This thesis examines the significance of the study of art, specifically discipline-based art education, for behaviorally disordered public school students. A brief description of the distinctions between art education and art therapy is given and appropriate terms are defined. A discussion of the labels that constitute behavioral disorders and the general educational needs of that population is included. General benefits of art instruction for behaviorally disordered (BD) students are explored with the intention of demonstrating how a discipline-based art program can specifically enhance those benefits. A sample discipline-based drawing lesson adapted for behaviorally disordered students follows.

The story of the collaboration between the psychoanalyst Dr Grace Pailthorpe and the artist Reuben Mednikoff is indeed an extraordinary one. The aim of this thesis is to throw light upon their joint research project between 1935, when they first met, and 1940, when they were expelled from the British Surrealist group with which they had been closely involved since its official launch in 1936. The project that Pailthorpe and Mednikoff plunged into just days after they first met in February 1935 focused on how art could be used as a way of curing mental problems. Paintings and drawings produced ‘automatically’ were used as a means to bring memories to a conscious level. Many personal tensions, obsessions and fears that had lain dormant and repressed were released and detailed commentaries and explanations followed every work they produced in order for the exercise to be fully therapeutic. The aim was to externalise the unconscious and reintegrate it with the conscious. Despite the fact that Pailthorpe’s work was hailed as ‘the best and most truly Surrealist’ by the leader of the Surrealist movement, André Breton, at the 1936 International Surrealist exhibition in London, which brought the movement to Britain, the couple were expelled from the British Surrealist group just four years later and moved to America into relative obscurity. After their deaths, Pailthorpe and Mednikoff’s drawings and paintings were dispersed and their commentaries never read. My thesis provides biographies of Pailthorpe and Mednikoff before they met. It analyses the work they made together, discussing the impact on their thinking not only of Surrealism but also of psychoanalytic theory, notably the work of Melanie Klein. Apart from this, the thesis also reintegrates the couple into the history of Surrealism in England.

Most current grief programs support the children and/or parents of bereaved families rather than the family as a whole. This exploratory study was a quantitative and qualitative investigation of the use of expressive arts therapy with bereaved families during a weekend camp experience and a series of followup sessions. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of using expressive arts activities in improving the functioning of the bereaved family as a whole as well as individual family members. Participants included eight families who lost a child to a chronic illness between 2 to 36 months months prior to the onset of the study. Children ranged in age from 3 to15, and parents ranged in age from 26 to 66, for a total of 27 participants. The Child Life Department at Children's Medical Center of Dallas, a division of The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas recruited the families. Participants received flyers and invitational letters and registered through the mail. Families attended a weekend camp where they experienced a wide variety of expressive arts activities in a combination of group formats: multi-family groups, parents' group, developmental age groups for children, total childrens' group, individual family group, mothers' group, and fathers' group. The research design was a pretest/posttest quasi-experimental control group design, but a control group could not be established. Therefore, one-tailed t-tests were used to compare participant functioning between the beginning and end of the study. Instruments used in this study included the Family Environment Scale, the Behavior Assessment System for Children the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, the researcher used qualitative analysis to assess contents of family members' and counseling staff's journals, expressive arts products, and family members' evaluations. Results of this exploratory study indicated some improvements in children's, parents' and total family functioning. Expressive arts therapy shows promise in effecting constructive change in bereaved families and is deserving of further research.

This thesis discusses the intersections of exposure therapy and art therapy in the works and careers of Deborah Orloff, Tracey Emin, and Louise Bourgeois, as well as in my own work. Artists use their practice as a form of mental healing, subconsciously utilizing essential theories of exposure and art therapies.

En matière d’art-thérapies, si la littérature permet de relever les effets positifs de la pratique du théâtre en thérapie, elle reste peu référencée à une psychopathologie spécifique et/ou à des indications susceptibles de démontrer la relation supposée entre théâtre, psychologie et effets cathartiques. La médiation théâtrale a pourtant la particularité d’amener à un travail conjoint avec le corps, la voix, l’expression du regard et de l’émotion, référée à une palette de techniques éprouvées, à même de conduire à la construction de dispositifs spécifiques adoptés à tels ou tels symptômes et/ou pathologies. Dans ce contexte, un dispositif spécifique a été développé avec 30 personnes hospitalisées pour troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA). Celui-ci s’étaye principalement sur le livre de Nathalie Sarraute Enfance ainsi que sur les techniques du travail de l’acteur. Une évaluation des représentations et des processus a été réalisée en procédure test/re-test avec une grille d’observation théâtrale et clinique. Les résultats permettent de voir, sur le plan artistique, clinique et statistique, que pour l’ensemble de ces personnes le théâtre aide à la construction et à l’affirmation de l’image de soi. Par ailleurs, il leur permet de ressentir, percevoir, de reconnaître et exprimer leurs émotions et de développer ainsi des stratégies de coping théâtral. Globalement, il se produit une certaine interpénétration : si le théâtre est une médiation pertinente pour les personnes TCA, elles apportent de leur côté une monstration symbolisante singulière et enrichissante aux différents dispositifs théâtraux. L’important est de créer, ou recréer, dans un aller-retour, le passage du corps au je(u) et du je(u) au corps par le biais de la catharsis, tant psychologique qu’esthétique et théâtrale des deux côtés de la scène. In fine, la catharsis apparaît comme le processus fondamental réunissant thérapies médiatisées et théâtre dans une démarche novatrice. / In art-therapy, although literature can raise the positive effects of Theatre practice in therapy, it is little referenced to a specific psychopathology and/ or indications which may demonstrate the hypothesised relationship between Theatre, psychology and cathartic effects. However, theatrical mediation is unique in that it joins together work with body, voice, gaze and emotional expression, referring to a range of proven techniques, and allowing the construction of specific devices adapted to such and such symptoms and/ or pathologies. In this context, a specific device was developed with 30 people hospitalised for eating disorders (ED). It is based mainly on the book “Childhood” by Nathalie Sarraute, and on the technical work of the Actor. An assessment of the shows and processes was conducted by following a test/ re-test procedure, with an observation grid including both theatrical and clinical aspects. The results allow us to see that for all involved, Theatre helps artistically, clinically and statistically in the construction and affirmation of self-image. Moreover, it allows them to feel, perceive, recognise and express their emotions and develop theatrical coping strategies.Overall, there is some inter-penetration: if Theatre is a mediation relevant to people with ED, they bring their own particularly symbolising and uniquely enriching monstration to said various theatrical devices. The key is to create, or recreate through an exchange, the journey between body and JE(u) (I/play) and JE(u) (I/play) to the body through psychological, aesthetical and theatrical catharsis on both sides of the stage. In fine, catharsis appears as the fundamental process uniting mediated therapies and Theatre in an innovative approach.

Ce travail de recherche s’intéresse au potentiel thérapeutique de la lecture et vise à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du dispositif littéraire, notamment dans son interaction avec le lecteur. En nous appuyant sur la théorie des mondes parallèles, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’œuvre littéraire induit une simulation de la vie psychique du lecteur. Par le biais du canal sémiotique qu’est le texte et selon des dispositifs de représentation, le lecteur ressaisit le sens des mots et s’approprie le récit. En tant qu’expérience esthétique, la lecture littéraire fait appel au vécu du lecteur et engage ses émotions autrement que tout autre type de discours. Le geste de la lecture sous-entend déjà une certaine subjectivité du lecteur et nous pouvons donc, dès lors que nous nous intéressons de plus près à l’interaction entre texte et lecteur, concevoir une utilisation thérapeutique de la littérature. En proposant l’œuvre littéraire comme support de développement psychique, nous avons conçu, animé et évalué un atelier thérapeutique de lecture et d’écriture dans trois structures en santé mentale, à Toulouse et à Montréal. Destiné à un public souffrant de psychose, cet atelier s’appuie sur les principes de l’art-thérapie et vient concrétiser l’aspect (re)constructeur de la lecture littéraire inscrite dans notre réflexion théorique. Nos observations, d’une part, interrogent la perspective théorique littéraire, la fonction attribuée à l’œuvre et l’activité du lecteur et, d’autre part, débouchent sur des propositions thérapeutiques pour un atelier de lecture et d’écriture en milieu psychiatrique. / This research is interested in the therapeutic potential of literary reading and looks for a better understanding of the literary device, particularly in its interaction with the reader. Basing our work on fictional worlds theory, we make the hypothesis that literary work induces a simulation of the reader’s psychic life. Using the semiotic channel of the text and according to representation devices, the reader seizes the words’ sense and adapts the story for himself. As an aesthetic experience, literary reading calls for the reader’s past experiences and engages his emotions in a different way than any other type of discourse. The gesture of reading already implies a certain subjectivity for the reader and we can therefore, as we take a closer interest to text-reader interaction, imagine a therapeutic use of literature. Proposing literary work as a support for psychic development, we have designed, ran and evaluated therapeutic reading and writing sessions in three mental health infrastructures, in Toulouse and Montreal. Destined to a psychotic audience, these reading sessions are based on art therapy principles and concretize the (re)constructive aspect of literary reading within our theoritical reflection. On one hand, our observations challenge the literary studies perspective, the function of the literary work and the activity of the reader and, on the other hand, they lead on therapeutic propositions for reading and writing sessions in a psychiatric context.

D.Litt. et Phil. / The negative psychological effect of rape on survivors has been extensively researched, with most studies emphasising rape-related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Interventions described in the current literature mainly aim at measuring and reducing symptoms, and restoring functioning in rape survivors. Group art therapy has been used with adult and adolescent survivors of incest with encouraging results, but little research has been published regarding its use with rape survivors. My intention in the current study is to examine the utility of a group art therapy intervention with adult female rape survivors in a South African context. I selected a postmodern feminist theoretical basis for the study, and examined the societal discourses that promote women’s disadvantaged status and high levels of rape in South Africa. I used qualitative methods to analyse the art works, journals and transcripts produced by three participants during seven weekly group art therapy sessions. I used postmodern feminist research methods, such as participant observation, reflexivity, and concepts such as situatedness, bodiliness, relatedness and plurality of explanations to assess the women’s lived experience of rape, their recovery from it, and the intervention itself. The current study proposes that analysing the data reveals metaphors, symbols and meanings that represent the lived experience of the women participants in the group art therapy intervention. I used a grounded theory approach to data analysis, as well as methods from content analysis, visual anthropology, iconography, social semiotics and visual cultural studies in order to assist with triangulation of the visual and verbal data. The data was voluminous and rich, and fourteen strands of meaning emerged from the data, consisting of vivid metaphors, visual and verbal symbolic language, and insights into the challenges and victories of each of the participants. I gathered these strands under two overarching themes: one of themes related to the rape, and the other related to the group art therapy experience. I conclude that group art therapy was useful to the participants, and that the data analysis gave considerable insight into the individual nature of recovery from rape, such as coping mechanisms, influence of personality on recovery, the dialectical nature of recovery and the difficulty of recovering from a trauma that affects every area of functioning. The current study provides a structured format for clinicians interested in group art therapy, and I have provided suggestions for those who wish to replicate the intervention. My findings propose that the intervention was a powerful therapeutic tool for the participants, and that it provides a structured short-term group outline for use with the vast numbers of rape survivors in South Africa.

Introductions: The aim of the study is to investigate art therapists’ experiences of what is working in the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders.  Issues: What interventions art therapists use in clinical work with patients with psychotic disorders? How is the art therapeutic method significance for the psychotherapeutic treatment?  Method: The study is based on semistructured interviews with five art therapists with experience of treatment with patients in psychotic disorders. The interviews were recorded and then processed using thematic analysis. Result: The result describes five art therapists' experiences of what characterizes the treatment with patients in psychotic disorders. Two main themes emerged in the study with three respectively four subtopic. The interventions applied by the art therapist´s own involvement in the artcreations, it´s supportive interventions ant it´s proposed themes. The other theme is important factors in the treatment; such as visualizing and processing the patients inner experiences, it´s path to verbalization, it´s aid in reality orientation and reliefing effect from psychotic suffering. Discussion: The result is discussed based on the art therapists’ experiences of what is active in the work with patients in psychotic disorders. Interventions and important factors are discussed in relation to different theoretical frameworks of reference. Thoughts on the method are addressed, and that more research is required in the art therapeutic field to consolidate the importance of the method in treatment of patients in psychotic disorders, not least based on requirements for evidence.

O Transtorno Depressivo Maior (TDM) está entre as síndromes psiquiátricas que mais atingem a população em geral. A prevalência da depressão durante a vida é de 7 a 12% para homens e 20 a 25% para mulheres, independente de raça, educação, estado civil ou renda. Entre os idosos a prevalência é de aproximadamente 5%. Além do tratamento medicamentoso, as psicoterapias têm um papel importante durante a fase aguda e na fase de remissão. A Arteterapia é uma abordagem terapêutica primordialmente não verbal, e tem sido utilizada em diversos contextos, mas há carência de estudos quantitativos que comprovem sua eficácia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia da Arteterapia para uma população de mulheres idosas com diagnóstico de TDM, segundo o DSM - 5 = Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística dos Transtornos Mentais - 5º versão, medicadas. Participaram do estudo 66 idosas com diagnóstico de TDM em tratamento medicamentoso, sem mudança medicamentosa durante o estudo e intactas no ponto de vista da cognição. Essas idosas foram alocadas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 33 constituíram o Grupo Experimental (GE), que constou de 20 oficinas de Arteterapia com duração de noventa minutos, semanalmente, e 33 participaram do Grupo Controle (GC) o qual não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Ambos os grupos foram avaliados com as mesmas escalas no início e após 20 semanas. Foram utilizadas as seguintes escalas para avaliar aspectos cognitivos - Mini exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), o Teste do Desenho do Relógio (TDR), o teste de Fluência Verbal - categoria animal (FV), e o teste Trilhas A. Para a avaliação Visuoconstrutiva foi utilizada a Figura complexa de Rey - cópia e evocação. Para avaliar aspectos psiquiátricos foram utilizadas a Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), a Escala de Beck para Depressão (BDI) e a Escala de Beck para Ansiedade (BAI). Para avaliar qualidade de vida - Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). No final do estudo 31 idosas completaram todas as oficinas do GE e 25 idosas do GC retornaram para as avaliações finais, apesar de todas terem sido contatadas. O GC diminuiu na GDS 0,6 ± 2,3 pontos, enquanto o GE diminuiu 3,2 ± 3,4 pontos, e esta diferença entre os grupos foi significante (p = 0,007). Na escala BDI, o GC diminuiu 1,6 ± 4,9 pontos e o GE diminuiu 8,6 ± 12,8 pontos (p = 0,025). Na escala BAI, o GC diminuiu 2,9 ± 1,4 pontos e o GE diminuiu 8,9 ± 14,5 pontos (p = 0,032). Não foram encontradas diferenças nas demais escalas. Assim, houve diferença entre os grupos Controle e Experimental após as 20 semanas nos aspectos psiquiátricos de depressão e ansiedade. Não foram observadas mudanças na cognição. Desta forma, intervenções como a deste estudo parecem auxiliar no tratamento de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos de idosas com TDM / Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is, among the psychiatric syndromes, that most affect the general population. The prevalence of depression during life is 7 to 12% for men and 20 to 25% for women, regardless of race, education, marital status or income. Among the elderly, the prevalence is approximately 5%. In addition to drug treatment, psychotherapies have an important role during the acute phase and in the remission phase. Art Therapy is a therapeutic approach primarily nonverbal, and has been used in several contexts, but there is a lack of quantitative studies that prove its efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Art therapy for a population of elderly women diagnosed with MDD, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fifth Edition (DSM - 5). A total of 66 elderly women with a diagnosis of MDD were enrolled in the drug treatment, without drug change during the study and intact from the point of view of cognition. These elderly women were randomly allocated into two groups: 33 were the Experimental Group (EG), which consisted of 20 Art therapy workshops lasting 90 minutes, weekly, and 33 participated in the Control Group (CG), which received no intervention. Both groups were evaluated with the same scales at baseline and after 20 weeks. The following scales were used to evaluate cognitive aspects - Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test, Verbal Fluency Test - Animal Category (VF), and Trail A. To evaluate psychiatric aspects, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), the Beck Depression Scale (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAI) were used. For the Visuoconstructive evaluation, Rey\'s Complex Figure and Delayed Recall was used. And to evaluate quality of life - Functional Assessment Staging Test (FAST). At the end of the study, 31 elderly women completed all EG workshops and 25 elderly women of CG returned to the final evaluations, although all were contacted. The CG decreased in the GDS 0.6 ± 2.3 points, while the EG decreased by 3.2 ± 3.4 points, and this difference between the groups was significant (p = 0.007). On the BDI scale, the CG decreased by 1.6 ± 4.9 points and the EG decreased by 8.6 ± 12.8 points (p = 0.025). On the BAI scale, the CG decreased by 2.9 ± 1.4 points and the EG decreased by 8.9 ± 14.5 points (p = 0.032). No differences were found in the other scales. Thus, there was difference between the Control and Experimental groups after the 20 weeks in the psychiatric depression and anxiety aspects. No changes in cognition were observed. Thus, interventions such as this study seem to aid in the treatment of depressive and anxious symptoms of elderly patients with TDM

A hospitalização institui uma crise na vida da criança e afeta tanto seu lado orgânico como o psíquico, determinando distúrbios comportamentais diversos e interrompendo seu desenvolvimento normal. Assim, o trabalho junto às crianças hospitalizadas torna-se fundamental para amenizar os efeitos negativos da doença, hospitalização e tratamento, que ameaçam seu desenvolvimento psicossocial normal. A arteterapia, meio de expressão e criação, restabelece uma maneira natural da criança comunicar-se com as outras pessoas; através dela a criança amplia seu conhecimento sobre o mundo e se desenvolve emocional e socialmente, motivo pelo qual não deve faltar na vida de qualquer criança, especialmente daquelas hospitalizadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os efeitos da utilização da arteterapia com crianças hospitalizadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa com a abordagem quase-experimental, baseada em estudos quantitativos, fundamentados na mudança de comportamento e desenvolvimento das crianças hospitalizadas, bem como das imagens configuradas. Participaram do estudo 20 crianças, distribuídas em dois grupos: grupo experimental (n=10) e grupo controle (n=10). Crianças pertencentes ao grupo experimental submeteram-se às intervenções em arteterapia, sendo avaliadas através de instrumentos preestabelecidos, antes e após as intervenções em arteterapia, enquanto as do grupo controle também foram avaliadas no mesmo período, porém sem as referidas intervenções. A análise dos dados mostrou que as crianças do grupo experimental melhoraram seu comportamento, desenvolvimento plástico e produções plásticas, ao contrário das do outro grupo, que permaneceram com desempenhos mais uniformes. A arteterapia constituiu-se num excelente meio para canalizar, de maneira positiva, as variáveis do desenvolvimento da criança hospitalizada e neutralizar os fatores de ordem afetiva que, naturalmente, surgem, além de expor potenciais mais saudáveis da criança, por vezes pouco estimulados no contexto da hospitalização. / Hospitalization establishes a crisis in children’s lives and affects both their organic and mental realms, thus determining various behavioral disorders and interrupting normal development. Therefore, working with hospitalized children is fundamental in order to alleviate the negative effects of the disease, hospitalization and treatment which threaten their normal psychosocial development. Art therapy, a means of expression and creation, re-establishes the child’s normal form of communication with other people; through it the child expands his/her knowledge about the world and develops both mentally and socially, and for this reason, it must be present in all children’s lives, particularly of those who are hospitalized. This work aimed at analyzing the effects of using art therapy with hospitalized children. It is a study with a quasi-experimental approach based on quantitative analyses of behavioral and developmental changes in hospitalized children as well as of the configured images. Twenty children participated in the study and they were distributed into two groups: experimental group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The children comprising the experimental group were submitted to art therapy interventions and were evaluated through pre-established instruments prior to and after the interventions. Those in the control group were also evaluated in the period; however, the interventions were not used. Data analysis showed that the children in the experimental group improved their behavior, plastic development and plastic production in opposition to those in the control group, who maintained more uniform behaviors. Art therapy constituted an excellent means to positively guide the hospitalized child’s development variables as well as to neutralize the naturally arising affection-related factors, in addition to exposing the child’s healthiest potentials which are seldom stimulated in the hospitalization setting.