting African small towns. Chapter 3 stresses the big gap in urbanization theory and practices related to small towns of Africa and focuses on their characteristic of being predominantly vernacular settlements in which a “deculturation” process” is taking place as a consequence of the imposition/adoption of western cultural models. The second part of the thesis presents the analysis of case studies. The research methodology is outlined in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5, Caia and Sena are contextualized within their macro-institutional and regional contexts. Then, an analysis of the rural towns is proposed at the local level. Chapter 6 offers a snapshot of the emerging lifestyles in Sena through the results of the household survey. The rur-urbanization process is described in Chapter 7, first by analysing the spatial evolution of Caia and Sena from a historical perspective and, then, by proposing four key topics that identify the main features of the rural towns and describe the major trends related to the rur-urbanization process. The third part of the research, Chapter 8, presents the conclusions. First of all a definition and an assessment of the rural town is offered. Moreover, a conceptual framework is presented that relates key topics, risks, planning principles and actions related to the spatial planning activity in the rural towns. Finally, a methodological framework is proposed that translates the conceptual framework into more operational terms by outlining a spatial planning process aimed at the rural towns.

La ricerca di dottorato si inserisce nel quadro delle attività della MAIER – Missione Archeologica Italiana a Hierapolis di Frigia (Pamukkale, Turchia) e nel filone degli studi di architettura antica relativi ai complessi edilizi dei centri microasiatici. Vengono analizzati, in particolare, alcuni edifici e materiali architettonici di ordine ionico emersi dalle recenti indagini di scavo, allo scopo di fornire una ricostruzione dei monumenti nella planimetria e negli alzati, ma anche delle loro funzioni e le destinazioni d’uso; parallelamente si è sviluppata l’analisi del linguaggio formale delle architetture, allo scopo sia di definire le cronologie degli edifici sia di inserirli nel più ampio fenomeno della decorazione architettonica microasiatica, rintracciandone gli eventuali modelli, anche in rapporto al complesso problema dell’attività delle maestranze, per fornire un quadro aggiornato delle modalità di impiego dell’ordine ionico a Hierapolis di Frigia nel corso dell’età imperiale. La ricerca ha affrontato i due complessi santuariali del centro cittadino: nel Santuario di Apollo vengono analizzati il Tempio C, una serie di eccezionali capitelli ionici con collarino decorato e un consistente gruppo di elementi architettonici riferibili ad un portico di temenos (di ordine corinzio); nel Ploutonion si sono indagati alcuni materiali riferibil invece ad un portico ionico, posto a coronamento del theatron rituale. / This doctoral research is part of the activities of MAIER – Italian Archaeological Mission in Hierapolis of Phrygia (Pamukkale, Turkey) and of the investigation field on the ancient architecture in Asia Minor. Some buildings and architectural blocks of Ionic order, recently discovered, are analyzed in order to achieve a reconstruction of the monuments, not only of the plan and elevation, but also of the ancient functions and use of the buildings. The stylistic analysis is also very important, to determine the chronology of the monuments and to relate the Ionic architecture of Hierapolis with the other urban centres in Asia Minor and their architectural tradition during the Imperial period. The dissertation is focused on both the sanctuaries of Hierapolis: in the Sanctuary of Apollo, the research analyzes the Temple C, a series of Ionic capitals with decorated hypotrachelion, and a group of architectural blocks from a (Corinthian) temenos portico; in the Ploutonion, the focus is on a series of blocks from an Ionic Stoa, related to the cultic theatre.

This PhD thesis provides design strategies to control changes produced in mountains places and landscapes following constructions of roads. Strategies are based on the activation of unexpressed potentialities in places, although compromised, characterized by presence of roads. With the term unexpressed potentialities we refer to functions, attitudes, uses which, during the process of road realization, have not found an appropriate design solution. Topic of the thesis is to demonstrate that these design gaps can be properly addressed by an architecture project, obtaining two results: create a link between places, landscapes and roads and consolidate the participation of architecture discipline in a field (roads production) in which, today in Italy, it is less integrated than others. Changes in mountain landscapes are characterized by morphology and orography of the territory crossed: the factor that most influences in this direction is the verticality of the space. This specificity is discussed in the thesis through the analysis of road segments, infrastructure nodes or other specific situations, divided according to the topography in which there are: high gradients, slope or bottom of valleys. Specific characteristics which correspond to the three different orographic situations are explained by an interpretative study of the cross section, highlighting the potentiality of the space related with its vertical dimension. Most study cases belong to the geographical area of Trentino Alto Adige, an Italian region characterized by mountain landscapes. Some study cases are taken from other Italian regions or known experiences of the international context. The proposed strategies are developed through study of architectural projects, joined by devices that interpret the vertical (overlapping, slope and difference in altitude) of the spaces, reproposable in cases of mountain road. All strategies can be applied at any step of road production, from concept to design to construction. In addition, and we assume that this is the most frequent case, can be applied ex post, when the road is built, intervening to change situations already in place.

Contemporary debate on the future of urban areas is open and far from finding a convergence point among disciplines. As environmental concerns rise globally and connections between urbanity and ecology are being developed, urban-rural fringes are still an overlooked territory. The thesis proposes a shift in the focus as traditional frameworks have proven to be inadequate to track land-use changes in these hybrid spaces. Starting from selected key concepts, a compelling narrative on hybrid urban-rural fringes is proposed. The thesis benefited from the work done within the Interreg Alpine Space project “Los_Dama!”. This allowed to bridge the gap between research and practice and to directly investigate local planning tools in their adoption process to understand the approach to urban-rural fringes and investigate the role of agriculture. The comparison of the tools and direct fieldwork with local stakeholders supported the understanding of barriers in the implementation of hybrid performative landscapes.

[ES] La tesis doctoral analiza las contaminaciones de la arquitectura que afloran al transformar los grandes contenedores multifuncionales o hasta los edificios complejos más recientes de menor tamaño que son el resultado de una hibridación entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructuras. Trámite la perspectiva de la dimensión hibrida, se va perfilando, en realidad, una evolución conceptual y productiva significativa. Con este enfoque de investigación, lo híbrido se concibe como un agente teórico que se desglosa primero como contenedor híbrido (objeto-arquitectónico), luego como hibridación (arquitectura-paisaje), y por último como ámbito híbrido (arquitectura-infraestructura). Así se establece un ámbito teórico con la capacidad de reconectar los elementos en un sistema y lograr renovar constantemente el significado. Es decir que, primero, las obras ponen de relieve un desacoplamiento entre contenido y contenedor, entre forma y función, en donde se detecta una espacialidad interior dilatada, un paisaje indoor definido por la envoltura estática, donde lo híbrido se manifiesta como una presencia intrínseca que representa el concepto de “ciudad en la ciudad”, un espacio centrípeto, que se proyecta por completo hacia el interior del volumen arquitectónico. Sucesivamente dicho desacoplamiento se encamina hacia una difuminación de los límites dentro de los que trabaja la arquitectura, llegan-do luego a definir una hibridación que actúa en el espacio intermedio, como presencia liminar que se concentra en el perímetro y en el borde, como ámbitos de acoplamiento entre arquitectura y paisaje: desde esta óptica el papel más significativo de la superficie conlleva una atenuación del vínculo volumétrico. Las delimitaciones reglamentarias, por consiguiente, se van difuminando, facilitadas por el empuje vital que ofrece el paisaje. En la tesis doctoral se recoge, además, otra brecha conceptual debida a la capacidad de los elementos de organizarse en un sistema que actúa en un ámbito con mayores posibilidades de acoplamiento trámite un rebasamiento que elimina los casos anteriores. El planteamiento arquitectónico se enmarca así en un ámbito de infraestructuras más amplio, un ámbito híbrido extendido que se caracteriza por una presencia extrínseca del híbrido. De esta forma se genera un espacio centrífugo que logra crear conexiones de gran alcance acoplando arquitectura e infraestructuras trámite orientaciones de intensidad e imágenes de la extensión. El rebasamiento representa una fase nueva en la que la arquitectura alcanza una conciencia identitaria nueva mediante una ampliación de sus atribuciones y de los instrumentos teóricos y operativos. La tesis doctoral profundiza en el ámbito de la metrópolis contemporánea que se caracteriza por el paulatino abandono de los modelos urbanos reconocibles, porque se abre y acoge las contradicciones, lo plural y lo heterogéneo. La difuminación de los límites tradicionales implica un replanteamiento de la ciudad concebida ahora como un sistema abierto que se transforma indefinidamente (Sennett, 2018). La incesante urbanización y la elevada densidad implican un cambio de los valores asignados al espacio tradicional de las ciudades que tienden a estructurar-se con formas mutantes, generando fragilidad dentro a la ciudad misma: bienvenida ¡cultura de la congestión! (Koolhaas, 2001). Se analiza el enriquecimiento del ámbito específico de la arquitectura que acoge la esencia de las otras disciplinas para lograr así una difuminación de la idea de producir objetos aislados, al incorporarlos dentro de un espacio más extenso de relaciones. Esta es la idea subyacente a la noción de antiobjeto elaborada por el arquitecto japonés Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), que propugna abandonar definitivamente el edificio como objeto arquitectónico y apunta en cambio a crear una red de interrelaciones e interconexiones con el entorno que lo rodea. La noción final de anti-objeto, a la que se refiere la tesis doctoral, marca el ápice de una estrategia de acciones que analizan la difuminación de la arquitectura identitaria tradicional y destacan el inicio de una relación nueva con el territorio y el paisaje. Por último, otra fase conceptual es la afirmación de la condición de ámbito híbrido (Allen 1999). Lo híbrido a este respecto opera anulando las jerarquías y facilitando los intercambios que se generan por la condición de libertad. Por su capacidad de desplazarse entre las diferentes disciplinas y las diferentes escalas, lo híbrido demuestra su fuerza transversal en términos de interescalaridad. El acoplamiento entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructura conlleva un potencial emancipador de los dogmas compositivos, un replanteamiento del enfoque proyectual desde su origen, es decir una revisión radical de sus elementos. Desde esta perspectiva nueva, la arquitectura se considera como un soporte y parrilla que puede ajustarse de modo flexible a los cambios. Una disciplina que no ofrece respuestas inflexibles y que actúa en una zona liminar entre ámbitos diferentes tratando de plasmar una actitud proyectual abierta que logre encarar los eventos imprevisibles y respaldar las transformaciones futuras. / [EN] The dissertation analyses architectural contaminations emerging from the development from large multifunctional containers to most recent smaller complex buildings, resulting from a hybridisation between architecture, landscape and infrastructure. Through the lens of the hybrid dimension, a significant conceptual and productive evolution emerges. In this perspective of study, the hybrid is interpreted as a theoretical operator and is developed as hybrid container (architecture-object) at first, then as Hybridisation (architecture-landscape), and finally as hybrid field (archi-tecture-infrastructure). Therefore, the theoretical scope is characterised by the systemic reconnection of elements and the constant creation of new meanings. In other words, at first the architectural works highlight the disconnection between content and container, shape and function, where internal space is extended, as in an indoor landscape defined by the static nature of the container and the hybrid is presented as an intrinsic presence representing the idea of a “city in a city”, a centripetal space, fully extended within the architectural volume. Subsequently, the afore mentioned disconnection moves towards the thinning of the boundaries in which architecture operates, to then de-fine a hybridisation operating on intermediate space as a liminal presence concentrating on the perimeter and the edge, as the reconnecting area of architecture and landscape. In this perspective, the enhanced role of the surface leads to reduced volume constraints. Disciplinary boundaries move towards their dissolution encouraged by the vital impulse provided by the landscape. The dissertation highlights also a further conceptual shift caused by the capacity of the elements to organise into a system, by acting in a freer field for reconnection through a trespassing which addresses the previous instances. Therefore, the architectural discourse expresses itself within a larger infrastructure scope, a hybrid expanded field characterised by the extrinsic presence of the hybrid. In this way, a centrifugal space, capable of large-scale connections, joining architecture and infrastructure through 13 intensity trajectories and shapes with different extensions, is created. The trespassing represents a new phase when architecture acquires renewed awareness of its identity through the extension of its attributions and its theoretical and operational tools. The focus area of the dissertation is the contemporary metropolis, charac-terised by the progressive abandonment of recognisable urban models, to embrace, contradictions, multiplicity and heterogeneity. The dissolution of traditional constraints leads to the rethinking of the city conceived now as an open system in constant transformation (Sennett, 2018), where constant urbanisation and its high density introduce a change in the values given to the traditional space of the city which tends to configurate in discontinuous forms, causing internal fragility for the city: welcome to the culture of congestion! (Koolhaas, 2001). The Enrichment of the scope of architecture is therefore explored as it welcomes the spirit of other disciplines, and by doing so reaches the dis-solution of the idea of the production of isolated objects, by reconnecting them into a larger space of relationships. This is the idea underlying the notion of anti-object, elaborated by the Japanese architect, Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), who wishes for the permanent abandonment of the build-ing as architectural objects and aims at creating a network of relationships and interconnections with the surroundings. The final notion of anti-ob-ject referred to in the dissertation, marks the apex of a strategy of actions exploring the dissolution of architecture in terms of traditional identity and marks the beginning of a renewed relationship with the territory and the landscape. A further conceptual shift is finally represented by the affirmation of the notion of Hybrid field (Allen 1999). In this case, the hybrid operates by nullifying hierarchies and favouring interchanges produced by a condition of freedom. Due to its ability to move between different disciplines and scales, the hybrid shows its transversal strength in terms of interscalarity. The reconnection between architecture, landscape and infrastructure carries with it a potential freedom from the compositional dogmas, and the rethinking of the projectual approach starting from its origin, that is a radical revision of its elements. In this new perspective, architecture is seen as a support and a palimpsest able to address changes in a flexible manner. A discipline that doesn’t provide fixed answers but operates at the border between different areas and tries to build an open projectual attitude capable of facing up to unpredictable events and supporting future transformations. / [IT] La dissertazione analizza le contaminazioni dell’architettura che emergono nella trasformazione dai grandi contenitori multifunzionali fino ai più recenti edifici complessi di minori dimensioni e che sono il frutto di una ibridazione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura. Attraverso la lente della dimensione ibrida, infatti, emerge una significativa evoluzione concettuale e produttiva. In questa prospettiva di studio, l’ibrido viene letto come un operatore teorico e si declina prima come contenitore ibrido (oggetto-architettonico), poi come ibridazione (architettura-paesaggio), infine come campo ibrido (architettura-infrastruttura). Si afferma così un ambito teorico caratterizzato dalla capacità di riconnettere a sistema gli elementi e approdare a significati costantemente rinnovati.In altri termini, dapprima le opere evidenziano una disgiunzione tra contenuto e contenitore, tra forma e funzione, in cui si rileva una spazialità interna dilatata, un paesaggio indoor fissato dalla staticità dell’involucro, dove l’ibrido si manifesta come una presenza intrinseca rappresentativa di un’idea di “città nella città”, uno spazio centripeto, tutto proiettato all’interno del volume architettonico. Successivamente detta disgiunzione si orienta verso un assottigliamento dei confini entro i quali opera l’architettura, giungendo poi a definire un’ibridazione che agisce sullo spazio intermedio, come presenza liminare che si concentra sul perimetro e sul bordo, quale ambito di ricongiunzione tra architettura e paesaggio: in questa prospettiva il ruolo più significativo della superficie porta a un affievolimento del vincolo volumetrico. Le perimetrazioni disciplinari si avviano dunque a una dissoluzione, favorita dallo slancio vitale offerto dal paesaggio.La dissertazione coglie infine un ulteriore scarto concettuale, determinato dalla capacità degli elementi di organizzarsi a sistema agendo in un campo più libero di riconnessione tramite uno sconfinamento che riassorbe le istanze precedenti. Il discorso architettonico si esprime così in un ambito di infrastrutturazione più ampio, un campo ibrido espanso caratterizzato da una presenza estrinseca dell’ibrido. In questo modo si genera uno spazio centrifugo in grado di compiere connessioni ad ampio respiro con un congiungimento tra architettura e infrastruttura attraverso direttrici di intensità e figure dell’estensione. Lo sconfinamento rappresenta una nuova fase in cui l’architettura acquisisce una rinnovata consapevolezza identitaria mediante una dilatazione delle sue attribuzioni e degli strumenti teorici ed operativi. Ambito di approfondimento della dissertazione è la metropoli contemporanea, connotata dal progressivo abbandono di modelli urbani riconoscibili, per aprirsi ad accogliere le contraddizioni, il molteplice e l’eterogeneo. La dissoluzione dei limiti tradizionali porta a un ripensamento della città vista ora come sistema aperto e in continua trasformazione (Sennett, 2018), in cui l’incessante inurbamento e l’elevata densità introducono un cambio dei valori attribuiti allo spazio urbano tradizionale che tende a configurarsi in forme discontinue, generando una fragilità interna alla città stessa: benvenuta cultura della congestione! (Koolhaas, 2001). Si esplora dunque un arricchimento del campo stesso dell’architettura che accoglie lo spirito delle altre discipline e così facendo giunge a una dissoluzione dell’idea di una produzione per oggetti isolati, reinserendoli all’interno di uno spazio più ampio di relazioni. Questa è l’idea alla base della nozione di anti-oggetto elaborata dall’architetto giapponese Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), che auspica il definitivo abbandono dell’edificio come oggetto architettonico e mira invece a intrecciare una rete di interrelazioni e interconnessioni con l’intorno circostante. La nozione finale di anti-oggetto, cui la dissertazione fa riferimento, segna l’apice di una strategia di azioni che esplorano la dissoluzione dell’architettura in termini identitari tradizionali e segnano l’avvio di un ritrovato rapporto con il territorio e il paesaggio. Un ulteriore passaggio concettuale è infine rappresentato dall’affermazione della condizione di campo ibrido (Allen 1999). L’ibrido a questo punto opera annullando le gerarchie favorendo interscambi generati da una condizione di libertà. Per questa sua capacità di muoversi tra le diverse discipline e alle diverse scale, l’ibrido mostra la sua forza trasversale in termini di inter-scalarità. La ricongiunzione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura porta con sé un potenziale liberatorio dai dogmi compositivi, un ripensamento dell’approccio progettuale partendo all’origine, ossia una radicale revisione dei suoi elementi. In questa nuova ottica, l’architettura viene vista quale supporto e palinsesto in grado di rispondere in modo flessibile ai cambiamenti. Una disciplina che non fornisce risposte rigide ma si muove su un terreno liminare tra ambiti differenti e cerca di costruire un atteggiamento progettuale aperto che possa fronteggiare gli eventi imprevedibili e supportare future trasformazioni. / Gironi, R. (2021). Gulliver en busca de Liliput. La dimensión híbrida de la Arquitectura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/170334 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

Il arrive que l’architecture soit critiquée pour les usages qu’elle a « produits » ou ceux qu’elle a « interdits » (un certain désaveu des grands ensembles en est symptomatique). Parfois, la critique porte justement sur le décalage entre l’intention d’origine et l’effet réellement produit (les grands ensembles étaient à l’époque pétris d’humanisme). Mais la connaissance de cette intention fait défaut, et engage donc à un travail de recherche.Les théories de la conception ont pour objet une certaine intelligibilité de la conception. Mais il semble que l’activité de conception explicitée par ces théories, se concentre essentiellement sur l’artefact architectural pris dans ses dimensions tangibles et matérielles. S’intéressant au contraire à la « réception » imaginée par l’architecte, la question se pose de savoir si nous sommes en mesure de connaître la conception de modes de vie, l’invention d’usages et d’expériences… L’ancrage dans les sciences de la conception nous engage à nous détacher d’approches telles que celle de la sociologie des usages, puisque nous nous intéressons à des récepteurs qui n’existent pas encore et ne sont que représentés ou anticipés. Le concept de « conception de la réception » construit dans ce travail signifie cette appropriation de la réalité de la réception par la cognition des concepteurs. En effet, le phénomène dont l’explicitation est visée est un processus de pensée, une capacité mentale.Ce travail définit deux corpus imbriqués. D’une part l’architecturologie qui constitue un cas de théorie de la conception dont il est possible de faire l’étude épistémologique critique. D’autre part, les projets de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas pour le parc de La Villette en 1982 qui constituent des cas de processus de conception et un terrain d’application pour une étude architecturologique.— L’architecturologie est choisie comme cas de théorie de la conception pour les raisons qu’elle prend en compte la spécificité de l’architecture et qu’elle est caractérisée par une construction formelle, un potentiel de généralisation et une forte capacité modélisatrice. Elle constitue ainsi un terrain d’étude privilégié pour étudier la capacité d’une théorie à énoncer quelque chose de la « conception de la réception » architecturale. Toutefois, la méthode, construite d’une manière générique, est à même d’étudier d’autres théories de la conception.— Les parcs de la Villette de Bernard Tschumi et de Rem Koolhaas s’offrent comme une matière pertinente à l’étude, parce qu’ils proposent tout deux des usages particulièrement singuliers et répondent à un programme d’innovation sociétale.Le dispositif expérimental consiste alors à observer la théorie en la mettant en action sur ces cas de conception particuliers. La modélisation résultante permet d’évaluer la capacité de la théorie à décrire la « conception de la réception ». Le résultat de cette mise à l’épreuve ouvre ensuite à un travail de consolidation théorique. / Architecture happens to be criticized for the uses it « produced » or it « forbid » (the general disapproval of the French « Grands ensembles » being one typical case). Sometimes the critic focuses fittingly on the gap between original intentions and the real effect (the « Grands Ensembles » were at their time supported by a humanistic enthusiasm). But the knowledge of such an intention is lacking and compels to lead this research.Design theories aim a certain intelligibility of the design process. However, it appears that the design explained by those theories is the one that designs the architectural artifact in its tangible and material aspects. But, taking interest in the “reception” of that artifact, the question to ask is whether we are able to know the design of ways of life, the inventions of uses and experiences… The frame of design sciences (H. A. Simon) imply to withdraw from approaches like usage studies and sociological points of view, since we focus on users that do not exist yet but are represented or anticipated. The concept of “conception of the reception” elaborated in this work means this uptake of the reality of the reception by designers’ cognition. Indeed, the phenomenon we aim to elucidate is a thinking process, a mind ability.This work defines two nested researches’ bodies: one being the French theory, “architecturology” (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois), a case of a design theory which will be epistemologically and critically analyzed; the other one, the projects of Bernard Tschumi and Rem Koolhaas at for the La Villette park comptetition in 1982 which are cases of design processes. These design cases are the field where an architecturological study is applied.— The reason why architecturology is chosen, is that it takes the specificity of architecture into account, and that it is characterized by a formal construction, a generalization potential and a strong modelling capacity. Therefor it is taken as an advantageous field to study the capacity of a theory to state something about the architectural “conception of the reception”. Whatever, the methods is built in a generic way and could study other theories.— The park of La Villette projects are relevant to study as they both suggested particularly unexpected usages and met a social innovation program.The experimental device consists then in observing the theory by putting it in action on particular study cases. The modelling result of it allows evaluating the capacity of a theory to describe the “conception of the reception”. The result of this theoretical probation may open afterwards to a theoretical consolidation work. / A volte l'architettura viene criticata per gli usi che ha "prodotto" o per quelli che ha "proibito" (un certo disconoscimento dei "grands ensembles" del dopo guerra francese è sintomatico). La critica riguarda spesso il divario tra l'intenzione originale e l'effetto realmente prodotto (i "grands ensembles" erano considerati all'epoca carichi di valori umanisti). La conoscenza diquesta intenzione è carente e richiede un lavoro di ricerca.Le teorie del design hanno lo scopo di fornire una certa intelligibilità del design stesso. Sembra però che l'attività progettuale spiegata da queste teorie si concentri essenzialmente sul prodotto architettonico nelle sue dimensioni tangibili e materiali. Quando invece ci si interessa alla Ŗricezioneŗ, è legittimo chiedersi se siamo in grado di conoscere la concezione degli stili di vita, l'invenzione degli usi e delle esperienze.... Il radicamento nelle scienze della progettazione (H. A. Simon) ci impone di distaccarci da approcci come la sociologia degli usi, poiché ci interessiamo a dei riceventi (o destinatari) che non esistono ancora e sono solo rappresentati o suggeriti. La nozione di "design della ricezione", elaborata in questo lavoro di ricerca, mette in luce la capacità dei progettisti di pensare la ricezione prima che accade. Il fenomeno che si cerca di spiegare è un processo del pensiero, una capacità mentale.Questo lavoro identifica due corpus intrecciati: da un lato, l' "architetturologia" (cf. Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C. Lecourtois), un caso di teoria del design, di cui è possibile condurre uno studio epistemologico critico. Dall'altro, i progetti di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas per il parco della Villette del 1982, inquanto esempi del processo di progettazione.Questi due esempi costituiscono un campo di applicazione per un'indagine architetturologica.- La scelta dell'architetturologia come esempio di teoria del design è motivata dal fatto che essa tiene conto delle specificità dell'architettura ed è caratterizzata da una costruzione formale, un potenziale di generalizzazione e una forte capacità di modellizzazione. Per queste caratteristiche essa ci offre la possibilità di studiare come una teoria possa esprimersi inmateria di "concezione architettonica della ricezione". Inoltre il metodo ha valore generale, tanto da permattere di analizzare altre teorie del design.- I parchi de La Villette di Bernard Tschumi e Rem Koolhaas sono rilevanti per lo studio poiché entrambi propongono funzioni singolari e rispondono a un programma di innovazione sociale.Il piano sperimentale consiste quindi nell'osservare la teoria, applicandola a dei casi particolari. Il modello che ne risulta viene utilizzata per valutare la capacità della teoria di descrivere il "design della ricezione". Il risultato di questo test apre quindi la strada a un lavoro di consolidamento teorico. / Manchmal wird die Architektur für die Nutzungen kritisiert, die sie "produziert" oder "verboten" hat (eine gewisse Geringschätzung der "grands ensembles" der französischen Nachkriegszeit ist dafür symptomatisch). Manchmal geht es bei der Kritik gerade um die Kluft zwischen der ursprünglichen Absicht und der tatsächlich erzeugten Wirkung (die"grands ensembles" waren damals vom Humanismus inspiriert). Aber eine tiefere Erkenntnis dieser Zielsetzung fehlt und erfordert daher Forschungsarbeit.Gestaltungstheorien zielen darauf ab, eine gewisse Verständlichkeit des Entwurfprozess zu vermitteln. Aber es scheint, dass sich die durch diese Theorien erklärte Entwurfstätigkeit im Wesentlichen auf das architektonische Objekt in seinen konkreten und materiellen Dimensionen konzentriert. Wenn wir uns dagegen für die "Rezeption" interessieren, stellt sichdie Frage, ob wir den Entwurf von Lebensstilen sowie zukünftige Nutzungs - und Erfahrungsausgestaltungen erkennen können.... Die Verankerung in den Wwissenschaften vom Entwerfen (H. A. Simon) verpflichtet uns, uns von Ansätzen wie der Soziologie der Nutzungen zu lösen, da wir uns für Rezipienten interessieren, die noch nicht existieren und nur vorgestellt oder antizipiert werden. Das in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Konzept des "Entwurfs der Rezeption" bedeutet, dass sich die Architekten kognitiv die Realität der Rezeption zu eigen machen. In der Tat ist das Phänomen, das hier beleuchtet werden soll, ein Denkprozess, eine geistige Fähigkeit.Diese Arbeit definiert daher zwei miteinander verflochtene Korpusse: Einerseits ist die ŖArchitekturologieŗ (Ph. Boudon, Ph. Deshayes, C.Lecourtois) ein Fall der Gestaltungstheorie, die man einer kritischen epistemologischen Studie unterziehen kann. Andererseits sind Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaas' Projekte für den Park von La Villette aus dem Jahr 1982 Beispiele für Entwurfsprozesse. Diese Entwurfsbeispiele sind ein Anwendungsgebiet für eine « Architekturologie-Studie ».- Die « Architekturologie » wird als Fallstudie in der Gestaltungstheorie gewählt, weil sie die Spezifität der Architektur berücksichtigt und sich durch eine formale Konstruktion, ein Verallgemeinerungspotential und eine starke Modellierungsfähigkeit auszeichnet. Sie stellt deshalb einen besonders geeigneten Studiengegenstand dar, um zu untersuchen, inwieweit eine Theorie in der Lage ist, etwas von dem architekturalen "Entwurf der Rezeption" zu vermitteln. Allerdings ist die Methode auf eine so allgemeine Weise konstruiert, dass man auch andere Gestaltungstheorien damit untersuchen kann. - Bernard Tschumis und Rem Koolhaasř Entwürfe für den Park von La Villette sind für die Studie relevant, da sie beide besonders originelle Nutzungsmöglichkeiten bieten und einem gesellschaftlichen Innovationsauftrag Rechnung tragen.Das experimentelle Design besteht dann darin, die Theorie zu beobachten, indem es sie auf bestimmte Entwurfsbeispiele anwendet. Die daraus resultierende Modellierung ermöglicht es zu beurteilen, inwieweit die Theorie den "Entwurf der Rezeption" beschreiben kann. Das Ergebnis dieser Prüfung öffnet dann den Weg zu einer theoretischen Konsolidierungsarbeit.